April 7, 1970 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 85209 sent that the articles be printed in the of work. The contracts would be let by the ides produce the foul taste in your mouth in Office of Coal Research (OCR), whose func­ highly air polluted areas.) HEW under the RECORD. tion is to flnd new ways to increase coal con­ Air Pollution Control Act, has set "criteria" '1ere being no objection, the articles sumption. Large-scale MHD generators prob­ for the amounts of these two pollutants that ordered to be printed in the RECORD, ably would use coal for fuel. . can be emitted from industrial plants. But as foll(}ws: Earlier a Presidential panel of academic the criteria, applied by state and local gov­ [From The National Observer, Feb. 9, 1970) and industry specialists studied the current ernments, are flexible enough to "meet local :MAGNETOHYDRODYN AMICS-CONCERN OVER status of MHD development and recom­ needs." HEW's enforcement powers are min­ POLLUTION LIFTS HOPE FOR NEW POWER mended last summer that Mr. Nixon ask Con­ imal; the amount of money available here GENERATING PLAN gress to authoriZ;ipending of $2,000,000 an­ is in inverse proportion to the enormity of nually for more r search about the tech­ the problem. EVERETT, MASS.-Billowing smoke from nique. The panel's r port said such research But the criteria plus the techniques now coal-fired generators enrage air-pollution efforts by the p~we-gen .erating industry had in OCR's files could get the job done, if the fighters. Nuclear-powered plants discharging slackened In rec t years perhaps because technologies can be turned into commercial heat into water stir the oPPosition of ecolo­ it was difficul to predict the benefits of hardware. Then, instead of depending for gists. And even hy.droelectric-power enthu­ large-scale.MliD plants. clean air on corporate willingness to obey. siasts seem close to being outflanked by con­ "Whatever the reasons," the report to the the law (and the willingness of state and servationists. President said, "the panel does not expect local government to enforce it) the corpo­ Perhaps there isn't any way to produce MHD work to continue at an appreciable and rations might find it in their interest to electricity so as not to make anybody mad. useful level unless the Government.provldes adopt the new technologies voluntarily, be­ But to the gratification of certain research­ the major support. . . ." cause of their greater efficienCieS. ers here, President Nixon last week proposed Actually about $16,000,000 has been ex­ MHD is not the only technique OCR has in his budget that the Federal Government pended to da1;e on MHD research in this in mind. A process for dissolving raw coal renew efforts to perfect a promising method country, about half of it coming from utili­ in anthracene solvent, which would carry off that theoretically would offend only the ties led by the American Electric Power Co., all the potentially polluting materials, is most ardent environmental purists. Inc., of New York City and Avco and half another. The leftover would be almost pure The technique is called "magnetohydrody­ from the Department of Defense for Air Force carbon-in a form that could be extruded, namics," or MHD for short. And for more work. With these funds, a number of small ground, . melted or handled In numerous . than a decade, Dr. Arthur R. Kantrowitz, MHD units were constructed, some in the other ways. Diesel-electric locomotives and director of Avco Corp's Everett Research Boston area and others at the Arnold Engi­ perhaps diesel trucks could burn this clean Laboratory here, has been extolling its neering Development Center iIi Tullahoma, substance. But once again, the potential virtues. Tenn. -HARRIS SMITH. would be greatest for power production, es­ How MHD works can best be described by pecially. in congested urban areas such as comparIng it with more conventional energy­ [From the New Republic, Jan. 24, 1970) New York City. generating units. The latter burn fuel and How MUCH, How SOON FOR There are several ways,' some pioneered by air to make steam that is expanded in a OCR and others by Interior's Bureau of turbine to produce mechanical power. This ANTI-POLLUTION? Anti-pollution is the fashion. What we Mines, to convert coal into producer or pipe­ power is transmitted through a shaft to turn line gas. If coal can be converted to pure an electrIc generator. The actual electric need to know is how much money the Ad­ ministration (and the corporations) will in­ methane-or pure hydrogen or pure carbon power is produced by the motion of a. copper monoxide-leaving the pollutants behind in wire armature moving through a magnetic vest in it. A little known-and little-funded­ Interior Department agency, the Office of the coal residue, then the gas can be burned field. A nuclear plant operates in a similar with little harm to the environment, in al­ fashion with the reactor replacIng the fur­ Coal Research (OCR), has in its files data on a half dozen or more techniques that prom­ most any kind of fuel-burning Installation nace-boiler system. and with minimal conversion costs. -: run operation, hot combustion prod­ ise to eliminate major environmental pol­ lution. But OCR has never got more than $12 The Russians plan to have a part-MHD, u fuel are seeded with potaSSium and part-conventional, plant in commercial op­ bee e, in effect, the "armature." These hot million and untn recently no one in Interior or the White House has been disposed to ask eration in 1970; the Japanese are also ad­ gases move at high velocIty through a mag­ vancing rapidly in this technology. The netic field where electric power is generated for more. OCR's technologies remain unde­ veloped. President·s Office of Science and Technology dIrectly. Thus, power is produced by a one­ last June recommended a full-scale MHD step process as opposed to the more con­ Take magnetohydrodynamics. MHD is a research program, as did the Interior De­ ventional three-step method. way of converting coal and other fossil fuels partment's own Energy Policy Staff a year Then, the products of combustion, the to electricity almost directly, without inter­ earlier. Support for MHD in the scientific sulfur dioxide and the oxides of nitrogen, vening bollers, turbines or generators. It is c.ommunity is almost unanimous. yet, not are not transmitted into the atmosphere about 50 percent more efficient than conven­ a penny for MHO was left by the Budget as many power plants do now. Instead, these tional coal-fired generating plants-whiCh, Bureau in OCR's fiscal 1970 budget request. pollutants are retained and processed for in turn, are about 50 percent more efficient Efforts by Montana Senators Lee Metcalf commercial use by a chemical process that than nuclear plants. MHD would significantly and Mike Mansfield to get money for MHD - is an inherent part of the MHD power sys­ reduce the "thermal pollution" . created by into the 1970 Interior appropriations bill tem. most present power generation (with the failed. The 1971 budget OCR submitted to All of this remains theoretical, of course. exception of hydroelectric plants, which Interior officials included a miserly $400,000 The truth is, very hIgh combustion tem­ make up only a small percentage of the total for MHO which was then entirely eliminated peratures of the MHD process actually pro­ and which sometimes create their own kind by a budget officer. The two Montana Sena­ duce more polluting oxides, not fewer, than of environmental damage). Thermal pollu­ tors asked that the money be reinstated. :tIlore conventIonal generating methods. The tion is the heating of water in streams, lakes And last month, the Minerals, Materials hope is that the very abundance of these or the ocean, often with severe detriment to and Fuels subcommittee of the Senate In­ pollutants would make reclaiming chemI­ the balance of life. terior Committee, chaired by Senator Moss cals from them profitable. MHO also offers great promise for reduc­ of Utah, held hearings on MHD, at which Sitting somewhat impatiently In his sec­ ing air pollution. Because it is more efficient, scientists gave the new technology strong ond-floor office in Avco's spanking new it burns less fuel per kilowatt hour than endorsement. So now the Interior Budget, as research-laboratory bullding, Dr. Kantro­ other power-generating techniques; you get it goes to the Budget Bureau, will contain witz points out mementos highlightIng his less pollution from producing the same "someWhat more than" the $400,000 earlier work with MHD. One is a small, gray .model amount of power. The fuel for MHD must be asked, though less than the $2-million sug­ of wood and wire, a souvenIr of the first "seeded"; that is, an ionizable substance gested by OST. 4'MHD unit at Avco more than a decade old. must be added to it to make hot gases elec­ Meanwhile, with electrical needs doubling 1 Another is a photograph of a model of an trically conductiv.e. The seed must be re~ every 10 years, the electric utility industry MHD complex desIgned by Russia, where a moved from the leftover gases, a necessity has indicated through the Edi£on Electric In­ 75-megawatt pilot plant is supposed to go which becomes a virtue because pollutants stirtute that it will make some contribution into operation this year. "I estimate the can be removed at the same time. to MHD, at least for research into "peaking" cost of that is $50,000,000 to $100,000,000," A major source of air pollution-second or emergency plants. HEW and the Atomic he says wistfully. only to automobiles-is the fuel-burning in­ Energy Commission may also ante up some Japan, too, has started a national MHD dustrial installatiOns, primarily power funds. Meyer Steinberg, a scientist with project. West Germany also has a govern­ plants. Almost without exception, they give AEC's Brookhaven National Laboratory, has ment-sponsored MHD project with funding off sulfur oxide, and a fine, abrasive ash. sugge.sted that giant MHD plants burning being increased a.,t the rate of 25 per cent a Although the sulfur oxides. or the particles coal be built at mine-mouth in thiniy popu­ year. alone may not be harmful to health (there's lated Western coal states (including utah F w at least, these foreign develop- no conclusive evidence), in combination and Montana), the power produced to be ment em much larger than U.S. efforts so they are highiy destructive to lung tissue, transmitted to population centers via "super­ far. President Nixon proposed that in the according to HEW's National Center for Air conductors" or other ultramodern "electrical flscal year beginning July I, MHD research Pollution Control. Sulfur oxides, alone, are superhighways." It is possible that AEC is contracts be negotiated for $400,000 worth harmful to plant life. (The acrid sulfur ox- motivated by its awareness that nuclear 85210 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE April 7, 1970 plants are a serious contributor to environ­ position still leaves the Senate with large It down as a rule, that one man of discern­ mental damage through thermal pollution and proper powers to reject a nominee for ment is better fitted to analyze and e~t1- and difficult-to-dispose-of radioactive wastes. lack of Integrity and for other reasons stated mate the pecullar qualities adapted to Jl' Or the well-funded AEC ($2 billion since by Hamilton In the Federalist, such as favori­ tlcular offices, than a body of men of World War II to develop nuclear power) may tism In the President, personal attachment or perhaps even of superior discernment. see MHD as a technique applicable to nu­ and the like. None of these reasons stated by He further states, "He will have FEWER clear fuels. AEC's entry could make MHO go, Hamilton 18 applicable to Judge Carswell. personal attachments to gratlfy, than a body if the President gets solidly behind environ­ I am pleased that you continue In your stead­ of men who may eac4 be supposed to have mental quality. fast support of Judge Carswell and I trust an equal number; and will be so much the Of course, technology Mone won't keep our that your sound constitutional position will less liable to be mlsled by the sentiments environment clean. Scientists are oomlng to In the end be vindicated by the good sense of friendship and of affection. A single well­ regard the formerly innocuous carbon diox­ and oonsclence of the Senate. I have the directed an, by a single understanding, can­ Ide as a pollutant, at least In urban "mlcro­ honor to remain your obedient supporter. not be distrlcted and warped by that di­ envlranments." In these areas, higher levels JAMES WILLIAM MOORE, versity of views, feelings, and Interests, of CO. will soon begin to cause rotting of the Professor Of Law, Yale University, New which frequently distract and warp the res­ mortar in urban bulldings. Burning fossil Hauen, Conn. olutions of a collective body." Having ar­ fuel always creates carbon dioxide, and the gued the superior wlsdom of one man mak­ final solution to the CO, problem will have to SILVER SPRING, MD. , ing the appointment, Hamllton goes on to be reduced burning of fuels. Moving indus­ April 3, 1970. justify the oompromlse by which the nom­ trial plants Into thinly populated areas The PRESIDENT, ination must be approved by the Senate and would help. Bwt what would help more Is The White House: states, "In the act of nomlna.tlon, his judg­ fewer people and a lower per capita rate of Your letter of Presidential-senatorial roles ment alone would be exerclsed; and as It oonsumption, Including fewer automobiles or and appointments 18 correct. Washington would be his sole