Routing Information Protocol (RIP V1.03)
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A Comprehensive Study of Routing Protocols Performance with Topological Changes in the Networks Mohsin Masood Mohamed Abuhelala Prof
A comprehensive study of Routing Protocols Performance with Topological Changes in the Networks Mohsin Masood Mohamed Abuhelala Prof. Ivan Glesk Electronics & Electrical Electronics & Electrical Electronics & Electrical Engineering Department Engineering Department Engineering Department University of Strathclyde University of Strathclyde University of Strathclyde Glasgow, Scotland, UK Glasgow, Scotland, UK Glasgow, Scotland, UK mohsin.masood mohamed.abuhelala ivan.glesk @strath.ac.uk @strath.ac.uk @strath.ac.uk ABSTRACT different topologies and compare routing protocols, but no In the modern communication networks, where increasing work has been considered about the changing user demands and advance applications become a functionality of these routing protocols with the topology challenging task for handling user traffic. Routing with real-time network limitations. such as topological protocols have got a significant role not only to route user change, network congestions, and so on. Hence without data across the network but also to reduce congestion with considering the topology with different network scenarios less complexity. Dynamic routing protocols such as one cannot fully understand and make right comparison OSPF, RIP and EIGRP were introduced to handle among any routing protocols. different networks with various traffic environments. Each This paper will give a comprehensive literature review of of these protocols has its own routing process which each routing protocol. Such as how each protocol (OSPF, makes it different and versatile from the other. The paper RIP or EIGRP) does convergence activity with any change will focus on presenting the routing process of each in the network. Two experiments are conducted that are protocol and will compare its performance with the other. -
What Is Routing?
What is routing? • forwarding – moving packets between ports - Look up destination address in forwarding table - Find out-port or hout-port, MAC addri pair • Routing is process of populat- ing forwarding table - Routers exchange messages about nets they can reach - Goal: Find optimal route for ev- ery destination - . or maybe good route, or just any route (depending on scale) Routing algorithm properties • Static vs. dynamic - Static: routes change slowly over time - Dynamic: automatically adjust to quickly changing network conditions • Global vs. decentralized - Global: All routers have complete topology - Decentralized: Only know neighbors & what they tell you • Intra-domain vs. Inter-domain routing - Intra-: All routers under same administrative control - Intra-: Scale to ∼100 networks (e.g., campus like Stanford) - Inter-: Decentralized, scale to Internet Optimality A 6 1 3 2 F 1 E B 4 1 9 C D • View network as a graph • Assign cost to each edge - Can be based on latency, b/w, utilization, queue length, . • Problem: Find lowest cost path between two nodes - Must be computed in distributed way Distance Vector • Local routing algorithm • Each node maintains a set of triples - (Destination, Cost, NextHop) • Exchange updates w. directly connected neighbors - periodically (on the order of several seconds to minutes) - whenever table changes (called triggered update) • Each update is a list of pairs: - (Destination, Cost) • Update local table if receive a “better” route - smaller cost - from newly connected/available neighbor • Refresh existing -
TCP Over Wireless Multi-Hop Protocols: Simulation and Experiments
TCP over Wireless Multi-hop Protocols: Simulation and Experiments Mario Gerla, Rajive Bagrodia, Lixia Zhang, Ken Tang, Lan Wang {gerla, rajive, lixia, ktang, lanw}@cs.ucla.edu Wireless Adaptive Mobility Laboratory Computer Science Department University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA 90095 http://www.cs.ucla.edu/NRL/wireless Abstract include mobility, unpredictable wireless channel such as fading, interference and obstacles, broadcast medium shared In this study we investigate the interaction between TCP and by multiple users and very large number of heterogeneous MAC layer in a wireless multi-hop network. This type of nodes (e.g., thousands of sensors). network has traditionally found applications in the military To these challenging physical characteristics of the ad-hoc (automated battlefield), law enforcement (search and rescue) network, we must add the extremely demanding requirements and disaster recovery (flood, earthquake), where there is no posed on the network by the typical applications. These fixed wired infrastructure. More recently, wireless "ad-hoc" include multimedia support, multicast and multi-hop multi-hop networks have been proposed for nomadic computing communications. Multimedia (voice, video and image) is a applications. Key requirements in all the above applications are reliable data transfer and congestion control, features that are must when several individuals are collaborating in critical generally supported by TCP. Unfortunately, TCP performs on applications with real time constraints. Multicasting is a wireless in a much less predictable way than on wired protocols. natural extension of the multimedia requirement. Multi- Using simulation, we provide new insight into two critical hopping is justified (among other things) by the limited problems of TCP over wireless multi-hop. -
