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Relationship of Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy with Self-Esteem and General Health in Breastfeeding Mothers Referred to Health Cent

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Relationship of Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy with Self-Esteem and General Health in Breastfeeding Mothers Referred to Health Cent Community Mental Health Journal (2019) 55:1057–1063 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-019-00408-6 ORIGINAL PAPER Relationship of Breastfeeding Self‑Efcacy with Self‑Esteem and General Health in Breastfeeding Mothers Referred to Health Centers of Falavarjan City‑Iran, 2015 Mahin Kamalifard1 · Mojgan Mirghafourvand2 · Fatemeh Ranjbar3 · Fariba Alizadeh Sharajabad4 · Nasrin Gordani5 Received: 2 August 2016 / Accepted: 13 May 2019 / Published online: 23 May 2019 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract This study aimed to examine the relationship of breastfeeding self-efcacy with self-esteem and general health. This cross- sectional study was conducted on 547 breastfeeding mothers in Falavarjan-Iran. Participants were selected randomly, and questionnaires of socio-demographic characteristics, breastfeeding self-efcacy, self esteem, and the GHQ-28 were completed through interview. The mean score (SD) of breastfeeding self-efcacy was 134.5 (13.3) from the score range of 33–165. The mean score of self-esteem was 5.89 (4.0) from − 10 to + 10 score range, and the mean score of general health was 19.7 (9.13) from the 0–84 score range. Self-esteem, general health and its dimensions showed a signifcant relationship with breastfeed- ing self-efcacy. According to the multivariate linear regression, physical symptoms, social dysfunction, age, education, spouse’s job, economic status, duration of previous breastfeeding, and receiving breastfeeding education were related to breastfeeding self-efcacy. The results indicated that with an improvement in self-esteem and general health, breastfeeding self-efcacy escalates signifcantly. Keywords Breastfeeding self-efcacy · Breastfeeding · Self-esteem · General health Introduction middle ear infections, allergy, and type II diabetes. Neo- nate’s deprivation of mother’s milk reduces neonatal self- In general, breastfeeding is considered the best method for esteem, depression, early death, and disability in adulthood nourishing neonates younger than 6 months old all over the (Quigley et al. 2016). According to the report by the World globe, and breastfeeding should continue along with com- Health Organization (WHO), lives of 800,000 neonates can plementary nourishment by the age of two (WHO 2014a, b). be saved each year by breastfeeding until the age of two Mother’s milk reduces the need for hospitalization to treat (WHO 2014a, b). In addition, breastfeeding reduces the respiratory diseases and protects the neonate from diarrhea, risk of breast cancer, osteoporosis, and pregnancy, inhib- its progress of endometriosis, facilitates postpartum weight loss, and increases uterus contractions to control postpartum * Nasrin Gordani bleeding. It also improves motherhood ability (Sikorski et al. [email protected] 2002). In addition to the mentioned advantages of mother’s milk for the child and mother, it positively infuences fam- 1 Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, ily and society’s economies due to the lack of use of infant Tabriz, Iran formula (Saha and Gerdtham 2013). 2 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz Numerous factors are involved in the beginning and con- University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran tinuation of breastfeeding, and one of these factors is breast- 3 Research Center of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, feeding self-efcacy (Pollard et al. 2009). The theoretical Tabriz University Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran framework for this study is Bandura’s (1997) self-efcacy 4 Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran theory. Self-efcacy as defned by Bandura (1995), refers to “the belief in one’s capabilities to organize and execute 5 Student Research Committee, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, the courses of action required to manage prospective situa- Tabriz, Iran tions”. Dennis (1999) applied Bandura’s self-efcacy theory Vol.:(0123456789)1 3 1058 Community Mental Health Journal (2019) 55:1057–1063 to breastfeeding (Dennis 1999). Breastfeeding self-efcacy Materials and Methods refers to the mother’s trust in her ability to breastfeed her baby, which is a prominent variable in the course of breast- Study Design and Participants feeding (Blyth et al. 2004).Also, Self-esteem is defned as a person’s opinion about himself/herself or a person’s approval This cross-sectional study was conducted from June to or rejection of himself/herself. Self-esteem facilitates and November 2015 on 547 breastfeeding mothers. The moth- inhibits the person’s