Nformation Society in Palestine: the Human Capital Dimension
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Information Society in Palestine: The Human Capital Dimension Elia Zureik Principal Investigator Professor Emeritus Queen's University March, 2006 Report Submitted to the International Development Research Centre, Ottawa (File 102130) Contributors Samer Faris Irene Jillson and Rida Baidas Badie Sartawi Nader Wahbeh Mohamed Waked Mark Warschauer Shannon Yurke Elia Zureik Table of Contents Acknowledgements Executive Summary and Recommendations 1. Assessing the Human and Social Capital Dimensions of ICT in Palestine: A Conceptual and Methodological Framework Mark Warschauer, University of California, Irvine, California. 2. The Maze of ICT Indicators: The Case of Palestine Mohamed Waked, University ofAmsierdam. 3. Palestinians and ICT: Focus Group Interviews Elia Zureil; Queen 's University, Ontario, Canada. 4. The Demographic and Social Correlates of ICT in Palestine Elia Zureik, Queen's University, Ontario, Canada. 5. Hunan Capital and ICT Potential in Palestine: Creating an Enabling Environnent, Georgetown University Irene Anne Jillson, Georgetown University, and Rida Baidas, Researcher, Washington, D.C. 6. ICT and Education in Palestine: Social and Educational Inequalities in Access to ICT Nader Wahbeh, PhD. Candidate, University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign) and The Qattan Research Centre, Ramallah, Palestine. 7. The Telecommunications Sector in Palestine: Legal vs. Factual Saurer Faris, Bir Zeit University, Palestine. 8. Development of System Specifications for Higher Education in Palestine Badie Sartawi, Al-Quds University, East Jérusalem, Palestine. 9. Information and Communication Technology in the Middle East and North Africa Region with Special Reference to Palestine: A Bibliography. Shannon, Yurke, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Acknowledgements My interest in the societal rote of information and communication technology (ICT) is more than two decades old. It was at that time, in the early 1980s, that I first introduced a course on "The Sociology of Information and Communication Technology" at Queen's University. My research in ICT for mort of this period has dealt with western societies - Canada in particular. This current project, however, complotes the circle for me by connecting my long-established interest in researching the Middle East with my on-going work on advanced industrial societies. It is an understatement to admit that researching an emergent country like Palestine is not an easy task, particularly when the data on a topic such as this are hard to corne by. To its credit, the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) saw fit to support this research, which seems to belong more to the trendy scholarship of technological societies than to that of a third world country. I hope that this report will become a benchmark for future studies on ICT in Palestine. Many individuals and institutions assisted in bringing this project to fruition. My thanks are extended to them ail. Dr. Pamela Scholey at IDRC's Peace, Conflict and Development Programme must be given a great deal of the credit in facilitating this research. At Queen's University, Susan Marlin, the Associate Director of Research Services at the School of Graduate Studies, invested time and energy in shepherding the project during its crucial phases. My colleagues Rafal Rohozinsky and Deirdre Collings- Rohozinsky worked jointly with me in the early part of this project to formulate the research problematic of how to study Palestine as an information society. While this report focuses on the human capital dimension of ICT in Palestine, their work complements mine, and deals with the institutional and infrastructural aspects of ICT processes in Palestine. Without the cooperation of local institutions and researchers in Palestine the project would not have accomplished its objectives. Foremost to thank is my administrator on the ground in Palestine, Mr. Thuqan Qishawi, who amazed me time and again with his skills at interpersonal relations and his ability to navigate the bureaucratic maze of local politics in Palestine to obtain information and access to key people. Mr. Luay Shabaneh, the Director of the Palestine Census Bureau of Statistics, gave generously of his time to answer questions about the PCBS national surveys on ICT, all of which were made available to me. Without this information it would have been impossible to carry out the demographic analysis of ICT in Palestine. Dr. Faisal Awartani, President of Alpha International, cooperated fully with me in ensuring the smooth running of the focus group interviews that were carried out by bis Centre on behalf of the project. Dr. Mashhour Abudâka, Executive Director of the Palestine Information