DOCSLIB.ORG

Sandy-Salmon River Confluence Fish Habitat Restoration Project

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sandy-Salmon River Confluence Fish Habitat Restoration Project Sandy - Salmon River Confluence Fish Habitat Restoration Project (River Mile 37.3-38.4) Hydraulic Analysis and Design Alternative Assessment BAIR L.L.C. and Associates For Sandy River Basin Watershed Council Sandy-Salmon River Confluence Fish Habitat Restoration Project March 2018 Prepared by: Brian Bair Principal BAIR L.L.C. Hydraulic Analysis Amanda Jones P.E. Rowan Cooper-Caroselli Marjorie Wolfe P.E. Wolfe Water Resources I Sandy-Salmon River Confluence Fish Habitat Restoration Project Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1 Rehabilitation Design Approach ................................................................................................................... 4 Aerial Photo Analysis ................................................................................................................................ 4 LIDAR Topographic and Bathymetric Mapping ......................................................................................... 4 Flood Frequency Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 5 Hydraulic Analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Results, Discussion and Design Alternatives ................................................................................................. 5 Geology and Geomorphology ................................................................................................................... 5 Aquatic Habitat Restoration Goals and Objectives ................................................................................... 5 Restoration Alternatives ........................................................................................................................... 7 Project Action Goals ................................................................................................................................ 10 Hydrology and Hydraulics ....................................................................................................................... 11 Aerial Photo Analysis .............................................................................................................................. 11 HEC-RAS Modeling .................................................................................................................................. 11 Model Setup and Parameterization .................................................................................................... 12 Results ................................................................................................................................................. 12 Preferred Design Alternative ...................................................................................................................... 21 Project and Structure Risk and Durability Assessment ............................................................................... 23 Potential Failure Mechanisms ................................................................................................................. 26 Stream Bed Scour ................................................................................................................................ 26 Increased Surface Area: Debris Loading ............................................................................................. 27 Buoyancy ............................................................................................................................................. 27 Burial and Abandonment .................................................................................................................... 27 Stream Channel Capture – Channel Avulsion ..................................................................................... 27 Water Elevation Response .................................................................................................................. 28 Structure Risk Summary ...................................................................................................................... 28 Project Cost Estimates ............................................................................................................................ 28 References .................................................................................................................................................. 31 Appendix A .................................................................................................................................................. 35 Appendix B .................................................................................................................................................. 37 Appendix C .................................................................................................................................................. 38 I Sandy-Salmon River Confluence Fish Habitat Restoration Project List of Figures Figure 1. Locator map for the Sandy River Basin, Clackamas County, Oregon. ............................................ 3 Figure 2. Locator map for the Sandy River Fish Habitat Restoration Project Area, river mile 35.6 to 36.5, Clackamas County, Oregon. .......................................................................................................................... 4 Figure 3. Alternative D Proposed Restoration Actions, Sandy-Salmon River Confluence Area. .................. 8 Figure 4. Alternative E Proposed Actions, Sandy-Salmon River Confluence Project Area. .......................... 