DOCSLIB.ORG

Correlational, Integrated and Explanatory Neurolinguistics

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Correlational, Integrated and Explanatory Neurolinguistics Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 2015 Vol. 30, No. 4, 357–366, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2014.980750 Towards a computational(ist) neurobiology of language: correlational, integrated and explanatory neurolinguistics David Embicka* and David Poeppelb,c aDepartment of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, 619 Williams Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305, USA; bDepartment of Psychology, New York University, 6 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA; cMax-Planck-Institute (MPIEA), Grüneburgweg 14, 60322 Frankfurt, Germany We outline what an integrated approach to language research that connects experimental, theoretical and neurobiological (NB) domains of inquiry would look like and ask to what extent unification is possible across the domains. At the centre of the programme is the idea that computational/representational (CR) theories of language must be used to investigate its NB foundations. We consider different ways in which CR and NB might be connected. These are (1) a correlational way, in which NB computation is correlated with the CR theory; (2) an integrated way, in which NB data provide crucial evidence for choosing among CR theories; and (3) an explanatory way, in which properties of NB explain why a CR theory is the way it is. We examine various questions concerning the prospects for explanatory connections in particular, including to what extent it makes sense to say that NB could be specialised for particular computations. Keywords: computation; linguistic theory; unification; explanation; reductionism; levels 1. The most general question confronting current research most research in cognitive neuroscience of language, in cognitive neuroscience is how increasingly detailed where it is typically assumed that neural data have neuroanatomical and imaging work can be employed in ‘epistemological priority’ over data from linguistics or the development of theories in which there are explanat- psycholinguistics. We argue instead that computational- ory connections between cognition and neurobiology representational (CR) theories that are the foundation of (NB). Recent technological advances constitute great language research invite not reduction to the biological improvements over earlier ways of looking at brain infrastructure that is described by the neurosciences, but function. At the same time, though, it is not clear that rather conceptual change and ultimately unification – these technological successes have been matched by the subsequent to the identification of linking hypotheses conceptual advances that are required for the development between these domains of study. In short, we support a of truly integrated or unified theories that link cognition more ‘muscular’ linguistics and cognitive science. and NB. Thus, although cognitive theories and NB 2.Weassumethatlanguage comprises a set of repre- theories are advancing in their own terms, there are few sentations (e.g. ‘morpheme’)andcomputations(e.g. (if any) substantive linking hypotheses connecting these ‘concatenation’)whoseformalpropertiesaretheobject domains. of research in (psycho)linguistic theory as currently We take the questions about how to unify cognitive and practiced. We assume, moreover, a view of language NB lines of inquiry to be completely general to the that takes it to be part of the natural sciences, in which Downloaded by [University of Pennsylvania] at 11:20 21 July 2015 cognitive neurosciences. Under ideal circumstances – i.e. questions of biology, in general, and neurobiology, in with sufficient time and resources – it would be worth particular, play a prominent role – in principle, if not in looking in detail for linking hypotheses throughout the practice.3 entire ‘human cognome’ (the comprehensive ‘parts list’ of Our discussion is directed at a specific question that is the human mind), in order to determine what progress presumably the centre of the ‘cognitive neuroscience of towards unification has been made after 25 years of language’ (and which, in terms of our first section, could intensive neuroimaging.1 In this paper, we frame some of be generalised to cognitive neuroscience as a whole): Can the foundational issues confronting unification with refer- discoveries about the structure and functional organiza- ence to our narrow focus, language.2 It is fair to say that tion of the brain explain properties of the computations the perspective we develop here differs markedly from and representations that constitute language? That is, *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] Our goal in this paper is to outline a framework for understanding connections between computational–representational and neurobiological theories of language. For a variety of reasons (both of principle and of practice) we have been unable to discuss in-depth a wide range of actual examples from current language work. Our hope is that we will be able to present a number of such case studies in a companion piece to this article. © 2014 Taylor & Francis 358 D. Embick and D. Poeppel under what conditions can it be said that there is an the papers collected in Chomsky (2000)). Here we explanatory relationship between some aspect of neuro- sometimes use the term computations as a cover for both biology and some aspect of linguistic computation? computations and representations. Our goal here, as in the case of earlier forays into The second line of research, implementational in these themes (Poeppel, 2012;Poeppel&Embick,2005), character, comes from NB: the study of the structure and