Technology Association, made data collected by his Association on Local Government in Palestine available to the project. Mr. Subhi Kayed, Director of Educational Technologies at the Palestine Ministry of Education and Higher Education, provided me with invaluable information about ICT use in the educational system. Mr. Ghassan Abdullah, of the Faculty of Law at Bir Zeit University, provided useful advice on information related to the legal aspects of ICT in Palestine. Ms. Enas Abu Laban and Mr. Habib Hazzan, members of the Palestinian Negotiations Support Unit, offered their expertise regarding the legal aspects of telecommunication policies in Palestine. Back at Queen's University, I would like to thank Shannon Yurke for her meticulous work on building an on-line searchable database on ICT and Palestine which became part of this report; Andrey Pavlov, a Ph.D. candidate in the Mathematics Department, for his creative advice on the use of statistics; and Lynn O' Malley at the Department of Sociology, who handled the accounts and administrative aspects of the project with thoroughness and dedication. The final version of the study benefited immensely from the evaluations made by Dr. George Sciadas, previously of Statistics Canada who is currently a UNESCO Special Advisor on ICTs and the Knowledge Society, and Professor Robin Mansell, the Dixons Chair in Media and the Internet at the London School of Economics. I am grateful to both of them. My outstanding editor Anna Dekker is to be thanked for rendering technical and in many places tortuous text of the manuscript readable. Last but not least, I would like to thank the authors who contributed their chapters. Each and every one of them showed professionalism and enthusiasm for die project. As it is usually said on occasions such as this, any shortcomings of this report are mine atone, and ail the positive contributions are the result of collective efforts of those who gave of their tinte and intellectual efforts to ensure the project's success. Elia Zureik Professor Emeritus Department of Sociology Queen's University Kingston, Ontario December 2005 2 Executive Summary and Recommendations The executive summary provides the thrust of the arguments that emerge from each of the report's papers. The summaries follow the order of the papers as they appear in the report. The executive summary is followed with a list of rcommendations. Executive Summary Mark Warschauer In titis conceptual paper, and writing in the tradition of understanding the nature of social embeddedness of science and technology, Warschauer views information and communication technology (ICT) from a holistic perspective as a means to empower its users. The label "community informatics" is used to designate the reciprocal relationship between technology and the social surroundings. Community informatics, which seeks to apply ICT to help achieve the social, economic, political, or cultural goals of communities, is comprised of four elements: (1) physical resources, (2) digital resources, (3) human resources, and (4) social resources. Warschauer notes that Palestinian dependence on Israel has serious ramifications for ICT use. Israel acts as the main hub for Palestinian access to the Internet. Any improvements in telecommunications infrastructure are contingent on Israeli approval and control. The Israeli occupation hindered economic development of the Palestinian areas and stood in the way of developing a consumer technology market, let alone technology production. At the saine tinte, however, Israeli occupation acted as a catalyst for the Palestinians to tain to the Internet for empowerment and link with other diasporic Palestinian communities. It is also the case, however, Chat ICT will not flourish in undemocratic environments, and where decision makers do not provide the needed impetus to spur technological developments. Palestine lacés sound ICT policier at the local and national levels. The contribution of this chapter lies in pointing out the need to bypass the "digital divide" label, which has been used too often in discussions of ICT. The variety of means of access to ICT is not a binary, yes/no condition; rather, access can take place in différent modes, depending on the extent of digital literacy, familiarity with the technology, and its social context. In particular, Warschauer points out that the Palestinians sulfer from digital illiteracy due in no small measure to limited access to computers and the Internet, where English is the main language of communication. A fuller appreciation of ICT in Palestine requires assessing diverse types of digital literacy. Mohammed Waked Aware of the shortcomings of using standard indicators when assessing the ICT landscape in a country, Waked turns his attention to botte critiquing existing literature and recommending ways to