Renewable Natural Gas Research Center Project

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Renewable Natural Gas Research Center Project UC Davis Research Reports Title Renewable Natural Gas Research Center Project Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0055g3kb Authors Raju, Arun Roy, Partho S Publication Date 2019-10-01 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Renewable Natural Gas Research Center Project A Research Report from the National Center October 2019 for Sustainable Transportation Arun Raju, University of California, Riverside Partho Sarothi Roy, University of California, Riverside TECHNICAL REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. NCST-UCR-RR-19-02 N/A N/A 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Renewable Natural Gas Research Center Project October 2019 6. Performing Organization Code N/A 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Arun Raju, PhD https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8599-1664 N/A Partho Sarothi Roy, PhD 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. University of California, Riverside N/A Bourns College of Engineering – Center for Environmental Research & Technology 11. Contract or Grant No. 1084 Columbia Avenue USDOT Grant 69A3551747114 Riverside, CA 92507 SCAQMD Contract 17349 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered U.S. Department of Transportation Final Report (June 2016 – October 2017) Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE, Washington, DC 20590 USDOT OST-R South Coast Air Quality Management District 21865 Copley Drive Diamond Bar, CA 91765-4178 15. Supplementary Notes DOI: https://doi.org/10.7922/G2J101CZ 16. Abstract Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) is an important alternative fuel that can help the State of California meet several greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction and renewable energy targets. Despite considerable potential, current RNG use on national and state levels are not significant. RNG production potential in California through thermochemical conversion was evaluated as part of this project by assessing technical biomass availability in the state. Biomass feedstocks are defined broadly and include most carbonaceous matter including waste. The types of waste biomass available in the state are classified into three categories: municipal solid waste (MSW), agricultural residue and forest residue. A total of 32.1 million metric tonnes per year (MMT/year) of biomass is estimated to be technically available in the state. The energy content of this biomass is equivalent to approximately 602.4 million mmbtu/year. A survey of current renewable electricity generation and curtailment trends in California was conducted. Real-time data show significant curtailment throughout the year totaling more than 1,300 GWh from 2016 to early 2019. Power to gas and other forms of long-term storage integrated into the electric grid can mitigate these losses and enable smooth integration of additional renewables into the grid. Oxygen/air blown gasification, hydrogasification and pyrolysis are the three major technology options available for thermochemical biomass conversion to a gaseous fuel, including RNG. Although there are no commercial thermochemical biomass to RNG conversion facilities in operation, a number of gasification and pyrolysis technologies are undergoing pilot scale demonstration and development. Design basis for two thermochemical and power to gas conversion projects were developed as part of this project. Life cycle and economic analysis were conducted for the recommended processes. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Biomass fuels; Electric power transmission; Energy storage No restrictions. systems; Natural gas; Natural gas distribution systems; Renewable energy sources; Thermal power generation 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 58 N/A Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized About the National Center for Sustainable Transportation The National Center for Sustainable Transportation is a consortium of leading universities committed to advancing an environmentally sustainable transportation system through cutting- edge research, direct policy engagement, and education of our future leaders. Consortium members include: University of California, Davis; University of California, Riverside; University of Southern California; California State University, Long Beach; Georgia Institute of Technology; and University of Vermont. More information can be found at: ncst.ucdavis.edu. U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT) Disclaimer The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the information presented herein. This document is disseminated in the interest of information exchange. The report is funded, partially or entirely, by a grant from the U.S. Department of Transportation’s University Transportation Centers Program. However, the U.S. Government assumes no liability for the contents or use thereof. South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) Disclaimer This report was prepared as the result of work sponsored by the South Coast Air Quality Management District. It does not necessarily represent the views of the SCAQMD nor those of its employees. The SCAQMD, its employees, contractors, and subcontractors make no warrant, expressed or implied, and assume no legal liability for the information in this report; nor does any party represent that the use of this information will not infringe upon privately owned rights. This report has not been approved or disapproved by the South Coast Air Quality Management District nor has the SCAQMD passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of the information in this report. Acknowledgments This study was funded, partially or entirely, by a grant from the National Center for Sustainable Transportation (NCST), supported by USDOT through the University Transportation Centers program. The authors would like to thank the NCST and USDOT for their support of university- based research in transportation, and especially for the funding provided in support of this project. This study was supported by the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) with cost share support from the Southern California Gas Company (SoCalGas), and the National Center for Sustainable Transportation (NCST), a USDOT University Transportation Center. The authors would like to thank the NCST, USDOT, SCAQMD and SoCalGas for their support of university-based research in transportation, and especially for the funding provided in support of this project. Renewable Natural Gas Research Center Project A National Center for Sustainable Transportation Research report October 2019 Arun Raju and Partho Sarothi Roy College of Engineering – Center for Environmental Research & Technology, University of California, Riverside [page intentionally left blank] TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... iv Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1 Background ................................................................................................................................. 