duty to point out the man prohibitively high tolls for their admiSSion Post misuses Federalist 76 by ignoring para­ who, with the approbation of the Senate, Into urban areas. graph preceding the one quoted. Senate not should fill an office, his responslblllty would -RICHARD H. GILLULY. intended to substitute Its choice for those be as oomplete as if he were to make the of President as seems to be goal of opponents final appointment. There can, In this view, of Carswell confl.rma.tlon. be no difference between nominating and NOMINATION OF JUDGE CARSWELL HOWARD PENNIMAN, appointing." Hamllton further observed that, Professor Of Government, Georgetown "It 18 also not very probable that his nomi­ Mr. DOLE. Mr. President, the opposi­ University. nation would often be overrUled." Thls ex­ tion to Judge Carswell has been very pectation has been borne out by the fact vocal-if misleading-in attempting to The PRESIDENT, that the Senate has withheld Its consent, convince the Senate that the experts and The White House, . to nominees to the Supreme Court, in only the professors are on their side. Washington D.C.: three Instances In thIs century. We the undersigned respectfully take thls The Senate has the positive duty to de­ The truth is, the people on their side means to Indicate our support for the nom­ termine whether the nomlnee's character are largely those so-called experts and Ination of Judge Carswell and our concur­ bedts the office. The Senate should, of other who view the Constitution as a rence with the deep ooncern expressed by course, make thl8 judgment with respect to document to use to instigate social re­ you In your letter of March 31, 1970 to Sen­ Judge Carswell. We believe, however, that form, not those who view it as the key­ ator Saxbe. you have oorrectly stated the traditional stone of our Republic. ERWIN A. ELIAS, constitutional relationships of the President It may surprise many of Judge Cars­ Professor of Law, Texas Tech University, and the Congress, and that the consent of well's opponents that the White House Lubbock, Tex. the Senate should be refused only when In MICHAEL J . VAUGHN, the words of Hamilton, there are "r has received a number of letters and Assistant Professor of Law, Baylor Uni­ and strong reasons for the refusal." Th wires supporting the constitutional ar­ versity, Waco, Tex. ate should not attempt to substltut its guments in the President's letter to the subjective judgment as to thls or any other Senator from Ohio (Mr. SAXBE) regard­ President NIXON, nomination. ing the appointment of Judge G. Har­ The White House, Very respectfully yours, rold Carswell to be an Associate Justice Washington D.C.: JAMES M. BROWN, of the Supreme Court. Every Senate has endeavored to weaken the Professor Of Law. powers of the Presidency WIld every President EDWARD A. POTTS, \. President Nixon contended that his to preserve and strengthen them. Your pres­ Professor of Law and ASSociate Dean, constitutional duty could be frustrated ent struggle 18 In this great tradition and the National Law Center, the George if tqe Senate should withhold consent those who want strong effective national Washington University. for other than strong or special reasons. government must pray for your success. The President said that such a case had EDWARD C. BANFIELD, ' not been made against Judge Carswell. Professor Of Government, Harvard Uni ­ versity. MORRIS ABRAM WARNS OF DETRI­ Messages of support for the President's MENTAL EFFECTS OF U.S. INAC­ position have come from James William APRIL 3, 1970. TION IN HUMAN RIGHTS Moore, Sterling professor of law, Yale The PRESIDENT, University; Erwin A. Elias, professor of The White House, Mr. PROXMIRE. Mr. President, three law, Texas Tech University; Michael J. Washington, D .C. crucial human rights treaties now lie be­ Vaughn, assistant professor of law, Bay­ DEAR MR. PRESIDENT : In our judgment your fore the Senate of the United States­ lor UniverSity; Edward C. Banfield, pro­ letter to Senator Saxbe accurately refiects the Convention on the Political Rights of fessor of government, Harvard Univer­ the Intent of the Constitution with respect Women, the Convention on Forced Labor, sity; Howard Penniman, professor of to the Presidential power of appOintment and the Convention on the Prevention to the Supreme Court with the advice and and Punishment of the Crime of Geno­ government, Georgetown University; and consent of the Senate. The Washington Post James M. Brown and Edward A. Potts, editorial of Aprll 2, 1970, quoting the Fed­ cide. professors of law, George Washington eralist Paper No. 76 neglected to cite the These treaties reamrm the principles University. sentence lmmedlately preceding the one on which this country was founded and I ask unanimous consent that the mes­ quoted, which in part reads " ... it is not which are guaranteed in the Declaration ~ sages be printed in the RECORD. llkely that their sanction (the Senate) would of Independence and the Constitution. I often be refused, where there were not spe­ Their ratification is essential if this coun­ There being no objection, the messages cial and strong reasons for the refusal." (Em­ were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, phasis added.) This is precisely what we try is to actively participate in develop­ as follows: read you letter to say. ing an international law of human rights. The PRESIDENT, In the Federalist No. 76 HamUton dis­ It is important at this time that we The White House, cusses three possible methods for appoint­ ask ourselves how the U.S. failure to ra­ Washington, D.C. ment of ambassadors, public ministers and tify these treaties has affected this vital DEAR MR. PRESIDENT : I was pleased with judges of the Supreme Court. He describes effort. The answer is crystal clear: The your statement to Senator Saxbe that your the rationale by which the compromlse proc­ inactivity of the United States in this choice of Judge Carswell should not be frus­ ess was reached establishing the method area has been a severe handicap ro- trated because of phlloeophiCal or Ideological prescribed by the Constltution under which in differences ooncernlng your nominee, espe­ the President nominates, and, with the advice gress securing international pr on clally where hl8 oonfirmatlon would ald in and consent of the Senate, appoints. In dls­ of human rights. restoring a balance to the Supreme Court; cussing the selection by the President, Ham- Mr. Morris B. Abram, a distinguished which I belleve the electorate approved. This 1lton says, "Premising thiS, I proceed to lay New York lawyer and former president May 26, 1970' CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 87805 iea as by these two distinguished col- American lives, another quarter of a mil­ eluded us for 10 years and already cost 9.gues it would present little problem. lion wounded, untold millions of ' Viet­ us 50,000 American lives. ut to most Americans, to the man on namese deaths, and over $100 billion I was hopeful that the "Vietnam1za­ the street, the man in uniform, and the worth of American resources. tion" program was a means of seeking man who has been in uniform, it will be But I am absolutely convinced that we the political solution. I hoped that it interpreted almost universally as an at­ cannot end a war by escalating it; that would bring an end to the hostilities and tack, first, on the President's credibility we cannot further negotiations by in­ (ncourage the Saigon government and and as an effort to hamstring the Com­ creasing the tempo of warfare; that we the South Vietnamese Army to put their mander in Chief in his efl'orts to pro­ cannot a.chieve a just political settlement house in order and see if they can secure tect American forces after June 30, 1970, by pursuing a quick military victory in 8. the stability and allegiance of the people in Cambodia. land where that goal has eluded us for of South Vietnam. Mr. President, this is the issue that 10 tragic years. But recent events have suggested that concerns many of us. I recognize some The Church-Cooper amendment now there must be congressional limits in are opposed to any resolution. But it ap­ before us, and the Hatfield-McGovern order to pursue and secure such a policy. pears even at this point that there still amendment which will follow when the Again, I have no desire to thwart the may be an opportunity-for compromise, military >authorization is considered, are responsibility of the President as Com­ that there is still opportunity for ac­ vital and responsible pieces of legisla­ mander in Chief. But I do feel that the commodation. We can recognize the tion, designed only to further the objec­ Congress has the responsibility and the rights, powers, duties, and obligations of tives of peace which all profess to hold. constitutional obligation to determine Members of this body and also recognize They will not tie the hand of the Presi­ why we are in this part of the world, to the rights, powers, duties, and responsi­ dent in his constitutional obligation as support the President in his decisions and bilities of the President of the United Commander in Chief of our Armed activities which further these objectives, States if we truly-make the efl'ort. Forces. As Commander in Chief, he must and to prohibit activities which run coun­ I would hope in the da¥s ahead, after direct the military efl'ort, protect our ter to peace, disengagement, and political adoption of the perfecting amendment, troops, and further the objectives which settlement. there still may be some accommodation lie behind our massive involvement in I firmly believe that the Hatfield­ and some recognition of the fact the Indochina. McGovern amendment to the military President had a right to make a tactioal But Congress has the authority and the authorization bill will serve these ends. move into Cambodia, and that the move obligation to direct the nature of these It will give ample time for the President was made to protect American troops objectives and to set limits upon military and our military and political delegation and to keep the Vietnamization program activities which run counter to them. in Saigon to accomplish the total Viet­ on schedule. I trust we can resolve the The recent invasion of Cambodia was namization of this war. It will surely remaining issues in the Church-Cooper in clear contradiction to the objectives of encourage the South Vietnam~e to fur­ amendment in a very short time. peace, disengagement, and a political ther this goal. And it will hold us to a The issue is important enough, as it solution which the President has told us disengagement from a war in which we was in 1951-during the so-called great we are pursuing. have now won all we ean ever win. debate which lasted from January to I firmly believe, as I have stated, that Mr. President, I commend the authors \pril over the President's right and Congress must set limits which will of these amendments, and I very much ower in connection with the Korean strengthen our pursuit of these objec­ hope that they will receive the over­ conflict. The issue is serious enough and tives. whelming endorsement of the Senate grave enough that, if necessary, we The Church-Cooper amendment does which they deserve. should spend days, and perhaps weeks, just that. It simply reinforces what the We can, at this time, take no more debating the rights, powers, and re­ President has already insisted to be our important steps for the causes of peace, sponsibilities of Congress vis-a-vis the inviolable timetable for the withdrawal honor, unity, and national pride. rights, powers, and responsibilities of the of troops from Cambodia. But it will Mr. KENNEDY. Mr. President, one of President. make clear that such an adventure does the tragic consequences of the agonizing Mr. MONDALE. Mr. President, I think not, in fact, correspond to the objectives war in Vietnam has been the tremendous that the current Senate debate on the of our Indochinese involvement, and that toll paid by the Vietnamese people. This Church-Cooper amendment is one of the it must not be attempted a second time. aspect of the war is often 'Overlooked in most vital matters we have had before Our troops will be protected. The this country. But the fact remains that us this Congress. President's Cambodian mission will be over the last 5 years the confiict has de­ It is a crucial step in the reassertion of completed according to his own time­ stroyed the countryside, generated mil­ our Constitutional responsibility over the table and will be successful by whatever lions of refugees, and infiicted at least a waging of war and peace. criterion the administration and the million civilian war casualties, including It is a vital measure in the current ef­ Pentagon are now setting for the evalua­ some 300,000 deaths. fort to bring the tragic Indochina war tion of that mission. As chairman of the Judiciary Subcom­ to a close and to substitute a firm policy All the Church-Cooper amendment mittee on refugees I have long been con­ of political settlement and American dis­ will do, then, is make it clear that what­ cerned over this human cost of the war, engagement for the current policy of ever we call our objective-"with­ and we have tried to make 'the case-­ military victory and perpetual warfare. drawal," "Vietnamization," "peace," over and over again-that the problem Most of >all, this amendment is a means "peace with honor," or "political solu­ of refugees and civilian casualties must by which we can respond to the despair tion"-will not !be served by another be a matter of vital concern to the United of a nation-a nation which