Chapter 20 the Small-World Phenomenon
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Creating & Connecting: Research and Guidelines on Online Social
CREATING & CONNECTING//Research and Guidelines on Online Social — and Educational — Networking NATIONAL SCHOOL BOARDS ASSOCIATION CONTENTS Creating & Connecting//The Positives . Page 1 Online social networking Creating & Connecting//The Gaps . Page 4 is now so deeply embedded in the lifestyles of tweens and teens that Creating & Connecting//Expectations it rivals television for their atten- and Interests . Page 7 tion, according to a new study Striking a Balance//Guidance and Recommendations from Grunwald Associates LLC for School Board Members . Page 8 conducted in cooperation with the National School Boards Association. Nine- to 17-year-olds report spending almost as much time About the Study using social networking services This study was made possible with generous support and Web sites as they spend from Microsoft, News Corporation and Verizon. watching television. Among teens, The study was comprised of three surveys: an that amounts to about 9 hours a online survey of 1,277 nine- to 17-year-old students, an online survey of 1,039 parents and telephone inter- week on social networking activi- views with 250 school district leaders who make deci- ties, compared to about 10 hours sions on Internet policy. Grunwald Associates LLC, an a week watching TV. independent research and consulting firm that has conducted highly respected surveys on educator and Students are hardly passive family technology use since 1995, formulated and couch potatoes online. Beyond directed the study. Hypothesis Group managed the basic communications, many stu- field research. Tom de Boor and Li Kramer Halpern of dents engage in highly creative Grunwald Associates LLC provided guidance through- out the study and led the analysis. -
Opportunities and Challenges for Standardization in Mobile Social Networks
Opportunities and Challenges for Standardization in Mobile Social Networks Laurent-Walter Goix, Telecom Italia [email protected] Bryan Sullivan, AT&T [email protected] Abstract This paper describes the opportunities and challenges related to the standardization of interoperable “Mobile Social Networks”. Challenges addressed include the effect of social networks on resource usage, the need for social network federation, and the needs for a standards context. The concept of Mobile Federated Social Networks as defined in the OMA SNEW specification is introduced as an approach to some of these challenges. Further specific needs and opportunities in standards and developer support for mobile social apps are described, including potentially further work in support of regulatory requirements. Finally, we conclude that a common standard is needed for making mobile social networks interoperable, while addressing privacy concerns from users & institutions as well as the differentiations of service providers. 1 INTRODUCTION Online Social Networks (OSN) are dominated by Walled Gardens that have attracted users by offering new paradigms of communication / content exchange that better fit their modern lifestyle. Issues are emerging related to data ownership, privacy and identity management and some institutions such as the European Commission have started to provide measures for controlling this. The impressive access to OSN from ever smarter mobile devices, as well as the growth of mobile- specific SN services (e.g. WhatsApp) have further stimulated the mobile industry that is already starving for new attractive services (RCS 1). In this context OMA 2 as mobile industry forum has recently promoted the SNEW specifications that can leverage network services such as user identity and native interoperability of mobile networks (the approach promoted by “federated social networks”). -
Chazen Society Fellow Interest Paper Orkut V. Facebook: the Battle for Brazil
Chazen Society Fellow Interest Paper Orkut v. Facebook: The Battle for Brazil LAUREN FRASCA MBA ’10 When it comes to stereotypes about Brazilians – that they are a fun-loving people who love to dance samba, wear tiny bathing suits, and raise their pro soccer players to the levels of demi-gods – only one, the idea that they hold human connection in high esteem, seems to be born out by concrete data. Brazilians are among the savviest social networkers in the world, by almost all engagement measures. Nearly 80 percent of Internet users in Brazil (a group itself expected to grow by almost 50 percent over the next three years1) are engaged in social networking – a global high. And these users are highly active, logging an average of 6.3 hours on social networks and 1,220 page views per month per Internet user – a rate second only to Russia, and almost double the worldwide average of 3.7 hours.2 It is precisely this broad, highly engaged audience that makes Brazil the hotly contested ground it is today, with the dominant social networking Web site, Google’s Orkut, facing stiff competition from Facebook, the leading aggregate Web site worldwide. Social Network Services Though social networking Web sites would appear to be tools born of the 21st century, they have existed since even the earliest days of Internet-enabled home computing. Starting with bulletin board services in the early 1980s (accessed over a phone line with a modem), users and creators of these Web sites grew increasingly sophisticated, launching communities such as The WELL (1985), Geocities (1994), and Tripod (1995). -