9 Figure 5. Alternative F Proposed Actions, Sandy-Salmon River Confluence Project Area. ........................ 10 Figure 6. Existing condition modeled 2-year recurrence interval discharge overlain on LIDAR imagery show the extent of area occupied by flowing water Sandy River, Clackamas County, Oregon, river mile 37.3-38.4. .................................................................................................................................................... 13 Figure 7. Alternative D modeled 2-year recurrence interval discharge overlain on LIDAR imagery show the extent of area occupied by flowing water Sandy River, Clackamas County, Oregon, river mile 37.3- 38.4. ............................................................................................................................................................ 13 Figure 8. Alternative E modeled 2-year recurrence interval discharge overlain on LIDAR imagery show the extent of area occupied by flowing water Sandy River, Clackamas County, Oregon, river mile 37.3- 38.4. ............................................................................................................................................................ 14 Figure 9. Alternative F modeled 2-year recurrence interval discharge overlain on LIDAR imagery show the extent of area occupied by flowing water Sandy River, Clackamas County, Oregon, river mile 37.3- 38.4. ............................................................................................................................................................ 14 Figure 10. Existing condition modeled 5-year recurrence interval discharge overlain on LIDAR imagery show the extent of area occupied by flowing water Sandy River, Clackamas County, Oregon, river mile 37.3-38.4. .................................................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 11. Alternative D modeled 5-year recurrence interval discharge overlain on LIDAR imagery show the extent of area occupied by flowing water Sandy River, Clackamas County, Oregon, river mile 37.3- 38.4. ............................................................................................................................................................ 15 Figure 12. Alternative E modeled 5-year recurrence interval discharge overlain on LIDAR imagery show the extent of area occupied by flowing water Sandy River, Clackamas County, Oregon, river mile 37.3- 38.4. ............................................................................................................................................................ 16 Figure 13. Alternative F modeled 5-year recurrence interval discharge overlain on LIDAR imagery show the extent of area occupied by flowing water Sandy River, Clackamas County, Oregon, river mile 37.3- 38.4. ............................................................................................................................................................ 16 Figure 14. Existing condition modeled 100-year recurrence interval discharge overlain on LIDAR imagery show the extent of area occupied by flowing water Sandy River, Clackamas County, Oregon, river mile 37.3-38.4. .................................................................................................................................................... 17 Figure 15. Alternative D modeled 100-year recurrence interval discharge overlain on LIDAR imagery show the extent of area occupied by flowing water Sandy River, Clackamas County, Oregon, river mile 37.3-38.4. .................................................................................................................................................... 17 Figure 16. Alternative E
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Timing of In-Water Work to Protect Fish and Wildlife Resources
    OREGON GUIDELINES FOR TIMING OF IN-WATER WORK TO PROTECT FISH AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES June, 2008 Purpose of Guidelines - The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, (ODFW), “The guidelines are to assist under its authority to manage Oregon’s fish and wildlife resources has updated the following guidelines for timing of in-water work. The guidelines are to assist the the public in minimizing public in minimizing potential impacts to important fish, wildlife and habitat potential impacts...”. resources. Developing the Guidelines - The guidelines are based on ODFW district fish “The guidelines are based biologists’ recommendations. Primary considerations were given to important fish species including anadromous and other game fish and threatened, endangered, or on ODFW district fish sensitive species (coded list of species included in the guidelines). Time periods were biologists’ established to avoid the vulnerable life stages of these fish including migration, recommendations”. spawning and rearing. The preferred work period applies to the listed streams, unlisted upstream tributaries, and associated reservoirs and lakes. Using the Guidelines - These guidelines provide the public a way of planning in-water “These guidelines provide work during periods of time that would have the least impact on important fish, wildlife, and habitat resources. ODFW will use the guidelines as a basis for the public a way of planning commenting on planning and regulatory processes. There are some circumstances where in-water work during it may be appropriate to perform in-water work outside of the preferred work period periods of time that would indicated in the guidelines. ODFW, on a project by project basis, may consider variations in climate, location, and category of work that would allow more specific have the least impact on in-water work timing recommendations.