1 Renewable Natural Gas Potential Evaluation ................................................................................. 1 Biomass Resources...................................................................................................................... 1 Methodology............................................................................................................................... 2 Biomass Availability .................................................................................................................... 4 Biomass Availability Summary .................................................................................................. 13 Power-to-Gas Resources ........................................................................................................... 13 Generation and Curtailment ..................................................................................................... 16 Thermochemical Conversion Technologies .................................................................................. 20 Oxygen/Air Blown Processes .................................................................................................... 21 Hydrogasification ...................................................................................................................... 21 Pyrolysis Based Processes ......................................................................................................... 22 Design Basis Calculations .............................................................................................................. 27 Pipeline Quality RNG Production via Gasification .................................................................... 27 Power to Gas-Based Hydrogen Production .............................................................................. 31 Life Cycle and Techno-Economic Analysis ................................................................................ 32 Outreach ....................................................................................................................................... 42 Summary and Discussion .............................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • U.S. Energy in the 21St Century: a Primer
    U.S. Energy in the 21st Century: A Primer March 16, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46723 SUMMARY R46723 U.S. Energy in the 21st Century: A Primer March 16, 2021 Since the start of the 21st century, the U.S. energy system has changed tremendously. Technological advances in energy production have driven changes in energy consumption, and Melissa N. Diaz, the United States has moved from being a net importer of most forms of energy to a declining Coordinator importer—and a net exporter in 2019. The United States remains the second largest producer and Analyst in Energy Policy consumer of energy in the world, behind China. Overall energy consumption in the United States has held relatively steady since 2000, while the mix of energy sources has changed. Between 2000 and 2019, consumption of natural gas and renewable energy increased, while oil and nuclear power were relatively flat and coal decreased. In the same period, production of oil, natural gas, and renewables increased, while nuclear power was relatively flat and coal decreased. Overall energy production increased by 42% over the same period. Increases in the production of oil and natural gas are due in part to technological improvements in hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling that have facilitated access to resources in unconventional formations (e.g., shale). U.S. oil production (including natural gas liquids and crude oil) and natural gas production hit record highs in 2019. The United States is the largest producer of natural gas, a net exporter, and the largest consumer. Oil, natural gas, and other liquid fuels depend on a network of over three million miles of pipeline infrastructure.
    [Show full text]
  • Methanation of CO2 - Storage of Renewable Energy in a Gas Distribution System Tanja Schaaf*, Jochen Grünig, Markus Roman Schuster, Tobias Rothenfluh and Andreas Orth
    Schaaf et al. Energy, Sustainability and Society ( DOI 10.1186/s13705-014-0029-1 REVIEW Open Access Methanation of CO2 - storage of renewable energy in a gas distribution system Tanja Schaaf*, Jochen Grünig, Markus Roman Schuster, Tobias Rothenfluh and Andreas Orth Abstract This article presents some crucial findings of the joint research project entitled «Storage of electric energy from renewable sources in the natural gas grid-water electrolysis and synthesis of gas components». The project was funded by BMBF and aimed at developing viable concepts for the storage of excess electrical energy from wind and solar power plants. The concept presented in this article suggests the conversion of CO2-containing gases into methane in a pressurized reactor using hydrogen produced via electrolysis. The produced gas can be upgraded to synthetic natural gas (SNG) and fed into the well-developed German natural gas grid. This concept benefits from the high storage capacity of the German gas grid and does not require any extensions of the current gas or power grid. The reaction heat released by the exothermic methanation reaction leads to a temperature rise of the gas in the fixed bed catalyst of the reactor. The conversion of carbon dioxide is limited in accordance to the chemical equilibrium which depends strongly on temperature and pressure. For maximum carbon dioxide conversion, it is convenient to split the methanation into several stages adding cooling sections in between. This article focuses on the methanation process and its transfer onto an industrial scale evaluating the different plant capacities and feedstock mixtures used. The methanation takes place in a staged fixed bed reactor.
