Brain Sci. 2013, 3, 415-459; doi:10.3390/brainsci3020415 OPEN ACCESS brain sciences ISSN 2076-3425 www.mdpi.com/journal/brainsci/ Article Compensating for Language Deficits in Amnesia II: H.M.’s Spared versus Impaired Encoding Categories Donald G. MacKay *, Laura W. Johnson and Chris Hadley Psychology Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; E-Mails:
[email protected] (L.W.J.);
[email protected] (C.H.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
[email protected]; Tel.: +1-310-825-8465; Fax: +1-310-206-5895. Received: 20 December 2012; in revised form: 17 March 2013 / Accepted: 19 March 2013 / Published: 27 March 2013 Abstract: Although amnesic H.M. typically could not recall where or when he met someone, he could recall their topics of conversation after long interference-filled delays, suggesting impaired encoding for some categories of novel events but not others. Similarly, H.M. successfully encoded into internal representations (sentence plans) some novel linguistic structures but not others in the present language production studies. For example, on the Test of Language Competence (TLC), H.M. produced uncorrected errors when encoding a wide range of novel linguistic structures, e.g., violating reliably more gender constraints than memory-normal controls when encoding referent-noun, pronoun-antecedent, and referent-pronoun anaphora, as when he erroneously and without correction used the gender-inappropriate pronoun “her” to refer to a man. In contrast, H.M. never violated corresponding referent-gender constraints for proper names, suggesting that his mechanisms for encoding proper name gender-agreement were intact. However, H.M.