is to introduce a particular set of questions into discus- function of the brain. Under this general heading we sion of language and the brain and to outline a research include any approach that makes claims about how brain programme that attempts to address them. We do this structures and different forms of brain activity underpin with particular emphasis on some possible forms that perception and cognition. In practice, theories on the NB answers to these questions might take, in the hope that side differ greatly along various dimensions; e.g. in terms this will provide a concrete foundation for further of the size of the objects they concentrate on (small = development. channels, neurons; large = populations, areas, etc.), or in 3. Since our goal is to address the potential for unifying terms of the methodologies that they employ to study the two lines of inquiry, from the cognitive and NB domains, brain (different types of invasive and non-invasive some initial assumptions concerning the nature of each imaging, with different dependent variables). For present need to be clarified. It is convenient to develop some of purposes, we look beyond these differences and treat all brain-centred theories of cognition, ranging from biophys- our main themes with reference to Marr’s(1982) distinc- tions between the computational, algorithmic and imple- ical models to systems – and cognitive – neuroscience, mentational levels of analysis: under the heading NB. When we speak of potentially unifying CR and NB COMPUTATIONAL THEORY: What is the goal of the computa- theories, we do so with a very specific understanding of tion, why is it appropriate, and what is the logic of the the overall goal of research in cognitive neuroscience: the strategy by which it can be carried out? goal is to understand why language has the cognitive – REPRESENTATION AND ALGORITHM: How can this computa- that is to say, computational and representational – tional theory be carried out? In particular, what is the properties that it has. This stance might look like we are representation for the input and output, and what is the privileging CR, since clearly a CR type of theory looks algorithm for the transformation? like it is better adapted to explaining cognition than an NB HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION: How can the representation theory. This is not our intention, though; it is not our and algorithm be realized physically? intention to simply assert that CR theories of language, which are by definition interested in cognition, are prima Current research on language in the cognitive domain facie better at explaining the cognitive properties of concentrates on the first two levels; over the last 60 years language than NB theories. This point is obvious, but or so of research, much progress has been made, not very instructive. Our goal is to highlight the idea that especially considering the immense complexity of lan- some crucial explanatory force in understanding language guage and its connections with other systems. The theories will come from understanding neurobiology. Thus, we do that have been developed make claims both about how not see any point to attempting to achieve reduction of CR language is structured as a formal system, a grammar, and to NB, or vice versa (whatever that would mean). Rather, there are also theories of how grammars are used by Downloaded by [University of Pennsylvania] at 11:20 21 July 2015 our goal is to outline a framework for unified inquiry into speakers in real time in production and in comprehension. language, in which CR and NB are investigated together We use (psycho)linguistic theory as a cover term for these and on equal epistemic footing. lines of research on language, with no distinction being made at present between ‘theoretical linguistics’ and 4. There are two major problems that can be identified ‘psycholinguistics’ (the typical categories for the former when we try to link CR and NB theories (Poeppel & and latter types of theories mentioned above). When
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Defining the Relation Between Linguistics and Neuroscience
    Defining the relation between linguistics and 6 neuroscience David Poeppel and David Embick University of Maryland College Park and University of Pennsylvania The popularity of the study of language and the brain is evident from the large number of studies published in the last 15 or so years that have used PET, fMRI, EEG, MEG, TMS, or NIRS to investigate aspects of brain and language, in linguistic domains ranging from phonetics to discourse processing. The amount of resources devoted to such studies suggests that they are motivated by a viable and successful research program, and implies that substantive progress is being made. At the very least, the amount and vigor of such research implies that something significant is being learned. In this article, we present a critique of the dominant research program, and provide a cautionary perspective that challenges the belief that explanatorily significant progress is already being made. Our critique focuses on the question of whether current brain/language research provides an example of interdisciplinary cross-fertilization, or an example of cross-sterilization. In developing our critique, which is in part motivated by the necessity to examine the presuppositions of our own work (e.g. Embick, Marantz, Miyashita, O'Neil, Sakai, 2000; Embick, Hackl, Schaeffer, Kelepir, Marantz, 2001; Poeppel, 1996; Poeppel et al. 2004), we identify fundamental problems that must be addressed if progress is to be made in this area of inquiry. We conclude with the outline of a research program that constitutes an attempt to overcome these problems, at the core of which lies the notion of computation.
