Time and Space in Scottish Witch-Hunting 1563-1736
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Time and Space in Scosh Witch- Hun5ng, 1563-1736 Anna Mitschele, PhD University oF Mannheim Germany Spaal paerns oF witch trials are messy….unless…. “Ins5tu5onal systems do not have boundaries, instead they do boundaries through prac5ces that evolve over 5me and according to vantage points. If you have access to God, fine, but the rest oF us must swear off boundaries and their satellite mirages” (White 2007:199) Theories on witchcra • Accusaons emerge in communi5es (conflict, scapegoang, moral crisis) • Accusaons are engineered by the ruling class with a view downwards to society (ideology, power) • My theory: witch-hunts are mostly engineered by people with ambi5ons to power BUT they are oriented upwards A couple oF things one needs to know about Scosh Witches • Survey oF Scosh Witchcra (Goodare et al 2003) • 3,212 oF them • Most Female • Post ReFormaon 1563-1736 • Prosecuted by secular authori5es • 1,109 prosecutors Waves oF Witch-Hun5ng See also Miller and Mar5n 2008 What about the spaal paern? Ukborders Boundary Data The Regional Approach Regions as used by Mar5n 2008 The Raw Data – From Frene5c hun5ng to occasional witches *white = 0 witches, gray = 1 witch, black = more than 1 (n=369 parishes) The Problem • Witch-hunts don’t adhere to administrave boundaries • Boundaries around a “case” oF witch-hun5ng are socially constructed • BeFore one can determine the space, one needs to know who is defining it…who are the central actors in witch-cra? Another piece of the puzzle • Dispropor5onate engagement oF gentry From outside oF the official hierarchy • Witch-hunts coincide with mes of office vacancies What is the mechanism behind witch waves? State offices as viable careers Gentry – upward mobility Witch-hunters Feed on witchcra as a moral movement in order to become visible Windows oF opportunity Commissions For witchcra The geographical scope oF witch- hunters 294 300 250 200 498 out of 1,109 prosecutors cross parish boundaries 150 Number of Prosecutors n=498 100 83 47 50 26 22 19 5 1 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Number of Cross-cutting Parish Ties Leng the actors draw the boundaries Prosecutor Parish A Parish A Parish D Parish B Parish C Parish C Parish B Parish D 1620−1640 ● ● Canongate● CramondAuldearnGlasgow Ochiltree● Houston● Stornoway● Killellan● Leith● Erskine ● Paisley● Tranent ● Scone Largs ● ●Lesmahagow● Gargunnock● InverkipGreenock● Crail Brechin● ● Penicuik● Dumbarton ● ● Wick● ClackmannanLanark● Saltoun● Coldingham● Douglas● Liberton Thurso● Foulden● Ayton● Ayr Haddington ● Traquair● Inveresk Spott● Eyemouth Twynholm● ● Hilton● Dunbar ● ● ● ● Gordon Ecclesgreig Rerrick Prestonpans Fogo● Peebles● Duns CrichtonBorthwick ● Bassendean● ● ● Pentland ● ● ● Carrington ● Preston ● Peterhead Kilmallie● Auchterarder Newbattle● Lauder●Langton● Golspie● Cranston● Fala● Pencaitland Rathen● Jedburgh Clyne● ● ● Selkirk● Maxton● Crimond● Kinneil● Lilliesleaf● ● ● Melrose Bo'nessDysart Bowden Lochrutton● Lochmaben● Keir● Wemyss● Aberdour● Kirkcaldy● Dumfries● Glencairn● Tain● ● Kilsyth● Inverkeithing Edderton Torryburn ● Culross Logie● ● Kincardine● parish Prosecutor crossing 1646−1653 Greenock● Renfrew● Montrose● ● Insch● Galashiels Ayr Inverkip Monimail● Leith● ● ● ● Kingarth Perth Brechin● Kelso ● Rathven● Kippen● Dumbarton ● Bonhill● ● Spynie Burntisland● Hownam● Largs● Dirleton● Elgin (St● Giles) Kilwinning● Humbie Dalgety● ● Kirkurd● Pencaitland Peebles ● ● ● Keith Marischall● West Linton Inverkeithing ● DrumelzierNewlands● Ormiston● Stobo● Jedburgh South● Leith ● Traquair● Linton● Temple● Dalkeith● Cupar● Borthwick ● Heriot● Kilmany● ● Legerwood ● Balmerino Earlston● Crichton Crailing● Newbattle● Lauder● Corstorphine● Carrington● Crawford● Queensferry● Dysart Bo'ness Eyemouth Lesmahagow● ● ● Menmuir Mertoun Paisley ● Carriden● Tranent ● Inveresk Whittingehame● ● Newton● Prestonkirk● parish Prosecutor crossing 1660−1663 Prestonpans Inveresk●Duddingston● Innerleithen● Newton● Liberton ● Contin Ormiston Abbey St● Bathans ● Penicuik Dalkeith ● Alloa● Kinross● Crichton● Haddington ● Bathgate● Bolton Lasswade● Orwell● ● Tranent ● Selkirk Abernethy● ● Elgin (St● Giles) Linton● Duns● ● Ellem Dyke● Coldingham● Auldearn Lauder● Eyemouth ● Dirleton● Rothesay● Mordington Nairn● ● Ayton● Kilmany● Aberdour● Foulden Newbattle● Falkland● Inverness● Innerwick● Collesie● Dunbog● Largs● Kiltarlity & Convinth Creich● ● Spott Abdie● ● Newburgh● Findo● Gask Greenock● Flisk● Forteviot● North Berwick● Inverkip Rhynd● Montrose● Aberuthven● ● Methven● Oathlaw Langton● Dunning● ● Forgan● Inverarity Eastwood● Forfar● Crailing● Cortachy● Bowden● Queensferry Kirkliston● ● parish Prosecutor crossing Parishes 1563−1736 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●● ● ●●● ● ●●● ● ●● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●● ●●● ●● ● parish Prosecutor crossing Communi5es – the social construc5on oF space Colors: Groups by Girvan and Newman community based clustering Cluster Contribu5on to Total Number oF Witches 700 600 570 500 400 300 203 200 147 Witches n= 1.797 100 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 Network Clusters The biggest Cluster…is in the vicinity oF Edinburgh GIS Data: ERSC UK Data Service Substan5al Conclusions • Witch-hunts differ in the degree oF “localness” • Only seen through socially constructed boundaries does the spaal paern make sense • Witch-hun5ng exceeds localness where things are visible to the center • Orientaon towards people in power • Actual witch searches in different places • a dis5nc5on between emergent witch accusaons and engineered ones? • ReFerences in the presentaon • Goodare, Julian, Maring, Lauren, Miller, Joyce, and Yeoman, Louise. 2003. “Survey oF Scosh Witchcra.” Retrieved (hHp://www.arts.ed.ac.uk/witches/). • Mar5n, Lauren. „Scosh Witchcra Panics Re-examined“. In Witchcra( and belief in early modern Scotland, edited by von Julian Goodare, Lauren Mar5n, und Joyce Miller, 119–143. Palgrave historical studies in witchcra and magic. Basingstoke [England] ; New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. • “Censusparishes 1851”, Scosh Historic Boundaries [ESRI Shape File], ERSC UK Data Service, <hHp:// edina.ac.uk/census/>, 2011 .