needs to massive invasion of Cambodia. States. know that tnere is a Congress both will­ Similar reasoning, I think, applies to It is with considerable interest, there­ ing and able to refiect their will that the our involvement in all of Vietnam. In fore, to note what has apparently become war be ended. efl'ect, Cambodia is only a peripheral a primary justification by the adminis­ Never in my 6 years in the U.S. Sen­ issue----symbolic of the confusion over the tration for bogging down the withdrawal ate have I seen such an outpouring of be­ goals we seek in Indochina. The real of American troops. Repeatedly, officials wilderment, frustration, fear, and dis­ tragedy of Cambodia was and is not the in the administration-including the appointment from my constituents as fact that our troops are there, and not President-have suggested that the mere over the recent decision to carry the even the likelihood of a wider and pro­ withdrawal of these troops--at any point, Vietnam war into Oa.mbodia. longed war throughout Indochina-al­ it seems--would result in a "bloodbath" I must admit that I share and deeply though these are profoundly disturbing for millions of South Vietnamese citizens. sympathize with these same reactions. issues. The real tragedy of Cambodia is Frankly, Mr. President, I am skeptical . very much want to support the Presi- that it was an utter violation of the ob­ of these speculations-these fears. As ent in his professed goal of withdrawing jective of a negotiated, political settle­ they are phrased by the administration, American troops from Southeast Asia ment of the Vietnamese war. I find they are also misleading. And I and bringing an end to the longest war We cannot have it both ways. We can­ strongly feel the polemical repetition of in our Nation's history-a war in whi.ch, not profess to a political solution while the "bloodbath" argument has become in a decade, has claimed nearly 50,000 seeking the military victory which has an irresponsible evasion of the real is- 87806 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE May 26, 1970 sues involved in reaching a political set­ not be used to derail us from the hard [From Life Magazine, May 22, 1970] tlement-A negotiated settlement-in task of negotiating a settlement that will EXCERPTS FROM CLARK CLIFFORD'S, "SET South Vietnam, and finally bringing end the military "bloodbath" that is DATE IN VIETNAM, STICK TO IT, GET OUT, peace to that battered land. . going on today. On a number of occaSions, President Nix­ First of all, the "bloodbath" argument In all candor, I must concur with the on, In arguing that It would be Improper is, at best, based upon dubious historical view that administration spokesmen for us .to leave Vietnam now, has used the evidence. Several recent articles which I seem to be rather cynically using the so-called "bloodbath" arguments. He has sug­ gested that the massacre of many South RECORD win shall introduce into the at the "bloodbath" argument to support for Vietnamese, including a million and a half close of my remarks, point this out rather short-range policies of military success. Catholics who fied from the North, would convincingly. But, it seems to me, that if we are to occur when our forces withdrew. It is misleading, for example, to com­ avoid the long-term "bloodbath" of con­ I find this position difllcult to understand. pare the situation in South Vietnam to­ tinued war, we must expose the admini­ In the first place, the figure 01' one mIlllon day with that of North Vietnam in the stration's argument for what it is: Cyni­ and a half Catholics who fied to the South, 1950's when an alleged "bloodbath" oc­ cal political rhetoric designed to disguise referred to by President Nixon In his speecn curred. The two situations are Simply the hard choices we face in negotiating of Nov. 3, 1969, Is incorrect. A study ot this a peace that will end the war. subject, published In 1956, by the South not analogous, especially because the Vietnam Department of Education and the non-Communist groups in South Viet­ Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ National Commission for UNESCO, discloses nam today-including the Thieu govern­ sent that a number of relevant articles that the number Is not 1.5 million but ment-are well organized and strong, on the "bloodbath" issue be printed at 754,710. This Is Significant because the Pres­ and, I should emphasize, well armed. this point in the RECORD. Ident overlooked the fact that there are Within tbe context of the Vietnamiza­ There being no objection, the mate­ still living In North Vietnam today approx­ tion program, this should suggest to the Imately 800,000 Catholics. There are also rial was ordered to be printed in the CathOliCS among the leadership of the Na­ administration that the North Vietnam­ RECORD, as follows : ese and the Vietcong, even if they were tional Liberation Front In South Vietnam. intent upon a "bloodbath," will have to [From the Washington Post, May 24, 1970] The President basis his claim of "blood­ EXCERPT FROM "ONLY A TIMETABLE CAN bath" on his charge that when the Com­ seek political accommodation-not po­ munists took over North Vietnam In 1954, litical annihilation. In this connection, EXTRICATE NIXON" (By Lee Gelb and Morton H. Halperin) they slaughtered thousands upon thousands one of the analysts most widely quoted 01' North Vietnamese. In fact, the records by those who actively fear a "blood­ . . . Another argument frequently used by of the International Commission disclose bath"-Douglas Pike-admits in his re­ the Nixon administration against a fixed that, In the two years following the armis­ cent study on Vietcong terror, that only withdrawal schedule Is that a blOOd bath tice of 1954, only 19 complaints were filed a decisive Communist victory would would ensue In South Vietnam. This Is a covering polltlcal reprisals In all of North serious matter to take into account. The ad­ Vietnam. Later, in 1955 and 1956, a peasant carry the threat of reprisals involving ministration, however, Is using It as a scare revolt was harshly repressed, and the best mass slaughter. No one seriously argues tactic. Speculations-and they can be only estimate are that 10,000 to 15,000 may have that such a "decisive victory" is about speculations-about a blood bath have to be died. to occur. weighed against the certainty that South It Is my firm belief that, when It becomes In the case of political accommodation, Vietnamese are now being killed by the thou­ apparent that the Americans are In fact the negotiated settlement should obvi­ sands and wlll continue to be killed by the leaving, all parties seeking power In Soutl­ ously include provisions to protect and thousands each year that the war goes on. Vietnam will have a: strong Incentive The North Vietnamese record of dealing negotiate a compromise settlement. All w provide sanctuaries for those who fear with their enemies aft er the 1954 Geneva for their lives. But the mere fear of a recognize that compromise Is their one as­ Conference Is certainly no worse than the surance of a share In political power. The "bloodbath" must not become a slogan record of our Sout h Vietnamese allies. The contending factiOns must now be aware to evade those negotiations. The safety performance of both on the matter of hu­ that, In the absence 01' compromise, they and right of asylum for South Vietnam­ man life over the last six years has been can look forward only to continued confilct ese citizens opposed to the political solu­ equally appalling. For the South Vietnam­ and disruption. The need for peace must tion achieved in their country can only ese who would not wish to take their chances now be apparent to all but the very few be provided by the negotiations. with a "peace," we .should, of course, stand whose power and profit depend on war. And there is ample precedent for such ready to provide sanctuary and assistance. provisions-within the historical con­ But the Interesting thing about .the blood [From the Washington Post, Nov. 3, 1969] text of Indochina and elsewhere. We all bath argument Is that It must hide either SPECIALISTS DOUBT U.S. PULLOUT WOULD LEAD the belief that the South Vietnamese army TO A SLAUGHTER know, for example, that the right of Is hopeless or the conviction that U.S. forces refuge and population regroupment was can never be fully wlthdrawn-or both. The (By Stanley Karnow) agreed to in the Geneva accords of 1954, Nixon administration keeps Insisting that HONG KONG.-In contrast to the apocalyp­ which ended the first Indochina war. And our South Vietnamese allies have made great tic view of the future currently being voiced in similar wars, no less bloody and impas­ progress In the military field, and even the In some quarters In the United States, spe­ sioned than Vietnam--such as Algeria, or heretofore knowledgeable pessimists agree. cialists In this part of the world strongly even Nigeriar-the issue of protecting The South Vietnamese armed forces number doubt that an American withdrawal will give one mllllon, and if police and civil defense the Communists an automatic victory in former opposition groups and the civilian forces are counted, this adds another quarter South Vietnam. population was guaranteed in the ar­ million. They have the most modern U.S. Even If the Communists do acquire a rangements which followed the war, and, eqUipment, and after an American with­ share of power In Saigon, these specialists in the main, were satisfactorily carried drawal would continue to receive U.S. mili­ submit, It 1s equally doubtful that they could out. tary assistance. . or would slaughter everyone who resists their Finally, Mr. President, we must not al­ The 1 y. million-man force would be left authority. low the specter of a highly dubious to contend with a combined North Vietnam­ This is not to depict the Communists as "bloodbath" of the future to blind us ese and Vietcong force of about 220,000 Boy Scouts dedicated to good deeds. Nor backed up by a North Vietnamese army of does It mean that their ultimate goal Is from the "bloodbath" that is going on anythlng less than the complete control of today, every day, in 'South Vietnam and approximately 400,000. If these numerical odds are not considered significant by the Vietnam. all of Indochina. This "bloodbath" PreSident, Is he really concerned about some­ Yet they, like their opponents, cannot real­ started long agC>---'and we are part of it­ thing else? Does It have something to do Istically Ignore the fact that Vietnam Is a and it will continue daily so long as the with the quality of the South Vietnamese highly fragmented, pluralistic SOCiety that war continues, so long as negotiations to forces? Will they ever be able to hold their can only be governed by balancing rather end that war are avoided and delayed. own against North Vietnam? than crushing Its vast and often baflling as­ Already a million soldiers and civilians All these questions come down to the over­ sortment of factions. have been killed in Vietnam, and, by very whelming question : l?oes the President really These factions Include religiOUS sects like conservative official estimates, approxi­ Intend to get out of Vietnam fully or will his the Cao Dal, the Hoa Hao and various Catho· mately 4,000 Vietnamese civilians are policy Inevitably lead to a leveling off of U.S. IIc and Buddhist persuasions, as well as 100,000 250,000 If crazy quilt cf splintered political partie, woun~ed each month. This "blood­ forces at or even men? the latter Is his policy, the President really has clan aSSOCiations, ethnic movements, secret bath"-which is here and now-must be no objection to the fixed timetable alterna­ societies and other groups. stopped. Concern for the future safety tive. His objection rather would seem to be Moreover, many of these factions have deep and rights of the people of South Viet­ to the very principle of full withdrawal In roots In different areas of the country, where nam is proper and right. But it must the absence of a negotiated settlement. . . . they have survived and even flourished by 88120 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE June 2, 1970 S. RES. 415 technicians has not only affected the bal­ the years changed his position on both Resolved, That it is the sense of the Senate ance of power. It has seriously and dan­ of these points based on the perform­ t hat the introduction of Russian pilots and gerously changed the very nature of the ance of the President and the course of the Planning of missile sites by Ru~ian tech­ conflict. nicians in the United Arab Republic is con­ the war. He has readily confessed he was tributing to the increasing tension In the We know, from the very bitterest ex­ mistaken in both matters. MIddle East, and the President is strongly perience, how "a few technicians and Those who seek to use his words today urged to call upon the Soviet Union to with­ defensive military advisers" can escalate seek to imply that once a position is draw all Russia n personnel a.s a major step into an enormous commitment which taken on matters affecting defense and toward the encouragement of peace in the grows far out of any planned proportion. foreign policy there should be no change. Middle East. Have the Soviets thought about what I find this position ironic, particularly Mr. MONDALE. Mr. President, I am they will do if the Arabs should launch a in the face of the sharp change that ap­ proud to join the distinguished minority strike tomorrow across the canal? Can parently has taken place both in the leader (Mr. SCOTT) in submitting this the Soviets keep their pilots and techni­ White House and here in the Senate with resolution, urging the President to call cians in a purely defensive capacity if -regard to the administration's attitude upon the Soviet Union to withdraw its hostilities should break out? What will toward so-called limiting amendments .