2010 Nonprofit Social Network Benchmark Report
April 2010 Nonprofit Social Network Benchmark Report www.nonprofitsocialnetworksurvey.com www.nten.org www.commonknow.com www.theport.com Introduction NTEN, Common Knowledge, and ThePort Network offer this second annual installment of the Nonprofit Social Networking Benchmark Report. This report’s objective is to provide nonprofits with insights and trends surrounding social networking technology as part of nonprofit organizations’ marketing, communications, fundraising, and program house social network services. Social networking community built on Between February 3 and March 15, 2010, a nonprofit’s own 1,173 nonprofit professionals responded to website. Term derived a survey about their organization’s use of from direct mail online social networks. house lists. Two groups of questions were posed to survey participants: commercial 1. Tells us about your use of commercial social network social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, An online community LinkedIn, and others. owned and operated by a corporation. 2. Tell us about your work building and Popular examples using social networks on your own include Facebook and websites, called house social networks . MySpace. Survey respondents represented small, medium and large nonprofits and all nonprofit segments: Arts & Culture, Association, Education, Environment & Animals, Health & Healthcare, Human Services, International, Public & Societal Benefit, Religious and others (See Appendix A for more details). www.nonprofitsocialnetworksurvey.com 1 Executive Summary Commercial Social Networks Nonprofits continued to increase their use of commercial social networks over 2009 and early 2010 with Facebook and Twitter proving to be the preferred networks. LinkedIn and YouTube held steady, but MySpace lost significant ground. The following are the key excerpts from this section: • Facebook is still used by more nonprofits than any other commercial social network with 86% of nonprofits indicating that they have a presence on this network. -
Social Networks Influence Analysis
University of North Florida UNF Digital Commons UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations Student Scholarship 2017 Social Networks Influence Analysis Doaa Gamal University of North Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd Part of the Computer Sciences Commons Suggested Citation Gamal, Doaa, "Social Networks Influence Analysis" (2017). UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 723. https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/723 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at UNF Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in UNF Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UNF Digital Commons. For more information, please contact Digital Projects. © 2017 All Rights Reserved SOCIAL NETWORKS INFLUENCE ANALYSIS by Doaa H. Gamal A thesis submitted to the School of Computing in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Computing and Information Sciences UNIVERSITY OF NORTH FLORIDA SCHOOL OF COMPUTING Spring, 2017 Copyright (©) 2017 by Doaa H. Gamal All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part in any form requires the prior written permission of Doaa H. Gamal or designated representative. ii This thesis titled “Social Networks Influence Analysis” submitted by Doaa H. Gamal in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Computing and Information Sciences has been Approved by the thesis committee: Date Dr. Karthikeyan Umapathy Thesis Advisor and Committee Chairperson Dr. Lakshmi Goel Dr. Sandeep Reddivari Accepted for the School of Computing: Dr. Sherif A. Elfayoumy Director of the School Accepted for the College of Computing, Engineering, and Construction: Dr. -
Delay of Social Search on Small-World Graphs ⋆
⋆ Delay of Social Search on Small-world Graphs Hazer Inaltekin a,∗ Mung Chiang b H. Vincent Poor b aThe University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia bPrinceton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States Abstract This paper introduces an analytical framework for two small-world network models, and studies the delay of targeted social search by considering messages traveling between source and tar- get individuals in these networks. In particular, by considering graphs constructed on different network domains, such as rectangular, circular and spherical network domains, analytical solu- tions for the average social search delay and the delay distribution are obtained as a function of source-target separation, distribution of the number of long-range connections and geometri- cal properties of network domains. Derived analytical formulas are first verified by agent-based simulations, and then compared with empirical observations in small-world experiments. Our formulas indicate that individuals tend to communicate with one another only through their short-range contacts, and the average social search delay rises linearly, when the separation between the source and target is small. As this separation increases, long-range connections are more commonly used, and the average social search delay rapidly saturates to a constant value and stays almost the same for all large values of the separation. These results are qual- itatively consistent with experimental observations made by Travers and Milgram in 1969 as well as by others. Moreover, analytical distributions predicted by our models for the delay of social search are also compared with corresponding empirical distributions, and good statistical matches between them are observed. -