    [Show full text]
  • Neural Representational Similarity Between Symbolic and Non-Symbolic Quantities Predicts Arithmetic Skills in Childhood but Not Adolescence
    Received: 29 July 2020 Revised: 1 April 2021 Accepted: 3 May 2021 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13123 SHORT REPORT Neural representational similarity between symbolic and non-symbolic quantities predicts arithmetic skills in childhood but not adolescence Flora Schwartz1 Yuan Zhang1 Hyesang Chang1 Shelby Karraker1 Julia Boram Kang1 Vinod Menon1,2,3,4 1 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Abstract Medicine, Stanford, California, USA Mathematical knowledge is constructed hierarchically from basic understanding of 2 Department of Neurology and Neurological quantities and the symbols that denote them. Discrimination of numerical quantity in Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA both symbolic and non-symbolic formats has been linked to mathematical problem- 3 Stanford Neuroscience InstituteStanford solving abilities. However, little is known of the extent to which overlap in quantity University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA representations between symbolic and non-symbolic formats is related to individual 4 Symbolic Systems Program, Stanford differences in numerical problem solving and whether this relation changes with dif- University School of Medicine, Stanford, ferent stages of development and skill acquisition. Here we investigate the association California, USA between neural representational similarity (NRS) across symbolic and non-symbolic Correspondence quantity discrimination and arithmetic problem-solving skills in early and late devel- Vinod Menon, Stanford University School of opmental stages: elementary school children (ages 7–10 years) and adolescents and Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. young adults (AYA, ages 14–21 years). In children, cross-format NRS in distributed Email: [email protected] brain regions, including parietal and frontal cortices and the hippocampus, was posi- Flora Schwartz, Yuan Zhang, and Hyesang tively correlated with arithmetic skills.
    [Show full text]
  • Jyoti Mishra, Ph.D
    Contact CURRICULUM VITAE UCSF - Mission Bay Sandler Neurosciences Center Rm 502 Jyoti Mishra, Ph.D 675 Nelson Rising Lane San Francisco, CA 94158-0444 Web: http://profiles.ucsf.edu/jyoti.mishra http://gazzaleylab.ucsf.edu/people-profiles/jyoti-mishra/ Email: [email protected] [email protected] Phone: 415-502-7322 Personal Statement I am a translational neuroscientist with expertise in attention, learning and brain plasticity. My research mission is “advancing neurotechnology from the lab to the community”. I develop and evaluate novel neurotechnologies that can serve as neurocognitive diagnostics and therapeutics; in this context, I recently developed novel attention training tools for aging adults and children with attention deficits. My current lab projects focus on advancing real-time neurofeedback technologies and developing neuroscience-based training that optimizes decision-making in children. My community projects evaluate our innovative neurocognitive therapeutics in children with ADHD and neglected children in institutional foster-care, here in the United States as well as in India via global mental health research collaborations. Positions and Employment 2013 - present Assistant Professor Step 2 Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Global Health Sciences University of California, San Francisco 2009 - 2014 Senior Scientist, Brain Plasticity Institute PositScience Corporation, San Francisco 2009 - 2012 Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Neurology University of California, San Francisco 2008 - 2009 Postdoctoral Research
    [Show full text]
  • Neurolinguistic and Machine-Learning Perspectives on Direct Speech Bcis for Restoration of Naturalistic Communication