• pilots and technicians from the United happen when the first ~oviet pilot strays On December 15, 1969, the Senate ap­ Arab Republic. over the canal and is brought down by proved overwhelmingly an amendment It would be a tragic mistake if the an Israel flyer? What have the Soviets which reads as follows: current Senate debate over our involve­ done by their actions to the Arab's will­ In line wit h the expressed intention of the ment in Indochina were interpreted by ingness to reach a reasonable accord on President of the United States, none of the any other nation as an indication of a the basic issues that still divide the Mid­ funds appropriated by this Act shall be u sed dle East? Can the Soviets truly control to finance the Introduction of American growing isolationism or as a weakening ground combat troops Into Laos or Thailand. of American determination to stand firm the Arab nationalists? Or, will they wind wherever our real interests and real com­ up being slowly and tragically drawn in­ I listened to the debate of that amend­ mitments are at stake. to a great and prolonged conflict much ment and at no time was mention made It is no secret that I strongly doubt as we were drawn into the Indochinese of any inhibition of the President's con­ whether either national interests or, by war? stitutional powers or his right as Com­ this stage, real commitments are at stake These are reasons why the President mander in Chief to protect American in Vietnam or Indochina. Upon this mat­ must take all possible steps to get the So­ troops in South Vietnam or anywhere ter there is honest debate in the Senate, viet Union to abandon this reckless else. and that is a ost healthy and encour- course. No escalation of the arms race in On the day following that vote, when aging develo nt. the Middle East can bring peace any faced with newspaper articles which re­ But there is a debate of which I am closer. But we will soon have--we may ferred to the Laos-Thailand amendment aware over our m commitment to the now have--no other choice but to re­ as a curbing of Presidential power, both balance of po er the Middle East or spond by providing Israel with jets and the White House and the President's to the I\eed to sta d by the beleagured other implements of war with which to supporters here in the Senate were quick nation of Israel. re, at the crossroads protect herself. to argue that the Senate action in no of three contine , in the face of an ag­ Unless the Russians can be persuaded way inhibited the President and, in fact, gressive Soviet ve for Middle Eastern of our resolve to stand by Israel and of was endorsed fully by the White House. hegemony-and defense of one of the the futility and danger of their recent At this point I would like to read a most democratic progressive, enlight- actions in Egypt, I see a new and more statement made on the Senate floor by ened, and eous nations in the dangerous level in the Middle East con­ the distinguished minority whip (Mr. world-there d be no doubt of our frontation. GRIFFIN) on the day after the passage national interes or our moral commit­ So I repeat my plea to our President of the Laos-Thailand amendment: ment. which is contained in the resolution in­ The Senate did not take any action to I appla ministration for its troduced by the distinguished minority "curb" an Asian role. The intent and the stea.clfast at mpts to avoid a Middle leader and myself: Bring all the power plain meaning of the amendment ultimately Eastern arms ce and to reach an-ac­ and prestige of your Omce and your past adopted by the Senate yesterday was to re­ cord with all na 'ons in that part of the affirm the existing role and existing policies record of statesmanship in the Middle of the United States with respect to Thailand world. If the'e as perhaps been any East to bear upon the Soviet Union to excess of c . ·ty and neutrality, it and Laos. reverse their dangerous policies. Know Indeed, the amendment was drafted-and has undoub y been with the very that we in the Senate stand behind you I think most of the people on the Senate finest motives. in that effort, prepared to uphold Ameri­ floor and those who were watching from t h e But it has h~'~"""'~ can interests in the Middle East and our gallery were aware of the fact that it was our efforts to re ra moral commitments to the people of drafted right here in the Republic cloak­ not been met wi Israel. room. In fact, the principal Senators involved restraint on the pa of the oviet Union. In its drafting, along with the Senator from The Soviets, in fact, ave met every con­ Idaho (Mr. Church) 'Were the Senator from (Mr. ciliatory move on 0 part with actions AMENDMENT OF THE FOREIGN MIL­ Colorado Allott) and the Senator from which have lated the hostility ITARY SALES ACT-THE CHURCH­ New York (Mr. Javits); ... COOPER AMENDMENT Following a. meeting with the President and intransige 0 the Arabs. and others at the White House this morning, The introducti f Russian pilots fly- Mr. MONDALE. Mr. President, in I can report to my fellow Senators that the ing air defense and ussian technicians newspaper advertisements and on the President is pleased with the amendment, manning the missil sites has severely floor, I have been struck, during this past and he recognizes that it is in accordance destabilized what w only a precarious 2 weeks, by one interesting line of argu­ wit h his announced policies. balance, est. ere is little doubt ment being raised by opponents of the White House Press ~ecretary Ronald that the :Arab no intention of ne- Church-Cooper amendment. In these Ziegler and the Senate minority leader, gotiating ith the Israelis, in spite of the advertisements and statements by Sena­ Senator SCOTT, were no less forceful in continuin willingness of Israel to dis­ tors on the floor a great deal is being pressing the idea that the Laos-Thailand cuss any an all matters directly with made of the fact that several years ago amendment was approved by the White the Arab State5:{['here is little doubt that the chairman of the Senate Foreign House, in fact there is an indication that only Israel air superiority has prevented Relations Committee, Senator FUL­ they sought to take partial credit for the the Arab nations from launching a new BRIGHT, made a number of statements in Middle Eastern war. And there is no effort: support of Presidential power as against This wording, it was disclosed today, was doubt that with such heavy Soviet as­ congressional restriction, and supported approved by the White House In advance of sistance, both materials and men, the the effort in Vietnam in 1964 at the time adoption.· Arabs are only counting the days until of the Tonkin Gulf resolution. they can once again try for the total Mr. PreSident, as everyone in this body · "President Backs Senators on Laos," by elimination of Israel. knows, the chairman of the Foreign Re­ John W. Finney, New York Times, Decem­ The introduction of Soviet pilots and lations Committee has in the course of ber 17, 1969, p. 12, column 4. (tongrrssional R((ord United States oj America PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 9 I sl CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION

Vol. 116 WASHINGTON, TUESDAY, JUNE 2, 1970 No. 89 Senate The Senate met at 11 o'clock a.m. and VACATING OF ORDER FOR SENATOR The Russians already have done too was called to order by Hon. THOMAS F. HRUSKA TO SPEAK THIS MORNING much, and this resolution urges the EAGLETON, a Senator from the State of Mr. BYRD of West Virginia. Mr. Pres­ President to call upon the Soviet Union­ Missouri. ident, I ask unanimous consent that the in the interest of peace and as a means The Chaplain, the Reverend Edward previous order, under which the able of encouraging peace in the Middle East L. R. Elson, D.D., offered the following Senator from Nebraska (Mr. HRUSKA) and in the world-to withdraw its per­ prayer: would be recognized for a period of 1 sonnel from the United Arab Republic. o God, the source of our being, and the hour, be vacated. Passage of this resolution, Mr. Presi­ guide of our pilgrim days, we hush our The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ dent, will enable the President to make busy thoughts that we may learn in pore. Without objection, it is so ordered. such representations to the Soviet Union, silence what we cannot know by speak­ and should the Russians comply, such ing. Put out all lesser lights that we action would aid immeasurably the cause may have Thy light upon our pathway. ORDER FOR TRANSACTION OF ROU­ of peace which we all seek. Subdue our pride, our passion, our sin, TINE MORNING BUSINESS Mr. President, I submit that this reso­ and all finite frailties and set our spirits lution-in which Senator MONDALE and free, in tune with the infinite, at home Mr. BYRD of West Virginia. Mr. Pres­ I ask all our colleagues to join-could go with the eternal. Give us faith to see be­ ident, I ask unanimous consent that the a long way toward cooling down the hot hind the tangle of human affairs and time prior to recognizing the able Sen­ spot of the -Middle East and could lead beneath the collision of world forces, ator from New York (Mr. GoODELL) at to a deescalation of war activity. Indeed some mighty purpose working toward 12 o'clock be utilized for the transaction such action by the Soviet Union could Thy coming kingdom, in the fulfillment of routine morning business, with state­ avoid the confrontation which conceiv­ ments therein being limited to 3 minutes. of which we have a part. The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ ably could lead to all-out war. o God, our life, our hope, our strength, I cannot emphasize too strongly, Mr. make us sure of Thee. Amen. pore. Without objection, it is so ordered. President, that the balance of power in the Middle East is crucial to the security COMMITI'EE MEETINGS DURING of the United States. The Soviets now DESIGNATION OF ACTING PRESI­ SENATE SESSION have warships in the warm waters of the DENT PRO TEMPORE Mediterranean in numbers which should Mr. BYRD of West Virginia. Mr. Presi­ alarm all of us. The ~RESIDING OFFICER. The clerk dent, I ask unanimous consent that all will please read a communication to the And their entry into the missile picture Senate from the President pro tempore committees be authorized to meet dur­ is another example of the type of escala­ (Mr. RUSSELL) . ing the session of the Senate today. tion we all decry. The assistant legislative clerk read the The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ Similarly, the presence of Soviet pilots following letter: pore. Without objection, it is so ordered. in United Arab Republic aircraft is a sit­ U.S. SENATE, uation which should not only be discour­ PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE, SENATE RESOLUTION 415-SUBMIS­ aged, but one which should be acted upon Washington, D.O., June 2, 1970. by the United States. It is the President To the Senate: SION OF A RESOLUTION EXPRESS­ who can best handle such a situation, and Being temporarUy absent from the. Senate, ING THE SENSE OF THE SENATE this resolution Will express to President I appoint Hon. THOMAS F. EAGLETON, a Sen­ ON THE GROWING THREAT POSED Nixon the sense of the Senate in ~is a.tor from the State of Missouri, to perform BY SOVIET PILOTS AND TECHNI­ respect. tile duties of the Chair during my absence. CIAl'l"S IN THE MIDDLE EAST RICHARD B. RUSSELL, Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ President pro tempore. Mr. SCOTT. Mr. President, the distin­ sent that the reE\Olution be printed at guished Senator from Minnesota (Mr. this point in the RECORD. Mr. EAGLETON thereupon took the MONDALE) is in the Chamber. I submit for The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ chair as Acting President pro tempore. appropriate reference a resolution on be­ pore (Mr. EAGLETON) . The resolution will half of myself and the Senator from be received and appropriately referred; THE JOURNAL Minnesota (Mr. MONDALE). and, without objection, the resolution It has been viftually axiomatic that will be printed in the RECORD. Mr. BYRD of West Virginia. Mr. Pres­ the Middle East is the No. 1 trouble The resolution (S. Res. 415) express­ ident, r ask unanimous consent that the sPOt in a troubled world, and I sub­ ing the sense of the Senate on the grow­ reading of the Journal of the proceedings mit that the presence of Soviet person­ ing threat POSed by Soviet pilots and of Monday, June I, 1970, be dispensed nel in the cockpits of United Arab Re­ technicians in the Middle East, was re­ with. public aircraft and in the surface-to-air ferred to the Committee on Foreign Re­ The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ missile sites on the ground has turned a lations and ordered to be prin ted in the pore. Without objection, it is so ordered. d(l.ngerous situation into a critical one. RECORD, as follows: S8119 June 2, 1970 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 88121 I would like to point out that no limit­ public's representatives. And I think his result In a confrontation between the super ing language was offered to that amend­ supporters who refuse to look back at powers-is for the United States to do every­ thing it can to maIntain the balance of power r '; and in January of this year that what they did in December are showing in the Middle East; and, in view