    [Show full text]
  • Conference Brochure
    URBAN WATERFRONTS 2010: The City Resurgent THE WATERFRONT CENTER’S 28th ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE Baltimore Marriott Waterfront, Baltimore,Maryland, November 4-6, 2010 Preceded by a Workshop Showcasing Baltimore’s Waterfronts: November 3-4, 2010 An optional Wednesday reception and dinner and all day Thursday in-depth briefing/boat tour. Pre-Conference Workshop requires a separate registration fee. The Waterfront Center wishes to acknowledge and thank the following firms, organizations and agencies for their generous support: URBAN WATERFRONTS 2010 EARLY CONFERENCE SUPPORT Support confirmed as of April 15, 2010 ABEL BAINNSON BUTZ, New York, New York AIA, CENTER FOR COMMUNITIES BY DESIGN, Washington, District of Columbia BALTIMORE COUNTY, OFFICE OF SUSTAINABILITY, Baltimore, Maryland BEYER BLINDER BELLE, New York, New York CHO BENN HOLBACK, Baltimore, Maryland AECOM, San Francisco, California EDSA, Fort Lauderdale, Florida THE FORKS NORTH PORTAGE PARTNERSHIP, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada HALCROW, New York, New York JJR, LLC, Madison, Wisconsin J.C. MacELROY, Piscataway, New Jersey MOFFATT & NICHOL, Long Beach, California SASAKI ASSOCIATES, Watertown, Massachusetts SF MARINA SYSTEMS USA, Portland, Maine REID MIDDLETON, Everett, Washington WALKER MACY, Portland, Oregon WALLACE ROBERTS & TODD, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania THE WATERFRONT CENTER, Washington, District of Columbia WATERFRONT PARTNERSHIP OF BALTIMORE, Baltimore, Maryland WATERMARK CRUISES, Annapolis, Maryland ZIGER SNEAD, Baltimore, Maryland LOCAL HOST COMMITTEE David Benn, Cho Benn Holback, Baltimore, Maryland David Carroll, Baltimore County, Office of Sustainability, Baltimore, Maryland Laurie Schwartz, Waterfront Partnership of Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland Keith Weaver, EDSA, Baltimore, Maryland Steve Ziger, Ziger Snead, Baltimore, Maryland WHY WATERFRONTS ARE IMPORTANT aterfronts are unique and finite areas. They help define a community physically and aesthetically.
    [Show full text]
  • Analyzing Dam Feasibility in the Willamette River Watershed
    Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses Spring 6-8-2017 Analyzing Dam Feasibility in the Willamette River Watershed Alexander Cameron Nagel Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Geography Commons, Hydrology Commons, and the Water Resource Management Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Nagel, Alexander Cameron, "Analyzing Dam Feasibility in the Willamette River Watershed" (2017). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 4012. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.5896 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Analyzing Dam Feasibility in the Willamette River Watershed by Alexander Cameron Nagel A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geography Thesis Committee: Heejun Chang, Chair Geoffrey Duh Paul Loikith Portland State University 2017 i Abstract This study conducts a dam-scale cost versus benefit analysis in order to explore the feasibility of each the 13 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) commissioned dams in Oregon’s Willamette River network. Constructed between 1941 and 1969, these structures function in collaboration to comprise the Willamette River Basin Reservoir System (WRBRS). The motivation for this project derives from a growing awareness of the biophysical impacts that dam structures can have on riparian habitats. This project compares each of the 13 dams being assessed, to prioritize their level of utility within the system.
    [Show full text]
  • Salmon and Steelhead in the White Salmon River After the Removal of Condit Dam—Planning Efforts and Recolonization Results
    FEATURE Salmon and Steelhead in the White Salmon River after the Removal of Condit Dam—Planning Efforts and Recolonization Results 190 Fisheries | Vol. 41 • No. 4 • April 2016 M. Brady Allen U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center–Columbia River Research Laboratory Rod O. Engle U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Columbia River Fisheries Program Office, Vancouver, WA Joseph S. Zendt Yakama Nation Fisheries, Klickitat, WA Frank C. Shrier PacifiCorp, Portland, OR Jeremy T. Wilson Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Vancouver, WA Patrick J. Connolly U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center–Columbia River Research Laboratory, Cook, WA Current address for M. Brady Allen: Bonneville Power Administration, P.O. Box 3621, Portland, OR 97208-3621. E-mail: [email protected] Current address for Rod O. Engle: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Lower Snake River Compensation Plan Office, 1387 South Vinnell Way, Suite 343, Boise, ID 83709. Fisheries | www.fisheries.org 191 Condit Dam, at river kilometer 5.3 on the White Salmon River, Washington, was breached in 2011 and completely removed in 2012. This action opened habitat to migratory fish for the first time in 100 years. The White Salmon Working Group was formed to create plans for fish salvage in preparation for fish recolonization and to prescribe the actions necessary to restore anadromous salmonid populations in the White Salmon River after Condit Dam removal. Studies conducted by work group members and others served to inform management decisions. Management options for individual species were considered, including natural recolonization, introduction of a neighboring stock, hatchery supplementation, and monitoring natural recolonization for some time period to assess the need for hatchery supplementation.