Configuring Ipv6 First Hop Security
Configuring IPv6 First Hop Security This chapter describes how to configure First Hop Security (FHS) features on Cisco NX-OS devices. This chapter includes the following sections: • About First-Hop Security, on page 1 • About vPC First-Hop Security Configuration, on page 3 • RA Guard, on page 6 • DHCPv6 Guard, on page 7 • IPv6 Snooping, on page 8 • How to Configure IPv6 FHS, on page 9 • Configuration Examples, on page 17 • Additional References for IPv6 First-Hop Security, on page 18 About First-Hop Security The Layer 2 and Layer 3 switches operate in the Layer 2 domains with technologies such as server virtualization, Overlay Transport Virtualization (OTV), and Layer 2 mobility. These devices are sometimes referred to as "first hops", specifically when they are facing end nodes. The First-Hop Security feature provides end node protection and optimizes link operations on IPv6 or dual-stack networks. First-Hop Security (FHS) is a set of features to optimize IPv6 link operation, and help with scale in large L2 domains. These features provide protection from a wide host of rogue or mis-configured users. You can use extended FHS features for different deployment scenarios, or attack vectors. The following FHS features are supported: • IPv6 RA Guard • DHCPv6 Guard • IPv6 Snooping Note See Guidelines and Limitations of First-Hop Security, on page 2 for information about enabling this feature. Configuring IPv6 First Hop Security 1 Configuring IPv6 First Hop Security IPv6 Global Policies Note Use the feature dhcp command to enable the FHS features on a switch. IPv6 Global Policies IPv6 global policies provide storage and access policy database services. -
Junos® OS Protocol-Independent Routing Properties User Guide Copyright © 2021 Juniper Networks, Inc
Junos® OS Protocol-Independent Routing Properties User Guide Published 2021-09-22 ii Juniper Networks, Inc. 1133 Innovation Way Sunnyvale, California 94089 USA 408-745-2000 www.juniper.net Juniper Networks, the Juniper Networks logo, Juniper, and Junos are registered trademarks of Juniper Networks, Inc. in the United States and other countries. All other trademarks, service marks, registered marks, or registered service marks are the property of their respective owners. Juniper Networks assumes no responsibility for any inaccuracies in this document. Juniper Networks reserves the right to change, modify, transfer, or otherwise revise this publication without notice. Junos® OS Protocol-Independent Routing Properties User Guide Copyright © 2021 Juniper Networks, Inc. All rights reserved. The information in this document is current as of the date on the title page. YEAR 2000 NOTICE Juniper Networks hardware and software products are Year 2000 compliant. Junos OS has no known time-related limitations through the year 2038. However, the NTP application is known to have some difficulty in the year 2036. END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT The Juniper Networks product that is the subject of this technical documentation consists of (or is intended for use with) Juniper Networks software. Use of such software is subject to the terms and conditions of the End User License Agreement ("EULA") posted at https://support.juniper.net/support/eula/. By downloading, installing or using such software, you agree to the terms and conditions of that EULA. iii Table -
Don't Trust Traceroute (Completely)
Don’t Trust Traceroute (Completely) Pietro Marchetta, Valerio Persico, Ethan Katz-Bassett Antonio Pescapé University of Southern California, CA, USA University of Napoli Federico II, Italy [email protected] {pietro.marchetta,valerio.persico,pescape}@unina.it ABSTRACT In this work, we propose a methodology based on the alias resolu- tion process to demonstrate that the IP level view of the route pro- vided by traceroute may be a poor representation of the real router- level route followed by the traffic. More precisely, we show how the traceroute output can lead one to (i) inaccurately reconstruct the route by overestimating the load balancers along the paths toward the destination and (ii) erroneously infer routing changes. Categories and Subject Descriptors C.2.1 [Computer-communication networks]: Network Architec- ture and Design—Network topology (a) Traceroute reports two addresses at the 8-th hop. The common interpretation is that the 7-th hop is splitting the traffic along two Keywords different forwarding paths (case 1); another explanation is that the 8- th hop is an RFC compliant router using multiple interfaces to reply Internet topology; Traceroute; IP alias resolution; IP to Router to the source (case 2). mapping 1 1. INTRODUCTION 0.8 Operators and researchers rely on traceroute to measure routes and they assume that, if traceroute returns different IPs at a given 0.6 hop, it indicates different paths. However, this is not always the case. Although state-of-the-art implementations of traceroute al- 0.4 low to trace all the paths -