of the Soviet language was included in this ad­ the same shortsightedness today that military buildup there, I feel that a balance ministration's requested appropriations the administration itself showed in un­ of power can best be assured by selling the language. dertaking the Cambodian adventure in jets to Isr ael. That brings us down to the Church­ the first place. I also urge the renewal of your efforts to Cooper amendment which, as any rea­ I opened thiS" statement by referring bring about direct peace talks bet ween the sonable person must agree, is drafted in to Senator FuLBRIGHT'S change in mind Israelis and the Arabs, and that every chan­ nel be explored to bring the parties to the the same context as last year's Laos­ on two key matters of Presidential and conference table where direct negotiations Thailand amendment. Though it has congressional responsibility. I would note could, hopefully. lead to a stable peace In more sections than the initial effort by that his changes were accompanied by the Middle East. the Senate last fall to set outer limits in continuous study and analysis which line with Presidential policy, the thrust often has been shared with us on the of this Cambodia amendment clearly fol­ floor and with the public at large. The ORDER OF BUSINESS lows the precedent of Laos-Thailand. fact that the President and his support­ Mr. BYRD of West Virginia. Mr. It is, therefore, strange to see state­ ers wish to forget their support of Laos­ President, I "suggest the absence of a ments such as the one made on the Sen­ Thailand at the same time they stress quorum. ate floor on May 14 by the minority whip, their opposition to Church-Cooper shows The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ which reads as follows: that they are suffering not from new un­ pore. The clerk will call the roll. Even if we were to draft an amendment derstanding but from the practical ne­ The assistant legislative clerk pro­ wb1ch was preCisely tailored to the exact and cessity of making the best arguments actual intentions of the President, It seems ceeded to call the roll. that they can in what is otherwise an Mr. GRIFFIN. Mr. President, I ask to me that it would be a mistake to adopt untenable position. such an amendment. We would be tying our unanimous consent that the order for own hands needlessly in a way that would Therefore, I would hope that the Sen­ the quorum call be rescinded. serve the enemy, and would make It more ate's position could be seen in the same The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ difficult to negotiate with the enemy. I am light it was last December and that the pore. Without objection, it is so ordered. sure the enemy would be deUghted it we Senate could follow _the precedent so were to announce that we are going to tie clearly set with Laos-Thailand and over­ our own hands In this way: whelmingly approve the Church-Cooper LETTERS FROM MICHIGAN SOLDIER I would be interested in knowing what amendment without additional lan­ SUPPORT PRESIDENT'S DECISION has occurred between the enthusiasm of guage. That language was unnecessary 6 months ago and is only necessary today Mr. GRIFFIN. Mr. President, on Sun­ last December and the frostiness of the day I was in Marquette and the editorial spring. Does the Senator from Michigan to justify the President's Cambodian ad­ page of the Marquette, Mich., Mining believe that we tied our own hands need­ venture and perhaps some other in the Journal of Saturday, May 23, 1970, con­ lessly last December? future. tained a letter from the parents of a Was the enemy delighted with the young man assigned to combat duty in Laos-Thailand amendment? May I re­ APPOINTMENT BY THE VICE South Vietnam. II" ~ the Senate that as with Laos- PRESIDENT In it, Mr. and Mrs. Don D. Becker of and-which was framed to con­ The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ Marquette, quote from portions of let­ fo with the President's own state­ ters they have received from their son, ments-church-Cooper also puts into pore. The Chair, on behalf of the Vice President, appoints the distinguished David, relating to President Nixon's de­ Senate language the President's own cision to clean out enemy sanctuaries statements. As has been noted on this Senator from Maryland (Mr. MATHIAS) to attend the Washington Diplomatic in Cambodia. floor before, does the enemy only become I ask unanimous consent that the joyful when the Senate acts in line with Conference on the Patent Treaty being" held from May 25 to June 19, 1970. Beckers' letter to the editor of the news­ the President's statements of limits, or paper be printed in the RECORD at this does that JOY begin when the President point. himself announces the limits under SOVIET INVOLVEMENT AND THE There being no objection, the letter which he will act as Commander in DELICATE BALANCE OF POWER was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Chief? IN THE MIDDLE EAST as fullows: When did the great constitutional FROM LIEUTENANT IN VIETNAM crisis develop that apparently was un­ Mr. BYRD of West Virginia. Mr. seen last December, but appears to be President, yesterday I addressed a let­ DEAR Sm: With the recent campus up­ ter to Secretary of State William Rogers. risings and the discontent shown by those overwhelmingly with us today? who are sate here at home, I would like to Mr. President, I must suggest that this I quote the following extracts from that quote you some words written by our son, change of position of the White House letter: Lt. David M. Becker, now serving in Viet­ and of the White House supporters here The recent escalation of Soviet Involve­ nam. 1n the Senate on this amendment repre­ ment in the Middle East has seriously en­ May 5: "I suppose you're wondering about sents apparently arose from necessity dangered the delicate balance of power In Cambodla.--I suppose It's the 'big' thing that part of the world, and has become a back there. I do believe the President has to develop a rationale of what was close source of great concern to all Americans. made the right decision-as long as' we go to an unconstitutional if clearly an un­ In light of tHis mllltary buildup, and In in and then get out. That's where all the authorized act by the President of the light of the contlnuing hostlllties between North Vietnamese army is coming from­ United States in sending troops over the Israel and the Arab states, I urge that Israel's through Cambodia." border into Cambodia. Thv President request be granted to purchase 125 jet com­ May 10: "I wish all those so-called 'edu­ himself recognized the situation when he bat aircraft ttom the United States. cated' demonstrators who create violence sought to regain congressional support by In March, it was decided to postpone any could be packed abroad a plane and flown arbitrarUy sett1ng a limit of 21.7 miles ~ctlon on the Israell request, and, given the over here and find out what It's llke to be beyond which he would not go without situation that prevailed at .that time, the awakened in the middle of the night and decision was understandable. However, in be told you'd better get down to the hos­ congressional authority. the past three months, the number of Soviet pital beacuse one of your men has been Is this some new refinement that the technicians In Egypt alone has grown from shot while on patrol-or listen to the rock­ Constitution becomes applicable 21.7 3 ,000 to about 10,000; and reports Indicate ets hitting your base camp at night-or see miles over the border of South Vietnam that an estimated 200 Soviet pilots are flying some hootches blown up by sappers with or any country? tralnin;; missions In the area o't the Nile American bodies lying around. Maybe then River. they'd realize why we here are anxious to 'T'he President, I am afraid, does both This increased mllltary activity appears to return to the 'world' where freedom and 'If and his office disservice by seek­ be the Soviet Union's response to the deci­ democracy reign. No one here looks reward in use the constitutional argument sion to hold in abeyance the sale of jets to to a 'violent' life back there like it's hap­ to protect himself from his own respon­ Israel. pening. For those who disagree with the Pres­ sibilities to protect himself, not just I believe the best guarantee against a Ident's pollcy, let them disagree, but peace­ from the publ1c at large but from the major eruption of hostilities-that could f'Ully, and in an educated manner, like a 88122 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE June 2, 1970 free society as ours permits, whether It be skill and valor on the fleld of battle as boundaries should not reflect the fruits by letters, books, magazine articles or poli­ the Israelis did in the 6-day war of June of conquest. tics-because they elected our politicians. 1967. My personal admiration and the Second, recognition of the Statr A divided country Is what the Communist world wants--because that's the only way admiration of this Nation went out to Israel by the Arab nations and r they will ever reign over a free and demo­ the Israelis as a result of their defense nition of Israel's free right to tra It crat ic society as ours." of their country on this occasion. This the international waters of the Red Sea David Is a four-year ROTC man, a grad­ feeling still persists. and the Gulf of Aqaba. The State of uate of st. Norbert's College. He recently However, I rise to question the feeling Israel exists and it must continue to received a citation which reads In part: "The that seeking a military answer in the exist. It is not enough to recognize the Bronze Star Medal Is presented to Lt. David Arab-Israel conflict is in the long-range reality of Israel, as some Arab lead­ M. Becker, who distinguished himself by interest of any of the countries con­ ers have said, but all the Arab nations outstandingly meritorious service in con­ nection with military operations against a cerned. must recognize the State of Israel as a hostile force in the Republic of Vietnam." The dispute between the Arab nations sovereign and free member of the family We, his parents, want to see the end of and the State of Israel over Palestine has of nations. As a sovereign nation, Israel . this war as do all right-thinking Ameri­ embroiled that area of the world in mili­ must have the right, as is guaranteed to cans. But we also feel that It is our place tary turmoil for over 20 years, resulting every other nation, to use the waterways as Americans to stand by our President In in great loss of life and property, causing of the Suez Canal, the Red Sea, the Gulf these very difficult times. economic stagnation because of the heavy of Aqaba, and the Strait of Tiran. Mr. and Mrs. DON D. BECKER. expenditures for defense, postponing the Third, the Gaza Strip and the Golan MARQUETTE. economic and social development vital Heights should be neutralized and the to the region's peoples, adding to world city of Jerusalem should be interna­ ORDER OF BUSINESS tension and creating in its course what tionized. The Gam Strip and the Golan may become insurmountable animosities. Heights have long served as launching Mr. GRIFFIN. Mr. President, I suggest There is also the impending danger that points from which attacks against the absence of a quorum. the Arab-Israel dispute will draw the Israel have originated. By neutralizing The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ great powers into a confrontation, per­ these crucial areas, the threat of Israel pore. The clerk will call the roll. haps even a nuclear war that could de­ will be minimized. The assistant legislative clerk proceed­ stroy human life on this planet. The City of Jerusalem is sacred to the ed to call the roll. Even though the United States has di­ three great monotheistic religions of man Mr. GRIFFIN. Mr. President, I ask rected its efforts toward finding a peace­ and should be completely free of fac­ unanimous consent that the order for ful setlement of this vexing and complex tional control. Only by internationalizing the quorum call be rescinded. problem and has engaged in a series of this great city and its venerated shrines The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ discussions with the major powers and can all people be assured that the city pore. Without objection, it is so ordered· with the parties to the conflict, I feel that will remain an international center, open Mr· BELLMON obtained the floor. we have not exerted all of the means at to all without discrimination and with­ Mr. BYRD of West Virginia. Mr. Presi­ our disposal in bringing this dispute to out fear of recrimination. dent, will the Senator yield for a unani­ a just settlement. For this reason I rise Fourth, the Arab refugees should be mous-consent request? to call attention to certain aspects of given the choice of returning to their Mr. BELLMON. I yield. the Arab-Israel dispute which I feel de- former homes or receiving compensa­ Mr. BYRD of West Virginia. Mr. Presi­ serve consideration. . tion for their losses. For over 20 ~ dent, I ask unanimous consent that the It is necessary that the United states the Palestinian Arab refugees have Senator from Oklahoma be recognized keep open all lines of communication confined to tents in squalid camps, wait­ for not to exceed 25 minutes. with all of the interested and involved ing for justice, and it is in keeping with The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem­ nations. No cause is served by reducing the United Nations resolutions on the pore. Without objection, it is so ordered. contacts or by turning a deaf ear to the matter that the refugees be