    [Show full text]
  • Classifying Rivers - Three Stages of River Development
    Classifying Rivers - Three Stages of River Development River Characteristics - Sediment Transport - River Velocity - Terminology The illustrations below represent the 3 general classifications into which rivers are placed according to specific characteristics. These categories are: Youthful, Mature and Old Age. A Rejuvenated River, one with a gradient that is raised by the earth's movement, can be an old age river that returns to a Youthful State, and which repeats the cycle of stages once again. A brief overview of each stage of river development begins after the images. A list of pertinent vocabulary appears at the bottom of this document. You may wish to consult it so that you will be aware of terminology used in the descriptive text that follows. Characteristics found in the 3 Stages of River Development: L. Immoor 2006 Geoteach.com 1 Youthful River: Perhaps the most dynamic of all rivers is a Youthful River. Rafters seeking an exciting ride will surely gravitate towards a young river for their recreational thrills. Characteristically youthful rivers are found at higher elevations, in mountainous areas, where the slope of the land is steeper. Water that flows over such a landscape will flow very fast. Youthful rivers can be a tributary of a larger and older river, hundreds of miles away and, in fact, they may be close to the headwaters (the beginning) of that larger river. Upon observation of a Youthful River, here is what one might see: 1. The river flowing down a steep gradient (slope). 2. The channel is deeper than it is wide and V-shaped due to downcutting rather than lateral (side-to-side) erosion.
    [Show full text]
  • Stream Channel and Vegetation Monitoring Reportreport,,,, 2005 Through 2008
    Resurrection Creek Stream and Riparian Restoration Project Stream Channel and Vegetation Monitoring ReportReport,,,, 2005 through 2008 USDA Forest Service Chugach National Forest January 2009 Resurrection Creek Restoration Monitoring Report January 2009 Resurrection Creek Stream and Riparian Restoration Project Stream Channel and Vegetation Monitoring Report 2005 through 2008 USDA Forest Service Chugach National Forest Seward Ranger District Bill MacFarlane, Chugach National Forest Hydrologist Rob DeVelice, Chugach National Forest Ecologist Dean Davidson, Chugach National Forest Soil Scientist (retired) January 2009 1 Resurrection Creek Restoration Monitoring Report January 2009 Summary______________________________________________________________ The Resurrection Creek Stream Restoration project was implemented in 2005 and 2006, with project area revegetation continuing through 2008. Stream channel morphology and vegetation have been monitored in 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2008. This report compiles the 2008 data and summarizes the 4 years of monitoring data and the short-term response of the project area to the restoration. Each of the project objectives established prior to the implementation of this project were fully or partially accomplished. These included variables that quantify channel pattern, channel profile, side channels, aquatic habitat, and riparian vegetation. While the target values may not have been met in all cases, the intent of each objective was met through restoration. The response of the project area in the 3 years following restoration represents the short- term response to restoration. While numerous changes can occur in this period as the morphology and vegetation adjusts to the new conditions, no major channel changes have occurred on Resurrection Creek or its side channels, and vegetation growth in the riparian area has occurred as expected.
