0 1 Copyright (c) 2016 Persatuan Kesedaran Komuniti Selangor (EMPOWER) Published in 2016 by: Persatuan Kesedaran Komuniti Selangor (EMPOWER) No. 13, Lorong 4/48E, 46050 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. Email:
[email protected] Website: www.empowermalaysia.org All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. ISBN 978-967-10836-7-3 Writer : Tan Jun- E Editors: Association for Progressive Communications (APC) / EMPOWER Design & layout by Baira Amran Printed by: Control Print Sdn Bhd No. 119, Jalan Sultan Abdul Samad Wilayah Persekutuan 50470 Kuala Lumpur 2 3 4 5 Executive Summary Freedom of assembly and association (FoAA) is a fundamental right recognized in Article 20 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). FoAA online refers to the exercise of civil rights in peaceful assembly and association enhanced by the use of ICT (Venkiteswaran, 2016). There are three objectives of this report: First, it seeks to deepen understanding about the context in which FoAA online in Malaysia exists. For this, some background is provided on the historical context of FoAA in Malaysia and its transition towards the digital realm, as well as the legal restrictions on FoAA online. Secondly, it aims to capture the creativity and richness of campaign strategies enhanced by the use of ICT in civil society movements in Malaysia. Lastly, it relates the exercise of FoAA online to the broader struggles of human rights in the country, through deriving observations from the campaign case studies as well as challenges and threats faced by the cyber activists in Malaysia.