offered the entreaties and legitimate complaints of choice of repatriation or compensation. THE DEVELOPING CRISIS IN THE the Arabs or the Israelis and no peace Since it is Israel that has realized the MIDDLE EAST will be found among nations whose lead­ greatest advantage from the dispersal of ers have closed minds. the refUgees, it is incumbent on Israel Mr. BELLMON. Mr. President, as de­ It is essential to continue this and in fact it is their duty to offer this bate on the Cambodian involvement has search for peace, within the framework choice of compensation or repatriation. developed in the Senate, I have been im­ for a settlement as outlined in the Most certainly, these ideas are not pressed by what appears to be a widely United Nations Security Council resolu­ new. Many reasonable people, people in held feeling among Members that our tion of November 22, 1967, along with position of stature and power have said actions in Southeast Asia were begun every available avenue in the United Na­ these same words more eloquently and and have continued without suflicient tions, through neutral mediation in con­ in greater detail. Unfortunately, their debate and full understanding of the sultation at every level, with every na­ efforts have fallen on deaf ears or have ultimate results of our step-by-step in­ tion until a reasonable and workable gone unheeded because each of the par­ volvement. I believe it is fair to assume solutIon to the Arab-Israel problem is ties to the conflict continue to harbor that the present mood of the Senate is found. certain illusions. such that if we could turn back the pages The hour is late. Each day brings re­ First is the illusion held by Israel that of time to 1964, or 1960, or even 1954, we ports of clashes, of new battles, of more superior military power will overwhelm would have chosen a vastly different death more injuries, more destruction, of the Arab nations. Experience should course of action in Southeast Asia. innocent people sent fleeing from their show that this policy will not succeed. In light of this feeling, Mr. President, homes, of an ever-increasing arms spiral This was evidenced by the November I feel it is timely to call attention to that appears to have no upward limits 1956 Israeli war. Nothing was settled by certain aspects of the developing crisis in of more hatred, more blood, more war. that war. The Government of Israel felt the Middle East, hoping that by doing so A solution can be found, and that that because of the interference of the a more balanced debate on the situation solution should include the following pro­ United states and the Soviet Union, is­ there will result which could prevent the visions: rael was denied the fruits of victory. tardy second thoughts many now enter­ As the first and foremost step, all More important, Israel seemed to think tain about Southeast Asia. troops and military equipment should be that its military superiority has not been My remarks this morning are pre­ withdrawn to the armistice lines that clearly demonstrated, since the Arabs Cipitated by news reports that more than existed prior to the war of June 5, 1967. seemed convinced that the Arab defeat a majority of the Members of the Senate This point is mentioned in the U.N. Se­ was cauSed by the intervention of British have joined together in Signing a letter curity Council resolution of November and French forces. to the President urging immediate sale 22,1967, and it is clear that no peace can Again, in June of 1967, war wa of additional planes to Israel. come as long as territory is being oc­ lieved to have settled the issue onc d Mr. President, as a marine combat vet­ cupied as a result of conquest by armed for all. In the aftermath of the Israeli's eran of World War II, I have deep admi­ forces. Both President Johnson and 6-day victory there was euphoria gener­ ration for fighting men who demonstrate President Nixon have recognized that ated by the belief that the Arabs had June 3, 1970 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE S8297 receive refuge and medical treatment. Some adjacent to the Delta reglan of Sauth Viet­ decision to invade Cambodia was .far, far base areas contain sizeable ordnance depots, nam. Food needs had evidently been met In from the complete story. In faet, the w ')ns and ammunition factories, petrole- part earlier by clandestine shipments of rice decision to invade Cambodia had been u rage facilities, truck parks, and POW ta the NVA/VC farces thraugh Cambodia, in progress for more thaI. a month-far c Clearly, the base areas provide the but the recent decision of the Cambodian foundation upon which rest Communist ex­ Government ta halt such Shipments has evi­ in advance of the April 20 speech, for pectations of maintaining an effective mili­ dently induced the Communists to drive the example, when the President told the tary-political apparatus in southern South Cambodian atuharlties entirely out 'Of large American people how well Vietnamiza­ Vietnam while the U.S. withdrawal proceeds. sectians of the country sa that the Commu­ tion was proceeding. The more northerly base areas, opposite II nists can then draw directly an the civilian Charles Bailey, Washington, bureau Corps and northern III Corps, serve as safe papulation for their food supplies. Other chief for the Minneapolis Tribune, has havens for Communist troops operating into purposes which the Communists undaubt­ done a remarkable job in piecing to­ these areas, and also facilitate the south­ ediy have In mind in attacking the Cambo­ gether this story. He describes in detail ward movement of North Vietnamese troops dian forces are to strengthen and deepen the and supplies toward COSVN and eas.tward area from which they can threaten the allied the elaborate background of the Cam­ into the highlands of South Vietnam. They forces in South Vietnam, as well as ta bodian invasion and how long this deci­ constitute, in effect, an extension of the Laos threaten the overthrow of the neutral Gov­ sion was in the making. He points out--­ corridor-but a sector in which the NVA has ernment of Cambodia. vividly but objectively-the inconsist­ enjoyed virtual immunity from AlUed at­ u.s. paSITIaNS ON CAMBODIA encies which have emanated from the tack. To the extent that the Communists On April 16, 1969 the Australian Ambassa­ White House since the Cambodian plan were denied free use of these areas, their dor in Phnom Penh, representing United began. forces In the highlands of South Vietnam States Interests In Cambadia, delivered to Mr. Bailey has !.lone a great service by could suffer a loss In combat effectiveness the Cambodian Government the fallowing this reporting. I commend his article to and increased casu.allties. U.S. declaratian: The southerly base areas, opposite the the Senate, and I ask unanimous con­ Delta and the Saigon region, have grown "In conformity with the United Nations sent that it be printed in the RECORD. Charter, the United States 'Of America re­ There being no objection, the article rapidly In size and Importance since August spects tile sovereignty, Independence, neu­ 1969 as Hanoi has sought to limit exposure trality, and territorial Integrity 'Of the King­ was ordered to be pri'lted in the RECORD, of Its main force units and reduce casual­ as follows: ties while attempting to halt the erosion dom of Cambodia within Its present of its political-military base in the popu­ frantiers." [From the Mlnneapalis Tribune, May 17, lous and decisive threater. The bases are ". July 2; 1969-U.S. resumes diplomatic rela­ 1970) Situated in well populated areas, many in tions with Cambodia and appointment 'Of UNITED STATES ENDS ONE OPERATION IN CAM­ villages and plantatiOns Inhabited by ethnic Charge's announced. BODIA, WrrHDRAws-WHEN DID NIxaN Vietnamese and controlled by Communists In a March 21, 1970 Press Conference, Pres­ DECIDE? since the days of the Viet Minh. ident Nixan stated that the U.S. wauld deal with the Government selected by the Cam­ (By Charles W. Bailey) The CaInbodian sanctuaries playa key role WASHINGTaN, D.C.-Despite President Nix­ In Hanoi's response to the Vletnamlzation bodian Parliament and that: "We respect Cambodia's neutrality. We an's claim that a sudden increase In North and paclfice.tion programs. Because of their Vietnamese military activity was the reason existence, especially the sanctuaries in south­ would hope that North Vietnam would take that same position in respecting Its he ordered U.S. troops into Cambodia, plans ern Cambodia along the III and IV Corps for that attack were under top-level study frontiers, Hanoi ca.n always mass large hos­ neutrality." In his April 20, 1970 speech, President far mare than a month befare it began. tile [orces In close proximity to major South This fact, now stated flatly by tap officials, Vietnamese population concentratiOns. This Nixon warned Hanal about the rIsks 'Of North Vietnamese escala.tian In Vietnam, runs caunter ta Mr. Nixon's public assertion '.y enables Hanoi to pose a continuing that he ordered the attack because 'Of a step­ t to South Vietnam's Internal security Laos and Cambodia as fallaws: "But I again remind the leaders 'Of North up In enemy actlan between April 20 and t progress In pacification or Vletnamlza- April 30, when the 'Operation was launched. tion cannot eradicate. Vietnam that while we are taking these risks' for peace, they will be taking grave risks The cantrast between public explanatlan Infiltration shauld they attempt ta use the occasian to and private action also provides new support The Cambodian base structure, as noted Jeopardize the security of 'Our remaining far the growing belief here that the Presi­ above, supports infiltration of NVA peroon­ forces In Vietnam by Increased military ac­ dent and his military advisers viewed the nel into South Vietnam, and the shift of tion in Vietnam, In Cambodia or in Laos. Cambadian sltuatian more as an appartunity units from one portion of South Vietnam "I repeat "what I said November 3 and than as a threat-as a chance far military to another, as in the case of the movement December 15: if I conclude that increased gain rather than a danger which had ta be of NVA regiments into the Delta last year. enemy action Jeopardizes our remaining checked. The infiltration system through Cambodia forces in Vietnam, I shall nat hesitate to take This picture 'Of the behind-the-scenes ac­ handled nearly 55,000--70,000 NVA person­ strong and effective measures to deal with tion In the Cambodian drama emerged Sat­ nel in 1969, an estimated 60 percent of total that situatian. urday an the basis of camments by Defense NVA infiltration into South Vietnam that "My responcib1Uty as Cammander In Chief Secretary Melvin Laird, wha revealed addi­ year. About 45,000--55,000 of these enemy 'Of our Armed Forces is for the safety 'Of 'Our tlanal details 'Of the planning that preceded troops moved as far as the southerly base men, and I shall meet that responsibility." Mr. Nixon's April 30 'Order to strike into areas subordinate to COSVN. The foot trails Cambodia. used 11e very close to the border and occa­ On that night, the President tald a "na­ sionally cross into South Vietnamese ter­ tianwide" televlslan audience that he had ritory; they are, for the most part, heavily CHARLES BAILEY'S STORY ON THE warned the enemy 10 days earlier not to take canopied and secure fram aerial observatian. PRESIDENT'S DECISION TO IN­ advantage 'Of U.S. troop withdrawals ta In­ The trip fram the Laos border to the "Parrat's VADE CAMBODIA crease Its awn military activity. Beak" apposi,te Saigon takes 45 to 60 days. Mr. Nixan asserted In the April 30 speech The Communists' north-sauth logistiC Mr. MONDALE. Mr. President, one of that "North Vietnam has increased !Jts mili­ route thraugh Cambodia has few matorable the great tragedies of the Cambodian tary aggresslan . . . particularly in Camba­ segments and is mainly a network 'Of trails adventure is how it has undermined the dla" and that "the actians 'Of the enemy In and waterways. Occasianally, it utilizes the credibility of the current administration the last 10 days clearly endanger the lives of same trails as the persannel infiltratian sys­ and the faith of so many people in the Americans wha are In Vietnam naw." tem. It has never been passible ta quantify manner of Presidential decisionmaking. The President also said that "In the past the north-south movement of supplies ta Given the administration's adherence two weeks" the enemy had stepped up guer­ VC-NVA forces In South Vietnam via Cam­ to a military victory and its total com­ rilla actians and was "cancentrating its bodia, but there is evidence that the trails forces In these sanctuaries . . . where they are being constantly improved and that sup­ mitment to propping up the Thieu-Ky are building up to launch massive attacks on plies are being maved. government, the escalation of the war 'Our forces." Large quantities of heavy weapons and into Cambodia may well turn out to be Finally, Mr. Nixan pinpointed "the last bulk supplies have moved untU recently tactically advantageous. The real ques­ two weeks" as the periad when the Commu­ through the port of Sihanaukvllle and alang tion, of course, has never been in the nists had "stripped away all pretenses 'Of West-East routes to III and IV Corps in tactic of Cambodia as much as the Indo­ respecting the saverelgnty 'Or the neutrality South Vietnam. chinese strategy which this adventure re­ of Cambodia." Over the past year the demands of the new Nothing In Mr. Nixon's April 30 speech " force In the Delta would have greatly vealed. suggested that he had been considering