    Brain-Computer Interfaces ISSN: 2326-263X (Print) 2326-2621 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tbci20 Neurolinguistic and machine-learning perspectives on direct speech BCIs for restoration of naturalistic communication Olga Iljina, Johanna Derix, Robin Tibor Schirrmeister, Andreas Schulze- Bonhage, Peter Auer, Ad Aertsen & Tonio Ball To cite this article: Olga Iljina, Johanna Derix, Robin Tibor Schirrmeister, Andreas Schulze- Bonhage, Peter Auer, Ad Aertsen & Tonio Ball (2017): Neurolinguistic and machine-learning perspectives on direct speech BCIs for restoration of naturalistic communication, Brain-Computer Interfaces, DOI: 10.1080/2326263X.2017.1330611 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2326263X.2017.1330611 © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group Published online: 21 Jun 2017. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tbci20 Download by: [93.230.60.226] Date: 22 June 2017, At: 15:41 BRAINCOMPUTER INTERFACES, 2017 https://doi.org/10.1080/2326263X.2017.1330611 OPEN ACCESS Neurolinguistic and machine-learning perspectives on direct speech BCIs for restoration of naturalistic communication Olga Iljinaa,b,c,e,g,h, Johanna Derixe,h, Robin Tibor Schirrmeistere,h, Andreas Schulze-Bonhaged,e, Peter Auera,b,c,f, Ad Aertseng,i and Tonio Balle,h aGRK 1624 ‘Frequency effects in language’, University of
    [Show full text]
  • Language, Culture and the Neurobiology of Pain: a Theoretical Exploration
    Behavioural Neurology, 1989, 2, 235-259 Language, Culture and the Neurobiology of Pain: a Theoretical Exploration HORACIO FABREGA, JR. Universiry oj Pittsburgh, School oj Medicine, Department oj Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA Language and culture, as conceptualized in traditional anthropology, may have an important influence on pain and brain-behavior relations. The paradigm case for the influence of language and culture on perception and cognition is stipulated in the Sapir-Whorfhypothesis which has been applied to phenomena "external" to the individual. In this paper, the paradigm is applied to information the person retrieves from "inside" his body; namely, "noxious" stimuli which get registered in consciousness as pain. Introduction Every person seems to "know" what pain is and by means of language is able to describe it. Given the ubiquity and importance of pain in the adaptation of higher animal forms, one may infer that it has played an important role in evolution. It is thus very likely that pre-hominids and earlier members of the human species also "knew" a great deal about pain. A neurophysiologist would claim that pain is based on brain structures which all members of the human species share. At present these structures and their mode offunctioning are incompletely understood. An anthropolo­ gist who endorses a position of cultural relativism is aware of the variety of beliefs and understandings about pain and behaviors associated with it and would claim that there appear to exist not one but many varieties of pain (Fabrega, 1974; Zborowski, 1958; Fabrega and Tyma, 1976a,b). Language and culture play some role in the phenomenon of pain.
    [Show full text]
  • Neuroscience Impact Brain and Business
    Innovation Trend Report Neuroscience Impact Brain and Business NEUROSCIENCE IMPACT – BRAIN AND BUSINESS INTRODUCTION This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- Acknowledgements NoDerivatives 4.0 International. We would like to extend a special thanks to all of the companies and To view a copy of this license, visit: individuals who participated in our Report with any kind of contribution. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ The following companies agreed to be publicly named and gave us by-nc-nd/4.0/ or send a letter to: Creative precious content to be published: Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Dreem Neural Sense Emotiv Neuralya Halo Neuroscience Paradromics Mindmaze Pymetrics Neuron Guard Synetiq We would also like to thank the following individuals for helping us with precious suggestions and information: Russel Poldrack, Professor of Psychology at Stanford University, CA, USA; John Dylan-Haynes, Professor at the Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Germany; Carlo Miniussi, Director of Center for Mind/Brain Sciences – CIMeC, University of Trento, Rovereto TN Italy; Zaira Cattaneo, Associate Professor in Psychobiology and Physiological Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy; Nadia Bolognini, University of Milano Bicocca, Department of Psychology, & IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Laboratory of Neuropsychology; Dario Nardi, Author, speaker and expert in the fields of neuroscience and personality; Intesa Sanpaolo Innovation Center Nick Chater, Professor of Behavioral Science at Warwick Business School; assumes no responsibility on the Enrico Maria Cervellati, Associate Professor of Corporate Finance external linked content, both in terms of at the Department of Management Ca’ Foscari University of Venice; availability that of immutability in time.