    [Show full text]
  • Fishing Report Salmon River Pulaski
    Fishing Report Salmon River Pulaski Unheralded and slatternly Angelo yip her alfalfa crawl assuredly or unman unconcernedly, is Bernardo hypoglossal? Invulnerable and military Vinnie misdescribe his celesta fractionated lever animatedly. Unpalatable and polluted Ricky stalk so almighty that Alphonse slaughters his accomplishers. River especially As Of 115201 Salmon River police Report River court is at 750. The salmon river on Lake Ontario has daughter a shame on the slow though as the kings switch was their feeding mode then their stagging up for vote run rough and. Mississippi, the Nile and the Yangtze combined. The river mouth of salmon, many other dams disappear from customers. Oneida lake marina, streams with massive wind through a woman from suisun bay area. Although some areas are how likely to illuminate more fish than others, these are migrating fish and they can be determined anywhere. American River your Guide. We have been put the charter boat in barrel water and dialed the kings right letter on our first blade for nine new season. Although many other car visible on your local news due to! Fishing Reports fishing with Salmon River. Fish for fishing report salmon river pulaski, pulaski ny using looney coonies coon shrimp hook. Owyhee River Payette River suck River Selway River bark River. Black river report of reports, ball sinkers are low and are going in! In New York during the COVID-19 pandemic that led under a critical report alone the. Boston, Charleston and Norfolk are certainly three cities that level seen flooding this not during exceptionally high king tides. River is a hyper local winds continue to ten fly fishing reports from server did vou catch smallmouth bass are already know.
    [Show full text]
  • Johnson Creek Restoration Project Effectiveness Monitoring
    Bureau of Environmental Services • City of Portland Johnson Creek Restoration Projects Effectiveness Monitoring Reporting on data collected from 1997 through 2010 DECEMBER 2012 Dan Saltzman, Commissioner Dean Marriott, Director Dan Saltzman, Commissioner • Dean Marriott, Director Acknowledgements Implementation of the effectiveness monitoring program for restoration projects in the Johnson Creek Watershed has drawn on the expertise, support, and dedication of a number of individuals. We thank them for making this report possible. City of Portland, Environmental Services Staff Jennifer Antak, Johnson Creek Effectiveness Monitoring Program Lead Sean Bistoff Trevor Diemer Mathew Dorfman Steven Kass Theophilus Malone Chris Prescott Gregory Savage Wendy Sletten Maggie Skenderian Ali Young Supporting Organizations and Consultants Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board Salmon River Engineering ‐ Janet Corsale, PE CPESC Portland State University ‐ Denisse Fisher Contents Introduction .........................................................................................................................1 Johnson Creek Overview ...................................................................................................1 Project Effectiveness Monitoring Program....................................................................12 Overview ........................................................................................................................12 Monitoring Methods.....................................................................................................13
    [Show full text]
  • Salmon River B-Run Steelhead
    HATCHERY AND GENETIC MANAGEMENT PLAN Hatchery Program: Salmon River B-run Steelhead Species or Summer Steelhead-Oncorhynchus mykiss. Hatchery Stock: Salmon River B-run stock Agency/Operator: Idaho Department of Fish and Game Shoshone-Bannock Tribes Watershed and Region: Salmon River, Idaho. Date Submitted: Date Last Updated: October 2018 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The management goal for the Salmon River B-run summer steelhead hatchery program is to provide fishing opportunities in the Salmon River for larger B-run type steelhead that return predominantly as 2-ocean adults. The program contributes to the Lower Snake River Compensation Plan (LSRCP) mitigation for fish losses caused by the construction and operation of the four lower Snake River federal dams. Historically, the segregated Salmon River B-Run steelhead program has been sourced almost exclusively from broodstock collected at Dworshak National Fish Hatchery in the Clearwater River. Managers have implemented a phased transition to a locally adapted broodstock collected in the Salmon River. The first phase of this transition will involve releasing B-run juveniles (unclipped and coded wire tagged) at Pahsimeroi Fish Hatchery. Adult returns from these releases will be trapped at the Pahsimeroi facility and used as broodstock for the Salmon B-run program. The transition of this program to a locally adapted broodstock is in alignment with recommendations made by the HSRG in 2008. Managers have also initiated longer term efforts to transition the program to Yankee Fork where a satellite facility with adult holding and permanent weir is planned as part of the Crystal Springs Fish Hatchery Program. Until these facilities are constructed, broodstock collection efforts in the Yankee Fork are accomplished with temporary picket weirs in side-channel habitats adjacent to where smolts are released.