an ased Communist supply requirements But whatever ('omes of Cambodia, attack inta Cambodia prlar to April 20, when 1; • These hlcreased supply requirements America stands to lose if the credibility he Issued his "warning." In fact, he went out probably accaunt in part far the actions of of the President is lost along the way. of his way to say that "even after the "Viet­ the Communist forces in attaCking Cambo­ It has been recently revealed that the namese Communists began to expand these dian palice and mllltary posts In pravlnces story we were told on April 30 of the sanctuaries four weeks ago, we counseled 88298 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 3, 1970 patience to our South Vietnamese allies and his concern that strong enemy resistance the people of this country deserve, wher­ Imposed restraints on our own oommanders." could lead to heavy fighting and high U.S. ever they may live. I commend the serv­ Actually, according to Laird, U.S. military casualties. commanders were put to work In late March But In mid-April, he said, the Situation ice perfonned by the Administrato planning possible actions In Cambodia. changed. North Vietnamese troops began this situation and in other disaster s1 "When the change In government came moving westward out of the sanctuaries and tions in Texas and around the country. about In Cambodia, I requested planning to further Into Cambodia-thus reducing the I also want to express my confidence that be done at that time on various courses of force In the base area so that "the risk In­ this same public service ethic will con­ action that could be taken by our govern­ volved militarily" In the proposed attack "be­ tinue to make the SBA an outstanding ment," Laird said. came much less." model of a truly effective and functional "Planning was started In the latter part of At that point, Laird s.a1d, he changed his Government agency. March. Various proposals were presented to mind and supported the use of U.S. troops me. I approved certain actions, and made In the Cambodian attacks. "This was the time I ask unanimous consent that the edi­ certain other recommendations to the Na­ to hit them," he s.a1d. torial be printed in the RECORD. tional Security Council and the President Laird told reporters last week that about There being no objection, the editorial one-third of the estimated 40,000 Communist was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, "The plan that Is currently going forward troops In Cambodia had moved out of the as follows: ' Is a plan submitted to me by the NSC, and sanctuaries and were "facing the other direc­ OFFICIALS SPEEDING FINANCIAL Am--LlKE supported by me." tion" when the U.S. attack began. HILARy SANDOVAL The NBC (National Security Council) met Laird's statement that the North Vietnam­ at the White House on March 24 and again ese had moved something like 13,000 men Whatever the final figure may show, It Is the next day, March 25. The next NSC ses­ out of the sanctuaries and away from South safe to say that the tornado damage to con­ sion was on April 8. Vietnam contrasts with Mr. Nixon's claim struction In LUbbock-homes and business Laird's oomments make clear that Mr. In the April 30 speech that "the enemy ... bulldlngs--will be tremendous. Nixon began to study the plan for the Cam­ Is concentrating his main forces In these Whether the overall figure at losses will bodian attack early In April. sanctuaries where they are bUilding up to run $100 million, $150 million, or what, a The defense secretary said he had given launch massive attacks on our forces In great deal of money has gone down the drain the plan to the President probably more than South Vietnam." and rebulldlng and repairs will demand ter­ a week before Mr. Nixon's trip to HawaU on This was not the only contradiction be- rific expenditures. April 18. tween omclal accounts. , Therefore, It Is important to note that WhIle In ,Honolulu, where he flew. to greet On the same night that Mr. Nixon spoke money In massive quantity w1ll be quickly the returdtng Apollo 13 astronauts, Mr. publicly of the enemy "concentrating" In available. Whether It will be enough, or come Nixon received a briefing on the Invasion the sanctuaries, a high White House omclal, cheaply elWugh, cannot be said at the mo­ plan from Adm. John McCain, U.S. oom­ who briefed reporters, said Communist forces ment. But a lot of It will be avallable through mander In chief In the Pacific. had moved out of the sanctuary. both private and public sources. Laird said that 'McCain's briefing "did give There have also been signs that the admin­ Sen. John Tower, Rep. George Mahon and the (Cambodian) plan as presented by Gen. Istration rationale for the attacks has shifted. Gen. George Lincoln, who heads the Presi­ Abrams, modified by discussions we had had Originally-as In the President's speech-the dent's Office of Emergency Preparedness, all here." strikes were depicted as basically defensive, said during a flying visit here Tuesday that But, he added, Mr. Nixon had seen the as a response to a new and growing threat money would be made quickly available from plan before: caused by Oommunlst moves to connect the Washington. Sen. Ralph Yarborough Wired "I had given him the plan. The plan had sanctuaries and thus form a 6OO-Jnile-Iong the same statement. But more Important, been transmitted to him." base for attacks on South Vietnam. Hilary S6ndoval, the perceptive and Indefa­ When a reporter asked If that had oc­ More recently, however, there has been a tigable young head of the Small Business curred "the previous week," Laird replied: new tone to the explanations. Admlnlstr&t1on, echoed those words. In "Well, before that, I think. But It had not Laird put It bluntly to a congressional final analysiS, It will be Mr. Sandoval ane been approved.' committee last week: organization who'll tote the wood and w Mr. Nixon returned from Hawaii to his Cali­ The President, he s.a1d, saw the operation and who will get the money where It needs fornia home on April 19 and the next day as "an opportunity." to go and soonest. announced to the nation that another 150,000 The military has seen It that way all along, Mr. Sandoval flew here with the others to U.S. tzoops would be withdrawn from Viet­ and weeks ago authoritative military figures view the situation both on the ground and, nam In the coming year. . were arguing-anonymOUSly that the over­ by helicopter over the city. He told The' In that announcement, he noted a recent throw of the neutralist Sihanouk government Avalanche-Journal: "There will be no delays. step-up In Communist attacks In Vietnam provided a good excuse for letting them do I've told Fred Neumann, our divisional super­ but added that, "despite this new enemy ac­ what had been forbidden previously for dip­ visor stationed In Lubbock, that he can have tivity, there has been an over all decline In lomatic reasons. all the loan omcers here he needs. He can enemy force levels In South Vietnam since The "opportunity" argument Is being ad­ have 100 of them tomorrow if that's neces­ December." vanced more openly now that the operation sary." Mr. Nixon referred specifically to Cambodia agalnst the sanctuaries s.eems to be going Sad. as the situation Is in many homes and at one pOint, charging that "almos.t 40,000 smoothly with low casualties and a high box business concerns, there w1ll be financial help communist troops are now conducting overt score of captured enemy materiel. and much of It. That Is the best kind of news aggression there." This may prove to be a politically advan­ as the ru))ble Is being cleared away. And he s.a1d that the leaders of North Viet­ tageous line. But the disclosure that the at­ Mr. Sandoval's personal visit to view the nam "will be taking grave risks should they tacks had been In preparation long before tornado's damage here Is the second of its attempt to use the occasion (of more U.S. the time cited by Mr. Nixon In his Aprll 30 kind he has made to West Texas in recent withdrawals) to jeopardize the security of our speech could create problems for an admin­ weeks. He was Johnny-on-the-spot then in remaining forces In Vietnam by Increased istration seeking to preserve Its credibility Plainview, Clarendon and other points hit by military action In Vietnam, In Cambodia or In with a troubled and divided public. a savage storm, taking a personal hand In Laos.••• If I conclude that Incree.sed enemy solving the problem, not leaving it to a sub­ action jeopardizes our remaining forces. I ordinate. As was said on this page then, we shall lWt hesitate to take s.trong and effective LUBBOCK AVALANCHE-JOURNAL say again: EI Paso's Hllary Sandoval Is a take­ measures to deal with that situation." EDITORIAL ON SBA charge guy of the type the Government needs Except for these two pass.ages, Mr. Nixon more of. A native West Texan and former did not refer to Cambodia In his April 20 Mr. TOWER. Mr. President, I invite Texas Tech student, he gives his whole home speech. At no point In that talk did he dis­ the attention of Senators to an editorial area a sense ~f pride In the way he works, cuss the border sanctuaries which only 10 published in the Lubbock Avalanche­ really works, at his job. days later became the target of U.S. attack. Journal of May 14 which describes the Indeed, the tone of April 20 was upbeat-­ quick and effective response of the Small and obviously purposely so. Mr. Nixon s.a1d. Business Administration and its Admin­ AUTO SAFETY-AN INTERNATIONAL "We shall not be defeated In Vietnam," that ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM "we finally have In sight the just peace we istrator, Hilary Sandoval, to the recent are seeking" and that "we can say with confi­ tornado disaster which occurred in the Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, the dence that all American combat forces will Lubbock, Tex., area. distinguished Secretary of Transporta­ be withdrawn," Mr. Sandoval was on the scene shortly tion, Hon. John A. Volpe, is a man whose At that moment, however, Mr. Nixon's mili­ after the tornado hit and quickly brought public pronouncements are almost al­ tary planners were In the midst of a declslon­ making process that would send U.S. combat the resources of the SBA to bear on the ways worthy of note. He has spoken Vi" forces to new tetrrltory. reconstruction of the shattered busi­ vision about future developments in LaIrd s.a1d last week he had Initially op­ nesses and homes of the area. This is the field of transportation, from low- posed the use of American troops to attack type of flexible and responsive Govern­ sion engines to adoption of intermodal the Cambodian sanctuary areas-because of ment action to a natural disaster which transportation systems. Even though the June 17, 19~O CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 89181 The bill S. 1946 would go a long way Whose "enemy"? Certainly not mine: No /edayeen to follow the only call1ng in which toward restoring the rights of employees war has been declared, I don't hate any­ he now believed-the pitiless fight for ven­ body, anywhere In Southeast Asia, and I geance. It was 1967 and since that day he to insist that their unions be responsive don't know a single Minnesotan who does. I has given up everything, including his two o their needs, and it would insure that couldn't care less wbat kind of government children and his .beautiful young wife whom ley be allowed to exercise the rights al­ they have, if any. he had married five years before. He now ready written into the labor statutes. If a bunch of Asians came over here and lives in the tedayeen bases that he leaves I urge the members of the Labor and tried to tell us how our part of the world only at night escorted by a bodyguard. Public Welfare Committee to take this Ehould be run, I'd be happy to help throw In any sense, it's a tough life. The teda­ bill up and report it favorably in order them back across the Pacific, and I just can't yeen who belong to the Front have no reg­ conceive of any self-respecting, patriotic ular salary like those who belong to Al to give the entire Senate an opportunity Vietnamese not feeling the same way about Fatah; at most they got a subsidy of $5 a to vote for individual freedom. half a mlllion Americans trying to play God month and transport every 30 days to visit 10,000 mlles from home. their families. Their few m1litary bases are Like us, the Vietnamese, North and South, lll-equipped and insutllclently supplied; the THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS are perfectly capable of lousing up their own daUy fare Is boiled beans, meat once a week ON THE ECONOMY affairs with no "help" from outsiders. After if all Is' well. Any free time left over from all, they've been successfully fighting off the military training Is filled with study of Mr. HANSEN. Mr. President, I want to Chinese for centuries, they finally got rid of Marxist and Leninist classics. There i1; no join those who have spoken out in praise both the Japanese and French, and then we question that the Palestinian resistance is a cf President Nixon's nationwide talk to­ crazy Americans had to come over and drop sociallstic movement aided by China and the day on the economy. more bombs on their little country than U.S.S.R. But the Front Is so poor that It I found it a realistic speech that faces were used by both sides in Europe In all of doesn't even have a headquarters or a tele­ World War II. With "friends" like that, who phone, so a tedayeen who joins the Front does up to the problems of that economy and needs enemies? not do It for material gains. That would ex­ offers