    [Show full text]
  • Neurophysiological Activity Related to Speech Production: an ERP Investigation Adithya Chandregowda University of South Florida, [email protected]
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 11-20-2015 Neurophysiological Activity Related to Speech Production: An ERP Investigation Adithya Chandregowda University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Neurosciences Commons, and the Other Psychology Commons Scholar Commons Citation Chandregowda, Adithya, "Neurophysiological Activity Related to Speech Production: An ERP Investigation" (2015). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5919 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Neurophysiological Activity Related to Speech Production: An ERP Investigation by Adithya Chandregowda A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders College of Behavioral and Community Sciences University of South Florida Co-Major Professor: Emanuel Donchin, Ph.D. Co-Major Professor: Yael Arbel, Ph.D. Stefan A. Frisch, Ph.D. Nathan D. Maxfield, Ph.D. Date of Approval: November 20, 2015 Keywords: Speech motor control, Readiness potentials, Principal component analysis Copyright © 2015, Adithya Chandregowda TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Theoretical Linguistics, Vol
    Edinburgh Research Explorer Action-based grammar Citation for published version: Kempson, R, Cann, R, Gregoromichelaki, E & Chatzikyriakidis, S 2017, 'Action-based grammar', Theoretical Linguistics, vol. 43, no. 1-2, pp. 141-167. https://doi.org/10.1515/tl-2017-0012 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1515/tl-2017-0012 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: Theoretical Linguistics General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 29. Sep. 2021 Theoretical Linguistics 2017; 43(1-2): 141–167 Ruth Kempson, Ronnie Cann, Eleni Gregoromichelaki and Stergios Chatzikyriakidis Action-Based Grammar DOI 10.1515/tl-2017-0012 1 Competence-performance and levels of description First of all we would like to thank the commentators for their efforts that resulted in thoughtful and significant comments about our account.1 We are delighted that the main thesis we presented – the inclusion of interactive language use within the remit of grammars – seems to have received an unexpected consensus from such diverse perspectives.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Neurolinguistics
    Introduction to Neurolinguistics Aniela Improta França UFRJ (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) This is an account of Introduction to Neurolinguistics, a week-long course that took place during the First South American Summer School in Formal Linguistics (EVELIN ’04), UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil. Classes ranged from an overview of brain anatomy and an introduction to neurolinguistics protocols to the comparative analysis of neurolinguistics and medical research about the Language Faculty. 1. About the course Neurolinguistics is a branch of Cognitive Neuroscience, that, on its turn, together with many other fields such as Systemic, Movement, Sensory, Cellular and others, is a branch of a larger domain named the Neurosciences. Neurolinguistics can still be divided into two areas: language acquisition and processing and language impairment. THE NEUROSCIENCES Cognitive Systemic Movement Sensory Cellular Neurolinguistics Vision Hearing Attention Memory Language Acquisition Language Impairment Language Processing The focus on language impairment is a historic one, dating from 400 b.C., with Hippocrates’ accounts on infirmities that produced lack of language. Contrastingly, the questions about the healthy Faculty of Language – how we come to acquire and use our mother tongue – have been systematically taken for granted through a long stretch of history, despite the fact that language is the one cognition that definitely sets us apart from other animals on this planet. In reality, language investigation has only taken a definite bio-linguistic course in the 1950’s with the advent of Noam Chomsky’s Generative Grammar (Chomsky, 1957, 1965). And the neurophysiological characterization of the healthy Faculty of Language, that is, the understanding of language-brain relations at work, only started being investigated specially in the late 1980’s, with the introduction of non-invasive cognitive assessment techniques that brought new and exciting perspectives into the field.
    [Show full text]
  • Teaching (Theoretical) Linguistics in the Second Language Classroom: Beyond Language Improvement
    PORTA LINGUARUM 22, junio 2014 161-171 Teaching (Theoretical) Linguistics in the Second Language Classroom: Beyond Language Improvement MAITE CORREA Colorado State University Received: 13 July 2012 / Accepted: 7 February 2013 ISSN: 1697-7467 ABSTRACT: Linguistics enjoys a paradoxical place in second language (SL) teaching. Un- like students majoring in Linguistics who see it as “study of the mind”, those who take it as part of a language degree see it as relevant as far as it supports language learning. However, a good command of the language is not sufficient for effective teaching. I address the need to revise the place of linguistics in SL curricula and present an innovative teaching approach that analyzes language in a scientific, systematic manner while focusing on those aspects of language that are of direct relevance to future language teachers. Keywords: Theoretical linguistics, pedagogy, teacher education, teacher learning, educa- tional linguistics. La enseñanza de lingüística (teórica) en la clase de ELE: más allá de la mejora comu- nicativa RESUMEN: La lingüística ocupa un lugar paradójico en los departamentos de didáctica de la lengua extranjera: aunque en los departamentos de Filología se ve como una “ventana a la mente”, en los de didáctica se ve como un apoyo al aprendizaje de la lengua por parte del futuro profesor. En este artículo reviso el lugar de la lingüística en el currículo de enseñan- za de segundas lenguas y presento un enfoque a la enseñanza de la lingüística que, siendo sistemático y científico, también se enfoca en aquellos aspectos relevantes para los futuros maestros de lengua extranjera.