tendency for adopting certain strategies ers had health records in the health centers of Falavarjan and infuences the person’s ability to adapt to new situations city in Isfahan province-Iran. (Guillon et al. 2003; Susan Sells 1984). The inclusion criteria included the following: mothers Bandura (1997) reported that self-esteem and self-efcacy with 2- to 6-month-old babies; mothers with infants that was have diferent concepts but they are sometimes used inter- term in gestational age; lack of any disorder in the infant’s changeably. Bandura stated that perceived self-efcacy deals mouth or tongue, which could infuence his/her feeding from with the judgments of one’s personal capabilities, whereas mother’s breast (such as glossitis; short frenulum and cleft self-esteem deals with the judgments of one’s self-worth palate); lack of neonatal hospitalization during infancy; (Bandura 1997). Although self-esteem and self-efcacy are lack of distance between the mother and neonate in the not the same concept, an association exists between them early days of birth; lack of self-reported maternal mental (Sharp 2001). Tracy (1995) supported the idea that there disorders requiring treatment; Iranian nationality; and hav- is a relationship between self-esteem and self-efcacy. He ing a phone number. The exclusion criteria also included the explained that self-esteem consists of two factors: self-ef- following: having breastfeeding contraindications such as cacy and self-worth. Tracy mentioned that self-esteem and drug abuse and alcohol abuse, having galactosemic infants, self-efcacy reinforce each other. When one feels good about women with HIV, women with active untreated tuberculosis, oneself, one performs better, and when one performs well, women receiving breast cancer treatment, women with hepa- one feels good about oneself (Tracy 1995). A strong sense titis B and non-vaccinated infants, and women with breast of personal self-efcacy is associated with better health herpes. In addition, women who were not willing to continue (Bandura 1997; Schwarzer 1992). Bandura also showed that participating in this research were excluded. self-efcacy predicts better health and well-being (Bandura The sample size was determined based on three variables 1997). WHO defnes health as complete physical, mental, namely breastfeeding self-efcacy (Varaei et al. 2009), self- and social welfare and not solely lack of disease. This defni- esteem (Akhlaghy et al. 2012), and general health (Vashani tion points to the natural functional of body’s structures and et al. 2014). The sample size calculated based on the gen- organs as well as compliance with the physical -psychologi- eral health variable was higher. Hence, based on the fnd- cal environment and attitudes (Mirghafourvand et al. 2016). ings by Vashani et al. (2014) as well as m = 35.4, SD = 13.0, The relationship between self-efcacy and general health α = 0.05, statistical power = 90%, and research precision has been showed in a study in the south of Brazil on 88 (d) = 0.05, the mean sample size was 420. Finally, consider- breastfeeding mothers (Zubaran and Foresti 2013). Also, the ing the possible sample loss in this research a sample size results of Solhi et al., on 130 people showed that there is a of 547 was obtained (Vashani et al. 2014). direct relationship between self-efcacy score and general health (Solhi et al. 2013). According to a study by Barez et al., there is a relationship between self-efcacy and self- Sampling esteem (Barez and Maleki 2016). The above mentioned studies recommended conducting of studies with a larger Falavarjan city embraces 12 urban health centers, and sam- sample size. ples were collected from these health centers. To carry out Because of the importance of breastfeeding, we searched the sampling, frst a list of breastfeeding women with two to credible scientifc databases and given the limitation of stud- six-month-old babies, who met the inclusion criteria, was ies about relationship between breastfeeding self-efcacy extracted from the records in health centers. The women with self-esteem and general health, we decided to conduct were listed by numbers and samples were selected randomly this study. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the by Randomizer software. The samples were invited to the relationship between breastfeeding self-efcacy and general briefng session through phone calls. In the attending session health and self-esteem. We hope this research opens a win- hold in the health centers, explanations about the research dow to improvement of society’s health. objectives and methods were given to participants and the written consent was obtained from them, who were willing to take part in this research. The questionnaires used in the study were completed by interview method. 1 3 Community Mental Health Journal (2019) 55:1057–1063 1059 Data Collection Scales absolute and relative frequency distribution, and measures of
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