Adam Stier, Ties That Bind.Pdf
Ties That Bind: American Fiction and the Origins of Social Network Analysis DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Adam Charles Stier, M.A. Graduate Program in English The Ohio State University 2013 Dissertation Committee: Dr. David Herman, Advisor Dr. Brian McHale Dr. James Phelan Copyright by Adam Charles Stier 2013 Abstract Under the auspices of the digital humanities, scholars have recently raised the question of how current research on social networks might inform the study of fictional texts, even using computational methods to “quantify” the relationships among characters in a given work. However, by focusing on only the most recent developments in social network research, such criticism has so far neglected to consider how the historical development of social network analysis—a methodology that attempts to identify the rule-bound processes and structures underlying interpersonal relationships—converges with literary history. Innovated by sociologists and social psychologists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, including Georg Simmel (chapter 1), Charles Horton Cooley (chapter 2), Jacob Moreno (chapter 3), and theorists of the “small world” phenomenon (chapter 4), social network analysis emerged concurrently with the development of American literary modernism. Over the course of four chapters, Ties That Bind demonstrates that American modernist fiction coincided with a nascent “science” of social networks, such that we can discern striking parallels between emergent network-analytic procedures and the particular configurations by which American authors of this period structured (and more generally imagined) the social worlds of their stories. -
Social Network Analysis with Content and Graphs
SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS WITH CONTENT AND GRAPHS Social Network Analysis with Content and Graphs William M. Campbell, Charlie K. Dagli, and Clifford J. Weinstein Social network analysis has undergone a As a consequence of changing economic renaissance with the ubiquity and quantity of » and social realities, the increased availability of large-scale, real-world sociographic data content from social media, web pages, and has ushered in a new era of research and sensors. This content is a rich data source for development in social network analysis. The quantity of constructing and analyzing social networks, but content-based data created every day by traditional and social media, sensors, and mobile devices provides great its enormity and unstructured nature also present opportunities and unique challenges for the automatic multiple challenges. Work at Lincoln Laboratory analysis, prediction, and summarization in the era of what is addressing the problems in constructing has been dubbed “Big Data.” Lincoln Laboratory has been networks from unstructured data, analyzing the investigating approaches for computational social network analysis that focus on three areas: constructing social net- community structure of a network, and inferring works, analyzing the structure and dynamics of a com- information from networks. Graph analytics munity, and developing inferences from social networks. have proven to be valuable tools in solving these Network construction from general, real-world data presents several unexpected challenges owing to the data challenges. Through the use of these tools, domains themselves, e.g., information extraction and pre- Laboratory researchers have achieved promising processing, and to the data structures used for knowledge results on real-world data. -
Soc C167 – Virtual Communities and Social Media
Soc C167 – Virtual Communities and Social Media University of California, Berkeley Tuesdays and Thursdays, 8:00am-9:30am 245 Li Ka Shing Instructor: Edwin Lin, Fall 2018 Instructor: Edwin Lin Email: [email protected] Office Hours: 487 Barrows Hall, Tuesdays 10am-1pm or by appointment Sign-up for regular OH at http://www.wejoinin.com/sheets/icwie Reader’s information will be posted on bCourses. Overview of Course Content: With the explosion of virtual communities and social media, technology and its effect on society has become a daily reality, invading all areas and aspects of our social lives. This ranges from pop culture, sports, and entertainment to political participation, sexual intimacy, and family. Everyone taking this course has some exposure to virtual communities and social media—even if one is unaware of the extent and depth of this exposure in their lives. As a result, this course is not about discovering new ideas and never-before-seen concepts, but rather providing some tools and perspectives to understand aspects of society that we are somewhat familiar with. Put another way, this course seeks to understand a growing aspect of our society through a different lens of understanding. Explicitly, the goals of this course are: 1) to provide a survey of subfields in social media research, 2) to expose you to what social science research looks like in these subfields, and 3) to provide a space for you to reflect and personally interact with what virtual communities and social media means in your own life. Email Policy: I am usually very good about answering emails, but please leave at least 2 days for me to get to you, especially over the weekend (I may not get to you until Monday/Tuesday). -