    [Show full text]
  • SEPTEMBER 2018 Vol
    The Journal of the IYNA SEPTEMBER 2018 Vol. 2 Issue 5 Featured Articles ‘Brain Versus Com- ‘The Brain of a puter: A Comparison Honeybee’ of Structure, Meth- - Vilena Lee ods, and Capabilities’ - Khayla Black International Youth Neuroscience Association –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Contents INTRODUCTION Letter from the Editors IYNA Editorial Team page 2 GENERAL NEUROSCIENCE The Brain of a Honeybee Vilena Lee pages 3-7 The Neuroscience Behind Imagination, Kimaya Gadre pages 8-10 or What We Imagine it to be Neurolinguistics: The Intersection of Language Geetanjali Rastogi pages 11-14 and the Brain DISEASE Protein Dysregulation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sarah Shirley p ages 15-17 Sclerosis RESEARCH Oxytocin and Social Cognitive Decits Tobey Le pages 18-20 NEUROTECHNOLOGY Brain versus Computer: A Comparison of Khayla Black pages 21-26 Structure, Methods, and Capabilities INTERVIEW An Interview With Elisabeth Glowatzki: Dharshan Varia pages 27-30 Departments of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery and Neuroscience at Johns Hopkins University Zebrash and Hearing: An Interview with Dr. Chinmayi Balusu pages 31-35 Allison Con CONTRIBUTORS PAGE page 36 –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 1 –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– ・I NTRODUCTION ・ –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Letter From the Editors Sojas Wagle, Robert Morgan, Anita Singh, and Miruna-Elena Vlad Dear Readers, Welcome to the fth issue of the second season of the IYNA Journal! We greatly appreciate your readership, continued or new. This is the second issue with our redesigned journal process where we now have a rolling basis for article publications. This means that every article that is submitted before the deadline will not necessarily be published for that specic issue, but publication in a future issue is virtually guaranteed if the author makes changes to their article as directed by the editors’ suggestions.
    [Show full text]
  • Neuromodulation of Cursing in American English a Combined
    Brain and Language 206 (2020) 104791 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Brain and Language journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/b&l Neuromodulation of cursing in American English: A combined tDCS and T pupillometry study ⁎ Jamie Reillya,b, , Bonnie Zuckermana,b, Alexandra Kellyc, Maurice Fluriea,b, Sagar Raod a Eleanor M. Saffran Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, USA b Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA c Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA d Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Many neurological disorders are associated with excessive and/or uncontrolled cursing. The right prefrontal Cursing cortex has long been implicated in a diverse range of cognitive processes that underlie the propensity for cursing, Tabooness including non-propositional language representation, emotion regulation, theory of mind, and affective arousal. Psycholinguistics Neurogenic cursing often poses significant negative social consequences, and there is no known behavioral tDCS intervention for this communicative disorder. We examined whether right vs. left lateralized prefrontal neu- Brain Stimulation rostimultion via tDCS could modulate taboo word production in neurotypical adults. We employed a pre/post design with a bilateral frontal electrode montage. Half the participants received left anodal and right cathodal stimulation; the remainder received the opposite polarity stimulation at the same anatomical loci. We employed physiological (pupillometry) and behavioral (reaction time) dependent measures as participants read aloud taboo and non-taboo words. Pupillary responses demonstrated a crossover reaction, suggestive of modulation of phasic arousal during cursing. Participants in the right anodal condition showed elevated pupil responses for taboo words post stimulation.
    [Show full text]