    [Show full text]
  • CHE 670 Outline
    CHE 670 - Sustainability Seminar Kansas State University Sustainability Seminar – Summer 2017……………………………………….…...1 Sustainability Seminar – Summer 2016……………………………………………2 Sustainability Seminar – Summer 2015……………………………………………3 Sustainability Seminar – Summer 2014……………………………………………4 Sustainability Seminar – January 2014…………………………………………….5 Sustainability Seminar – Summer 2013……………………………………………6 Sustainability Seminar – Summer 2012……………………………………………7 Sustainability Seminar – January 2012………………………………………….…8 Sustainability Seminar – Summer 2011……………………………………………9 Sustainability Seminar – Summer 2010…………………………………………..10 Sustainability Seminar – January 2010 ………………………………………….11 Sustainability Seminar – Summer 2009………………………………………....12 Sustainability Seminar – Fall 2008 ………………………………………….....13 Sustainability Seminar – January 2008……………………………………….….14 0 Agenda CHE 670 Sustainability Seminar Summer 2017 Fridays at 8:30 a.m. June 2 - John Harrington - Global Change June 9 - Lawrence Davis - Land Sustainability and Reclamation June 16 – Warren White – Wind Energy Basics June 23 – Keith Hohn – Catalysis for Renewable Energy June 30 – Vahid Rahmani – Water Sustainability July 7 – Oral Saulters – Sustainability Competencies and Sustainable Development Policy July 14 – Hongyu Wu – Smart Electrical Power Grid with Renewable Energy July 21 - Trisha Moore – Ecological Engineering and Sustainable Ecosystems July 22 - Dialog on Sustainability at K-State – All Day July 28 – Bimal Paul – Sustainable Development August 5 - Student Oral Presentations * The July 22
    [Show full text]
  • Process Technologies and Projects for Biolpg
    energies Review Process Technologies and Projects for BioLPG Eric Johnson Atlantic Consulting, 8136 Gattikon, Switzerland; [email protected]; Tel.: +41-44-772-1079 Received: 8 December 2018; Accepted: 9 January 2019; Published: 15 January 2019 Abstract: Liquified petroleum gas (LPG)—currently consumed at some 300 million tonnes per year—consists of propane, butane, or a mixture of the two. Most of the world’s LPG is fossil, but recently, BioLPG has been commercialized as well. This paper reviews all possible synthesis routes to BioLPG: conventional chemical processes, biological processes, advanced chemical processes, and other. Processes are described, and projects are documented as of early 2018. The paper was compiled through an extensive literature review and a series of interviews with participants and stakeholders. Only one process is already commercial: hydrotreatment of bio-oils. Another, fermentation of sugars, has reached demonstration scale. The process with the largest potential for volume is gaseous conversion and synthesis of two feedstocks, cellulosics or organic wastes. In most cases, BioLPG is produced as a byproduct, i.e., a minor output of a multi-product process. BioLPG’s proportion of output varies according to detailed process design: for example, the advanced chemical processes can produce BioLPG at anywhere from 0–10% of output. All these processes and projects will be of interest to researchers, developers and LPG producers/marketers. Keywords: Liquified petroleum gas (LPG); BioLPG; biofuels; process technologies; alternative fuels 1. Introduction Liquified petroleum gas (LPG) is a major fuel for heating and transport, with a current global market of around 300 million tonnes per year.
    [Show full text]
  • Gasification of Woody Biomasses and Forestry Residues
    fermentation Article Gasification of Woody Biomasses and Forestry Residues: Simulation, Performance Analysis, and Environmental Impact Sahar Safarian 1,*, Seyed Mohammad Ebrahimi Saryazdi 2, Runar Unnthorsson 1 and Christiaan Richter 1 1 Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Faculty of Industrial Engineering, University of Iceland, Hjardarhagi 6, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland; [email protected] (R.U.); [email protected] (C.R.) 2 Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Sharif University of Technologies, Tehran P.O. Box 14597-77611, Iran; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Wood and forestry residues are usually processed as wastes, but they can be recovered to produce electrical and thermal energy through processes of thermochemical conversion of gasification. This study proposes an equilibrium simulation model developed by ASPEN Plus to investigate the performance of 28 woody biomass and forestry residues’ (WB&FR) gasification in a downdraft gasifier linked with a power generation unit. The case study assesses power generation in Iceland from one ton of each feedstock. The results for the WB&FR alternatives show that the net power generated from one ton of input feedstock to the system is in intervals of 0 to 400 kW/ton, that more that 50% of the systems are located in the range of 100 to 200 kW/ton, and that, among them, the gasification system derived by tamarack bark significantly outranks all other systems by producing 363 kW/ton. Moreover, the environmental impact of these systems is assessed based on the impact categories of global warming (GWP), acidification (AP), and eutrophication (EP) potentials and Citation: Safarian, S.; Ebrahimi normalizes the environmental impact.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Gas and Propane