Routing Loop Attacks Using Ipv6 Tunnels
Routing Loop Attacks using IPv6 Tunnels Gabi Nakibly Michael Arov National EW Research & Simulation Center Rafael – Advanced Defense Systems Haifa, Israel {gabin,marov}@rafael.co.il Abstract—IPv6 is the future network layer protocol for A tunnel in which the end points’ routing tables need the Internet. Since it is not compatible with its prede- to be explicitly configured is called a configured tunnel. cessor, some interoperability mechanisms were designed. Tunnels of this type do not scale well, since every end An important category of these mechanisms is automatic tunnels, which enable IPv6 communication over an IPv4 point must be reconfigured as peers join or leave the tun- network without prior configuration. This category includes nel. To alleviate this scalability problem, another type of ISATAP, 6to4 and Teredo. We present a novel class of tunnels was introduced – automatic tunnels. In automatic attacks that exploit vulnerabilities in these tunnels. These tunnels the egress entity’s IPv4 address is computationally attacks take advantage of inconsistencies between a tunnel’s derived from the destination IPv6 address. This feature overlay IPv6 routing state and the native IPv6 routing state. The attacks form routing loops which can be abused as a eliminates the need to keep an explicit routing table at vehicle for traffic amplification to facilitate DoS attacks. the tunnel’s end points. In particular, the end points do We exhibit five attacks of this class. One of the presented not have to be updated as peers join and leave the tunnel. attacks can DoS a Teredo server using a single packet. The In fact, the end points of an automatic tunnel do not exploited vulnerabilities are embedded in the design of the know which other end points are currently part of the tunnels; hence any implementation of these tunnels may be vulnerable. -
The Routing Table V1.12 – Aaron Balchunas 1
The Routing Table v1.12 – Aaron Balchunas 1 - The Routing Table - Routing Table Basics Routing is the process of sending a packet of information from one network to another network. Thus, routes are usually based on the destination network, and not the destination host (host routes can exist, but are used only in rare circumstances). To route, routers build Routing Tables that contain the following: • The destination network and subnet mask • The “next hop” router to get to the destination network • Routing metrics and Administrative Distance The routing table is concerned with two types of protocols: • A routed protocol is a layer 3 protocol that applies logical addresses to devices and routes data between networks. Examples would be IP and IPX. • A routing protocol dynamically builds the network, topology, and next hop information in routing tables. Examples would be RIP, IGRP, OSPF, etc. To determine the best route to a destination, a router considers three elements (in this order): • Prefix-Length • Metric (within a routing protocol) • Administrative Distance (between separate routing protocols) Prefix-length is the number of bits used to identify the network, and is used to determine the most specific route. A longer prefix-length indicates a more specific route. For example, assume we are trying to reach a host address of 10.1.5.2/24. If we had routes to the following networks in the routing table: 10.1.5.0/24 10.0.0.0/8 The router will do a bit-by-bit comparison to find the most specific route (i.e., longest matching prefix). -
P2P Resource Sharing in Wired/Wireless Mixed Networks 1
INT J COMPUT COMMUN, ISSN 1841-9836 Vol.7 (2012), No. 4 (November), pp. 696-708 P2P Resource Sharing in Wired/Wireless Mixed Networks J. Liao Jianwei Liao College of Computer and Information Science Southwest University of China 400715, Beibei, Chongqing, China E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: This paper presents a new routing protocol called Manager-based Routing Protocol (MBRP) for sharing resources in wired/wireless mixed networks. MBRP specifies a manager node for a designated sub-network (called as a group), in which all nodes have the similar connection properties; then all manager nodes are employed to construct the backbone overlay network with ring topology. The manager nodes act as the proxies between the internal nodes in the group and the external world, that is not only for centralized management of all nodes to a certain extent, but also for avoiding the messages flooding in the whole network. The experimental results show that compared with Gnutella2, which uses super-peers to perform similar management work, the proposed MBRP has less lookup overhead including lookup latency and lookup hop count in the most of cases. Besides, the experiments also indicate that MBRP has well configurability and good scaling properties. In a word, MBRP has less transmission cost of the shared file data, and the latency for locating the sharing resources can be reduced to a great extent in the wired/wireless mixed networks. Keywords: wired/wireless mixed network, resource sharing, manager-based routing protocol, backbone overlay network, peer-to-peer. 1 Introduction Peer-to-Peer technology (P2P) is a widely used network technology, the typical P2P network relies on the computing power and bandwidth of all participant nodes, rather than a few gathered and dedicated servers for central coordination [1, 2]. -
