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Thesis Title UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNICO´ Ontology-driven Analysis of Enterprise Architecture Models Marzieh Bakhshandeh Supervisor: Doctor Jos´eLu´ısBrinquete Borbinha Co-Supervisor: Doctor C´atia Lu´ısaSantana Calisto Pesquita Thesis approved in public session to obtain the PhD Degree in Information Systems and Computer Engineering Jury final classification: Pass with Distinction Jury Chairperson: Chairman of the IST Scientific Board Members of the Committee: Doctor Paulo Miguel Torres Duarte Quaresma Doctor Fernando Manuel Pereira da Costa Brito e Abreu Doctor Pedro Manuel Moreira Vaz Antunes de Sousa Doctor Jos´eLu´ısBrinquete Borbinha 2016 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TECNICO´ Ontology-driven Analysis of Enterprise Architecture Models Marzieh Bakhshandeh Supervisor: Doctor Jos´eLu´ısBrinquete Borbinha Co-Supervisor: Doctor C´atia Lu´ısaSantana Calisto Pesquita Thesis approved in public session to obtain the PhD Degree in Information Systems and Computer Engineering Jury final classification: Pass with Distinction Jury Chairperson: Chairman of the IST Scientific Board Members of the Committee: Doctor Paulo Miguel Torres Duarte Quaresma, Professor Associado (com Agrega¸c~ao) da Escola de Ci^enciase Tecnologia da Universidade de Evora´ Doctor Fernando Manuel Pereira da Costa Brito e Abreu, Professor Associado do ISCTE { Instituto Universit´ariode Lisboa Doctor Pedro Manuel Moreira Vaz Antunes de Sousa, Professor Associado do Instituto Superior T´ecnicoda Universidade de Lisboa Doctor Jos´eLu´ısBrinquete Borbinha, Professor Associado do Instituto Superior T´ecnicoda Universidade de Lisboa 2016 Abstract Enterprise Architecture (EA) practices support the alignment between business strat- egy and the use of technology in an organization, considering its multiple relevant domains. When EA model representations grow in complexity, it becomes neces- sary to use automated techniques to perform the integrated analysis of these models, in order to support, for example, benchmarking of business processes or assessing compliance with requirements. Another challenge is the usage of multiple modelling languages in current EA approaches, each based on a specific meta-model that cross- cuts distinct viewpoints, raising semantic challenges. The motivation of this work was to investigate to what extent ontology-based tech- niques can be used as a means to improve the execution of automated analysis of EA model representations, based on the syntax, structure and semantic heterogeneities of these models. Several approaches for that purpose are documented in the literature, but all with limitations when it concerns facing challenges stemming from structural and semantic heterogeneities. To address these challenges, we propose to advance the state of the art by achieving the following results: (i) an evaluation of the rele- vance and effectiveness of the present ontology-based techniques for the purpose of analysis of EA models; (ii) a systematic method for the analysis of EA models for the purpose of representation as ontologies; (iii) a set of principles and guidelines for the transformation of EA models in logic-based ontology representations; (iv) a proposal for a classification of heterogeneity that exists in EA model representations; (v) and a solution artefact that allows the integration of EA models specified using different meta-models. Keywords: Information Systems, Enterprise Architecture , Ontologies, Ontology- based techniques , Conceptual Modelling, Model Representation. Resumo A Arquitetura Empresarial (AE) providencia suporte para o correto alinhamento entre a estrat´egiade neg´ociose o uso de tecnologia numa organiza¸c~ao,tendo em con- sidera¸c~aoas suas diferentes camadas de neg´ocio.Quando os modelos de AE crescem em complexidade, ´enecess´ariaa capacidade de executarem an´alisesaos respetivos modelos integrados, fazendo uso de t´ecnicasautomatizadas. Este ´eum requisito importante para um processo de EA efetivo, por forma a dar suporte, por exem- plo, `arealiza¸c~aode m´etricasde compara¸c~aoentre processos de neg´ocioou avaliar a conformidade desses processos com os seus requisitos. E´ tamb´emvulgar uma re- presenta¸c~aode uma AE usar m´ultiplaslinguagens de modela¸c~ao,cada uma baseada num meta-modelo espec´ıficoe adequado aos v´ariospontos de vistas da arquitetura, o que levanta v´ariosdesafios ao n´ıvel sem^antico. A motiva¸c~aodeste trabalho foi a an´alisedo valor das t´ecnicasde engenharia de ontologias como forma de melhorar a execu¸c~aoautom´aticade representa¸c~oesde m´ultiplosmodelos de AE, tendo por base a heterogeneidade da sintaxe, estrutura e sem^antica desses modelos. A literatura sobre este tema documenta v´ariasabordagens para este desafio, no entanto estas apre- sentam