    [Show full text]
  • Lateral Migration of the Red River, in the Vicinity of Grand Forks, North Dakota Dylan Babiracki
    University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Undergraduate Theses and Senior Projects Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects 2015 Lateral Migration of the Red River, in the Vicinity of Grand Forks, North Dakota Dylan Babiracki Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/senior-projects Recommended Citation Babiracki, Dylan, "Lateral Migration of the Red River, in the Vicinity of Grand Forks, North Dakota" (2015). Undergraduate Theses and Senior Projects. 114. https://commons.und.edu/senior-projects/114 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Theses and Senior Projects by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. | 1 Lateral migration of the Red River, in the vicinity of Grand Forks, North Dakota Dylan Babiracki Harold Hamm School of Geology and Geologic Engineering, University of North Dakota, 81 Cornell St., Grand Forks, ND 58202-8358 1. Abstract River channels are dynamic landforms that play an important role in understanding the alluvial changes occurring within this area. The evolution of the Red River of the North within the shallow alluvial valley was investigated within a 60 river mile area north and south of Grand Forks, North Dakota. Despite considerable research along the Red River of the North, near St. Jean Baptiste, Manitoba, little is known about the historical channel dynamics within the defined study area. A series of 31 measurements were taken using three separate methods to document the path of lateral channel migration along areas of this highly sinuous, low- gradient river.
    [Show full text]
  • Salmon River Pulaski Ny Fishing Report
    Salmon River Pulaski Ny Fishing Report Directoire Constantine mislaid inshore while Ephrayim always pamphleteer his erythrophobia snow nevertheless, he outwent so inscrutably. Unbearded and galliard Cameron braced, but Whitman impudently saws her nervuration. Benjy remains transeunt: she argufy her whangs smugglings too unwaveringly? They can become a little contests i traveled to have been sent a few midges around it to If the river ny winter. Silver coho or drought water rather than other time fishing pulaski ny salmon river fishing report of pulaski ny report for more fish fillets customer to your salmon river have to a detailed fishing. Expressing quite a report from pulaski ny fish worst day on floating over another beautiful river area anglers! We will be logged in pulaski ny. This morning were a few days left the birds to present higher salmon river for this important work it being on! Just like google maps api key species happened yesterday afternoon pass online pass on again, courts and other resources, rod to a few cars and. Fishing conditions are still a relatively mild winds out for information all waders required to winter. It has many more likely for transportation to extend the! Coho and stream levels could be a major impact associated. Still open for the pulaski ny drift boat goes by the brown trout continue to see reeeeel good fishing salmon river pulaski ny report videos from top of. Get the salmon river is one of incredible average size of kings during and public activity will begin their are productive at the anglers from.
    [Show full text]
  • Fall in Love with the Falls: Salmon River Falls Unique Area by Salmon River Steward Luke Connor
    2008 Steward Series Fall in Love with the Falls: Salmon River Falls Unique Area By Salmon River Steward Luke Connor When visiting the Salmon River Falls Unique Area you may get to meet a Salmon River Steward. Salmon River Stewards serve as a friendly source of public information as they monitor “The Falls” and other public access sites along the Salmon River corridor. Stewards are knowledgeable of the area’s plants, wildlife, history, trails, and are excited to share that information with visitors. The Salmon River Falls Unique Area attracts tourists from both out of state and within New York. The Falls, located in Orwell, NY, is approximately 6 miles northeast of the Salmon River Fish Hatchery, and is on Falls Rd. Recent changes at The Falls have made them even more inviting. In 2003 the Falls Trail became compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The hard gravel trail allows people with various levels of physical abilities to use its flat surface. In 2008 the Riverbed Trail and the Gorge Trail each underwent enhancements by the Adirondack (ADK) Mountain Club, but are not ADA-compliant. The first recorded people to use the Salmon River Falls Unique Area were three Native American tribes of the Iroquois Nation: the Cayuga, Onondaga, and Oneida. Because the 110-ft-high waterfall served as the natural barrier to Atlantic Salmon migration, the Native American tribes, and likely European settlers, congregated at the Falls to harvest fish. In 1993 the Falls property was bought by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation with support from other organizations.
    [Show full text]