Routing As a Service
Routing as a Service Karthik Lakshminarayanan Ion Stoica Scott Shenker Jennifer Rexford University of California, Berkeley Princeton University Abstract configuration, making it difficult to offer meaningful service- level agreements (SLAs) to customers or to identify the AS In Internet routing, there is a fundamental tussle between the responsible for end-to-end performance problems. end users who want control over the end-to-end paths and the An ISP's customers, such as end users, enterprise net- Autonomous Systems (ASes) who want control over the flow works, and smaller ISPs, have even less control over the se- of traffic through their infrastructure. To resolve this tussle lection of end-to-end paths. By connecting to more than one and offer flexible routing control across multiple routing do- ISPs, an enterprise can select from multiple paths [2]; how- mains, we argue that customized route computation should ever, the customer controls only the first hop for outbound be offered as a service by third-party providers. Outsourcing traffic and has (at best) crude influence on incoming traffic. specialized route computation allows different path-selection Yet, some customers need more control over the end-to-end mechanisms to coexist, and evolve over time. path, or at least its properties, to satisfy performance and pol- icy goals. For example, a customer might not want his Web 1 Introduction traffic forwarded through an AS that filters packets based on Interdomain routing has long been based on three pillars: their contents. Alternatively, a customer might need to discard traffic from certain sources to block denial-of-service attacks • Local control: ASes have complete control over routing or protect access to a server storing sensitive data. -
Lab 5.5.2: Examining a Route
Lab 5.5.2: Examining a Route Topology Diagram Addressing Table Device Interface IP Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway S0/0/0 10.10.10.6 255.255.255.252 N/A R1-ISP Fa0/0 192.168.254.253 255.255.255.0 N/A S0/0/0 10.10.10.5 255.255.255.252 10.10.10.6 R2-Central Fa0/0 172.16.255.254 255.255.0.0 N/A N/A 192.168.254.254 255.255.255.0 192.168.254.253 Eagle Server N/A 172.31.24.254 255.255.255.0 N/A host Pod# A N/A 172.16. Pod#.1 255.255.0.0 172.16.255.254 host Pod# B N/A 172.16. Pod#. 2 255.255.0.0 172.16.255.254 S1-Central N/A 172.16.254.1 255.255.0.0 172.16.255.254 All contents are Copyright © 1992–2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public Information. Page 1 of 7 CCNA Exploration Network Fundamentals: OSI Network Layer Lab 5.5.1: Examining a Route Learning Objectives Upon completion of this lab, you will be able to: • Use the route command to modify a Windows computer routing table. • Use a Windows Telnet client command telnet to connect to a Cisco router. • Examine router routes using basic Cisco IOS commands. Background For packets to travel across a network, a device must know the route to the destination network. This lab will compare how routes are used in Windows computers and the Cisco router. -
Routing Basics
CHAPTER 5 Chapter Goals • Learn the basics of routing protocols. • Learn the differences between link-state and distance vector routing protocols. • Learn about the metrics used by routing protocols to determine path selection. • Learn the basics of how data travels from end stations through intermediate stations and on to the destination end station. • Understand the difference between routed protocols and routing protocols. Routing Basics This chapter introduces the underlying concepts widely used in routing protocols. Topics summarized here include routing protocol components and algorithms. In addition, the role of routing protocols is briefly contrasted with the role of routed or network protocols. Subsequent chapters in Part VII, “Routing Protocols,” address specific routing protocols in more detail, while the network protocols that use routing protocols are discussed in Part VI, “Network Protocols.” What Is Routing? Routing is the act of moving information across an internetwork from a source to a destination. Along the way, at least one intermediate node typically is encountered. Routing is often contrasted with bridging, which might seem to accomplish precisely the same thing to the casual observer. The primary difference between the two is that bridging occurs at Layer 2 (the link layer) of the OSI reference model, whereas routing occurs at Layer 3 (the network layer). This distinction provides routing and bridging with different information to use in the process of moving information from source to destination, so the two functions accomplish their tasks in different ways. The topic of routing has been covered in computer science literature for more than two decades, but routing achieved commercial popularity as late as the mid-1980s.