limita¸c~oesna sua capacidade de lidar com heterogeneidades na estrutura e sem^antica dos modelos de AE. O resultado deste trabalho prop~oenovas solu¸c~oespara a aplica¸c~aode t´ecnicasde processamento de ontologias na an´alisede representa¸c~oes integradas de AE. Para enfrentar esses desafios, propomos um avan¸coao estado da arte propondo os seguintes resultados: (i) uma avalia¸c~aoda pertin^enciae da efic´acia das t´ecnicasatuais de processamento de ontologias para efeitos de an´alisede modelos de EA; (Ii) um m´etodo para a an´alisesistem´aticade modelos EA para o prop´ositoda sua representa¸c~ao;(iii) um conjunto de princ´ıpiose diretrizes para a transforma¸c~ao de modelos de EA nas representa¸c~oesontologia baseadas em l´ogica;(iv) uma pro- posta de classifica¸c~aode heterogeneidade em representa¸c~oesde modelos de EA; (V) e um artefacto de solu¸c~aoque permite a integra¸c~aode modelos de EA especificados utilizando diferentes meta modelos. Palavras-chave: Sistemas de Informa¸c~ao, Arquitetura Empresarial, Ontologias, T´ecnicasBaseadas em Ontologias, Modela¸c~aoConcetual, Representa¸c~aode Mode- los. Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank, my super kind supervisor Professor Jos´e Borbinha, for giving me the chance to start working as a research assistant at the Information and Decision Support Systems group at INESC-ID. At INESC-ID, I was provided with excellent facilities and guidance to focus on my research. During the time I have been studying in Portugal, Professor Borbinha has been like a father to me, you trusted me, thank you for the continuous support, patience, motivation, and immense knowledge. Second, I would like to express my gratitude toward my bright co-supervisor Professor Catia Pesquita, for her excellent broad knowledge in ontology engineering. As a female in academia, you inspired me, gave me confidence, and raised me up. My colleagues and friends at INESC-ID, in particular, Claudia, Jo~ao,Gon¸calo,Ri- cardo, Elton for the friendship and great team work we had together. My sincere thanks also go to Dr.Jos´eTribolet, who provided me an opportunity to join INESC- ID. I would also like to thank Dr.Artur Caetano, for his insightful comments and the hard question which incented me to widen my research from various perspectives. Thanks to my dear friends: Neda, Lale, Morivarid, Shaghayegh, Mero, Sali, Mona, Sarvi, thanks for walking with me when I needed support, and thanks for walking behind me when I needed someone to watch my back. Most importantly I want to thank my family back in Iran: my parents Ashraf and Mehdi for standing by me in all the difficult parts of my life, supporting me spiritually throughout writing this thesis. Thank You for letting me find my own way and for reminding me that everything will work out. You are the best parents in the world, and I owe my success to you. Thanks to my supportive brothers Ali and Javad, for always being there for their big sister. I love you! Finally, I want to thank my wonderful husband, Abbas. I thank you for all of your support and patience during this Ph.D. process. When all my hope was gone, you lifted me up and, made me smile and continue. This thesis is dedicated to you. vi Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgements vi Contents vii List of Figuresx List of Tables xii I Introduction and Related Work1 1 Introduction2 1.1 Research Motivation............................4 1.2 Research Hypothesis............................5 1.3 Contributions................................6 1.4 Research Method..............................7 1.5 Outline................................... 10 2 Foundations of Conceptual Modelling and Enterprise Architecture 13 2.1 Conceptual Modeling Foundations.................... 13 2.2 Models and Modeling........................... 15 2.3 Enterprise Architecture.......................... 17 2.3.1 Model Analysis in Enterprise Architecture........... 17 2.3.2 Model Integration in Enterprise Architecture.......... 23 2.3.3 Process Model Similarity..................... 25 2.4 Summary.................................. 26 3 A State-of-the-Art in Ontologies 27 3.1 Fundamentals of Ontologies........................ 27 3.1.1 Ontology Components....................... 29 3.1.2 Ontology Uses........................... 29 3.1.3 Ontology Reasoning........................ 31 3.1.4 Description Logics......................... 31 vii Contents viii 3.1.5 Most Common Languages for Building Ontologies....... 34 3.1.5.1 RDF and RDF Schema................. 34 3.1.5.2 OWL and OWL2.................... 34 3.1.6 Ontology Tools........................... 36 3.2 Ontology Matching............................ 38 3.2.1 Ontological Mismatches...................... 40 3.2.2 Ontology Matching Systems.................... 42 3.2.3 Falcon-AO............................
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