concrete proposals for mEeting You don't need to visit Expo '70 to figure plain why there are , only 1,600 or so those problems. out that the Japanese, who have led the members. I was gratified to note that the speech world In shipbuilding for the last 14 years Yet those 1,600, for III or for good, are at­ was net political in nature or in tone, and know the Chinese can't walk on the tracting the world's attention with acts of but instead recognized that these prob­ water, are again the dominant power in the terrorism. "Why?" is what I went to ask Dr. lems affect all of us and all of us here Western Pacific. Also, you don't need to wear Habash. We met c.t night In the suburbs of in the Congress have a duty to help solve long hair and a beard or be lmder 30 to rea­ Amman, in a buUding attached to a refugee llze that we have serious problems at home camp. The room contained one desk and a them. that demand our full attention and that the few chairs; outside the closed doors, -armed I can assure the President he has my time to get out of Vietnam Is now-In 1970. ledayeen stood guard. Inside there were only support in combating both inflation and As the world's most powerful nation, the In­ four of us: Habash, myself, a photographer the threat of unemployment. And I am itiative Is completely ours, nobody can stop and the man who had driven us there. I was confident that with his leadership and us, and no "negotiations" are necessary for sitting behind the desk and Habash sat on his recognition of what must be done, desirable, least of all with a fourth-rate a chair in front of me, with his hands rest­ we can keep our economy strong, we can power In Paris. Ing on his baggy knees, his tired, unshaved face slightly lifted In expectation of my end the inflation without a drastic reces­ questions. Solldly buUt, with shoulders like sion or depression, we can renew our a wrestler, he kept watching me through productivity and we can build a healthy TERRORISM IN THE MIDDLE EAST steady and pained eyes, making it hard for and prosperous peacetime economy. Mr. HATFIELD. Mr. PreSident, Life me to attack him. I ask his age, and he said magazine for June 12, 1970, contains an 44. Then he rumpled his gray hair with his article and an interview by Oriana Fal­ fingers, as if to apologize for looking so old, NESOTANS OPPOSE VIETNAM laci with Dr. George Habash, the head and smiled humbly. But when I asked WAR "Why?" the smUe disappeared. of the Popular Front for the Liberation Dr. Habash, the Front specw.lizes in acts Mr. MONDALE. Mr. President, the of Palestine. This group is responsible 01 terrorism, many 01 them carried out in tragic escalation of the war in Southeast for many acts of terror which have Europe. What right do you have to impose Asia has been shown by strong disap­ shocked the world, aad the nation of Is­ this war on Europeans? proval by my constituents. I am inter­ rael in particular. It is a rare opportu­ I will explain. Let us start with a premise: nity to look behind such violent and In a war one has to establish scientifically ested to see that the White House con­ who one's enemies are. In this war Israel Is tinues to issue vague statements about seemingly irrational acts to the indi­ not our only enemy. Our enemy Is Israel, public support for this dangerous es­ vidual committing them, and this inter­ plus the Zionist movement that controls capade. There is no doubt about the view is one of those occasions. I com­ many of the countries which support Israel, views of Minnesotans. My mail has been mend the article to Senators so that we plus Imperialism. I mean specifically British very heavy on the Cambodian invasion may better understand the tragedy of Imperialism from 1918, and American Im­ and has been running 10 or 12 to one the Middle East and, it is hoped, change perialism from 1948 on.- If we had to face against the President's action. the tendency toward escalating conflict Israel alone, the problem would have been and polarization in that troubled land. almost a simple one: but we have to stand An excellent letter from a thoughtful against whoever supports Israel economically, Minnesotan was recently printed in the There being no objection, the article mll1tarlly, politically, ideologically. This Minnesota Tribune. Mr. Russell points was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, means the capitalist countries that have out so well: as follows: conceived Israel and are now using it as a bulwark to protect their Interests in Arabia. We have serious problems at home that A LEADER OF THE FEDAYEEN: "WE WANT A WAR LIKE THE VIETNAM WAR They include the U.S., and almost every demand our full attention and ... the time country in Europe. to get out of Vietnam is now-in 1970. (By Oriana Fallaci) Let us for a moment leave out Europe, and I understand that readers of the Trib­ The man I was facing was responsible for concentrate on Israel. From an economical une who contacted Mr. Russell were mo~t of the acts of terror the Arabs have and political point of view Israel is an Island ' commltted in Europe. The head of the Pop­ Isolated from its friends and surrounded by unanimous in their support of his pOSi­ ular Front for the Liberation of Palestine: enemy lands: Syria. Lebanon, Jordan and tion. Dr. George Habash, a Christian doctor who Egypt. Its communications with friendly na­ I ask unanimous consent that the text until a few years ago was a Schweltzerllke tions can take place only through the air of this perceptive letJter to the editor be figure running a private clinic with a group and the sea; therefore it becomes imperative printed in the RECORD. of nuns in Amman. This hospital was filled for us to block those avenues. In the future There being no objection, the letter mostly with chUdren and poor old people. we will take care of maritime communica­ was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Dr. Habash never inSisted on being pald and tions, aboard ships at the docks or at sea. as follows: he bought the drugs for his patients out or We have been taking care for some time now his own pocket, then slipped them a roll of of the rur routes by striking at the planes Ex-NAVY MAN Is FEll Up notes when they were ready to leave. Born of El AI, the Israeli airllne. El Al planes are To the Editor: As a short-haired, middle­ rather rich, he used up much of his wealth a perfectly legitimate military target: they ag" conservative, ex-Navy, establlshment- l;t this way. He spent nothing on himself : belong to the enemy, they connect the is­ t '.epublican, I am getting increasingly a steril!zed white coat over old clothes was land of Israel with other shores, and they fe with all the generals, politicians and all he ever wore, and he slept under a cruci­ transport troops and ammunition. They are press, radio and TV characters who keep fix on a cot in is hospital. fiown by reserve otllcers of the Israeli Air talking about "the enemy" In Vletman, Laos, . One day the cllnlc was closed and Dr. Force. In a war it is fair to strike the enemy Cambodia or Thailand. Habash disappeared. He had gone with the wherever he happens to be, and this rule 89182 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 17, 1970 leads us also to the European airfields where never been either with us or against us; It Itself, in our camps we teach more than El Al planes land or take olIo has just kept on Ignoring us. Since 1917, shooting; our recruits, among other things, Dr. Habash, you are forgetting that those when the Balfour Declaration was signed, you have to learn Hebrew. Our training is not planes also carry citizens of neutral coun­ have ceased to know about us. It is only now the same as AI Fatah's. tries, and that the airfields belong to neutral beginning to dawn on people that we were In fact you don't get along too well wil countries, not Israel. To respect neutral coun­ chased from OUT land like rabid dogs. Well, Al Fatah. tries is another rule of war. through sabotage we want to relIll1nd the We fight on the same side of the barrl­ Aside from the fact that these airfields world that a catastrophe has taken place ades. At the same time, our position Is very are alwaY'S located In pro-Zionist countries, here, and that justice must be done. Believe dilIerent from AI Fatah's on a variety of I repeat that we have the right to figfht our you me, after what has happened to us we issues. To give you an example, we would enemy wherever he might be. And as for the have the right to do anything, Including what never accept the money they are getting non-Israeli p~engers, they are on their you call acts of terrorism. Where was world from reactionary sources; we would never way to Israel. Since we ba.ve no control over opinion In 1917 when the British decided to touch money that stinks of American 011. the land that was stolen from us and called give a land that was 90% populated by Pales­ Before, when I listed our enemies to you. I Israel, it is right that Whoever goes to Ismel tinians as a gift to the Jews? forgot to mention the Arab national states. should ask for our permission. Countries like It was busy, Dr. Habash, with a trifle That was an omission, because if I were to Germany, Italy, France, and SWitzerland, known as World War I. I assume from your tell you the history of the last 52 years of with many Jews among the1T population, answer that you don't mind making casual­ Palestine, I could show you that the worst allow their territory to ~ used as a base for ties among Europeans. Does it follow that obstacles have always been those placed in the Jews to fight the Arabs. If Italy, for in­ you intend to go on burning our stores, our path by Arab reactionaries. Like Saudi stance, is a base against the Arabs, the shooting up our air terminals, placing bombs arabia, where the majority of 011 wells are Arabs have a right to use Italy as a base in our mail, and haraSSing us with terrorism? In American hands. Or Lebanon, with its against the Jews. When the Jews were doing this sort of rotten government. Then there Is Jordan, No, Dr. Habash, Italy is not used as a thing in Palestine you didn't call it acts of whose king is ready to recognize Israel. And Jewish base, nor is Germany, France or terrorism, but a war of liberation. Of course the list could be extended. These are all coun­ Switzerland. And you dont's stop with El we w111 continue to work according to our tries with whom Al Fatah collaborates; but AI's planes. How far are you planning to go? strategy; In fact we will escalate It. However, for us to accept money from them would Do you want to make war on three-fourths we will do our best not to harm Europeans; mean to trample on our moral beliefs, to lose Of the planet? I swear it upon the head of my children that our honor. We have been collecting money No, we don't want to do that. But we have we are devoting a lot of attention to this among ourselves, and If the financial prob­ to look at this sc.1entlfically and recognize problem. Orders to our commandos always lem becomes crucial we will take money away that OUT revolution Is a phase of the world­ emphasize that neutrals should be spared. from those who have it. We will take it, not wide revolution. We ought to be honest and During the whole of 1969 this order has ask for it. Those who join the Popular Front admit that what we want Is a war like the always been followed, and never has a Eu­ know that we aren't joking. After all, it is war in Vietnam. We want a Vietnam mLr ropean lost his life as a result of our opera­ us who give the revolutionary momentum not just In Palestine, but throughout the tions. Let's take the burning of the London to Palestine, not Al Fatah. The real people, Arab world. Palestinians are part of the Arab store. It would have been very easy for our the proletarian masses, follow our lead. nation, and what we need Is for the whole fedoyeen to just throw a couple of bombs How do you explain the fact, then, that Arab nation to enter the war; whloh w.1ll and kill a lot of people. He waited t111 night the immense majority of the common people occur anywray, within three or four years. By Instead, to avoid causing casualties. It's true are for Al Fatah, and that you seem to attract then, if not before, the revolutionary forces that a child was killed in Athens, but the mostly intellectuals and bourgeois? in Jordan, Syria and Lebanon will rise to Front had nothing to do with !that operation. It is true that we aren't numerically strong; our side in a total war. Our struggle ih:as bare­ We are not the only ones to resort to what at least not yet. But this doesn't give an In­ ly begun, the worst is yet to come. And It Is you call terrorism; you should rememoer that feriority complex, because It is not enough right for Europe and America to be warned there are several Palestinian organlzatlons to have many proletarians In a party to no a now that there will be no peace ;tor them Let's change the subject, Dr. Habash, to proletarian party. What counts is a until there is justice for Palestine. There are the countries that are your friends. letarlan ideology, proletarian progra uncomfortable days ahead for you all, and Our position is the same as that of the doesn't mean anything to have a lot of fe­ they will not be too steep a price to pay Vietnamese: we are friends with those who dayeen, perhaps recruited with money as an for the help you extend to Israel. Now that are our friends. The goal of our struggle is incentive: 100 men with clear revolutionary this is clear, let us return to the subject of not only that of restoring the nationhoq

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