Social Network Analysis: Homophily
Social Network Analysis: homophily Donglei Du ([email protected]) Faculty of Business Administration, University of New Brunswick, NB Canada Fredericton E3B 9Y2 Donglei Du (UNB) Social Network Analysis 1 / 41 Table of contents 1 Homophily the Schelling model 2 Test of Homophily 3 Mechanisms Underlying Homophily: Selection and Social Influence 4 Affiliation Networks and link formation Affiliation Networks Three types of link formation in social affiliation Network 5 Empirical evidence Triadic closure: Empirical evidence Focal Closure: empirical evidence Membership closure: empirical evidence (Backstrom et al., 2006; Crandall et al., 2008) Quantifying the Interplay Between Selection and Social Influence: empirical evidence—a case study 6 Appendix A: Assortative mixing in general Quantify assortative mixing Donglei Du (UNB) Social Network Analysis 2 / 41 Homophily: introduction The material is adopted from Chapter 4 of (Easley and Kleinberg, 2010). "love of the same"; "birds of a feather flock together" At the aggregate level, links in a social network tend to connect people who are similar to one another in dimensions like Immutable characteristics: racial and ethnic groups; ages; etc. Mutable characteristics: places living, occupations, levels of affluence, and interests, beliefs, and opinions; etc. A.k.a., assortative mixing Donglei Du (UNB) Social Network Analysis 4 / 41 Homophily at action: racial segregation Figure: Credit: (Easley and Kleinberg, 2010) Donglei Du (UNB) Social Network Analysis 5 / 41 Homophily at action: racial segregation Credit: (Easley and Kleinberg, 2010) Figure: Credit: (Easley and Kleinberg, 2010) Donglei Du (UNB) Social Network Analysis 6 / 41 Homophily: the Schelling model Thomas Crombie Schelling (born 14 April 1921): An American economist, and Professor of foreign affairs, national security, nuclear strategy, and arms control at the School of Public Policy at University of Maryland, College Park. -
Social Networks IZA Dpno
IZA DP No. 4621 Social Networks Joan de Martí Yves Zenou December 2009 DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit Institute for the Study of Labor Social Networks Joan de Martí Universitat Pompeu Fabra and Barcelona GSE Yves Zenou Stockholm University, IFN and IZA Discussion Paper No. 4621 December 2009 IZA P.O. Box 7240 53072 Bonn Germany Phone: +49-228-3894-0 Fax: +49-228-3894-180 E-mail: [email protected] Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit organization supported by Deutsche Post Foundation. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its international network, workshops and conferences, data service, project support, research visits and doctoral program. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author. IZA Discussion Paper No. 4621 December 2009 ABSTRACT Social Networks We survey the literature on social networks by putting together the economics, sociological and physics/applied mathematics approaches, showing their similarities and differences. -
(Datacenter) Network
Inside the Social Network’s (Datacenter) Network Arjun Roy, Hongyi Zengy, Jasmeet Baggay, George Porter, and Alex C. Snoeren Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of California, San Diego yFacebook, Inc. ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION Large cloud service providers have invested in increasingly Datacenters are revolutionizing the way in which we de- larger datacenters to house the computing infrastructure re- sign networks, due in large part to the vastly different engi- quired to support their services. Accordingly, researchers neering constraints that arise when interconnecting a large and industry practitioners alike have focused a great deal of number of highly interdependent homogeneous nodes in a effort designing network fabrics to efficiently interconnect relatively small physical space, as opposed to loosely cou- and manage the traffic within these datacenters in perfor- pled heterogeneous end points scattered across the globe. mant yet efficient fashions. Unfortunately, datacenter oper- While many aspects of network and protocol design hinge ators are generally reticent to share the actual requirements on these physical attributes, many others require a firm un- of their applications, making it challenging to evaluate the derstanding of the demand that will be placed on the network practicality of any particular design. by end hosts. Unfortunately, while we understand a great Moreover, the limited large-scale workload information deal about the former (i.e., that modern cloud datacenters available in the literature has, for better or worse, heretofore connect 10s of thousands of servers using a mix of 10-Gbps largely been provided by a single datacenter operator whose Ethernet and increasing quantities of higher-speed fiber in- use cases may not be widespread.