    Construction Concerns: Natural Gas and Propane Article by Gregory Havel September 28, 2015 For the purposes of this article, I will discuss the use of natural gas and propane [liquefied propane (LP)] gas in buildings under construction, in buildings undergoing renovation, and in the temporary structures that are found on construction job sites including scaffold enclosures. In permanent structures, natural gas is carried by pipe from the utility company meter to the location of the heating appliances. Natural gas from utility companies is lighter than air and is odorized. In temporary structures and in buildings under construction or renovation, the gas may be carried from the utility company meter by pipe or a hose rated for natural gas at the pressure to be used to the location of the heating appliances. These pipes and hoses must be properly supported and must be protected from damage including from foot and wheeled traffic. The hoses, pipes, and connections must be checked regularly for leaks. For permanent and temporary structures, LP gas is usually stored in horizontal tanks outside the structure (photo 1) at a distance from the structure. September 28, 2015 (1) In Photo 1, note the frost on the bottom third of the tank that indicates the approximate amount of LP that is left in the tank. LP gas for fuel is heavier than air and is odorized. It is carried from the tank to the heating appliances by pipe or hose rated for LP gas at the pressure to be used. As it is for natural gas, these pipes and hoses must be properly supported and protected from damage including from foot and wheeled traffic.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Business Plan for Washington, D.C
    Natural Gas and its Contribution to a Low Carbon Future Climate Business Plan for Washington, D.C. MARCH 2020 ALTAGAS // NATURAL GAS AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO A LOW CARBON FUTURE Forward Looking Statement This Climate Business Plan, prepared solely for the Company’s operations in the District of Columbia, contains forward-looking statements, which are subject to the inherent uncertainties in predicting future results and conditions. Such statements are based on our current expectations as of the date we filed this business plan, and we do not undertake to update or revise such forward-looking statements, except as may be required by law. Statements contained in this business plan concerning expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, strategies, expenditures, recovery of expenditures, future environmental matters, regulatory and legislative proposals, future events or performance and underlying assumptions and other statements that are other than statements of historical fact are “forward-looking statements.” Forward-looking statements are based on management’s beliefs and assumptions based on information available at the time the statement is made and can often be identified by terms and phrases that include “anticipate,” “believe,” “intend,” “estimate,” “expect,” “continue,” “should,” “could,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “predict,” “will,” “potential,” “forecast,” “target,” “guidance,” “outlook” or other similar terminology. The Company believes that it has chosen these assumptions or bases in good faith and that they are reasonable.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Technologies for Gasification of Biomass and Wastes
    Review of Technologies for Gasification of Biomass and Wastes Final report NNFCC project 09/008 A project funded by DECC, project managed by NNFCC and conducted by E4Tech June 2009 Review of technology for the gasification of biomass and wastes E4tech, June 2009 Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Approach ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Introduction to gasification and fuel production ...................................................................... 1 1.4 Introduction to gasifier types .................................................................................................... 3 2 Syngas conversion to liquid fuels .................................................................................... 6 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 6 2.2 Fischer-Tropsch synthesis ......................................................................................................... 6 2.3 Methanol synthesis ................................................................................................................... 7 2.4 Mixed alcohols synthesis .........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Proposal for Development of Dry Coking/Coal
    Development of Coking/Coal Gasification Concept to Use Indiana Coal for the Production of Metallurgical Coke, Liquid Transportation Fuels, Fertilizer, and Bulk Electric Power Phase II Final Report September 30, 2007 Submitted by Robert Kramer, Ph.D. Director, Energy Efficiency and Reliability Center Purdue University Calumet Table of Contents Page Executive Summary ………………………………………………..…………… 3 List of Figures …………………………………………………………………… 5 List of Tables ……………………………………………………………………. 6 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………… 7 Process Description ……………………………………………………………. 11 Importance to Indiana Coal Use ……………………………………………… 36 Relevance to Previous Studies ………………………………………………. 40 Policy, Scientific and Technical Barriers …………………………………….. 49 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………. 50 Appendix ………………………………………………………………………… 52 2 Executive Summary Coke is a solid carbon fuel and carbon source produced from coal that is used to melt and reduce iron ore. Although coke is an absolutely essential part of iron making and foundry processes, currently there is a shortfall of 5.5 million tons of coke per year in the United States. The shortfall has resulted in increased imports and drastic increases in coke prices and market volatility. For example, coke delivered FOB to a Chinese port in January 2004 was priced at $60/ton, but rose to $420/ton in March 2004 and in September 2004 was $220/ton. This makes clear the likelihood that prices will remain high. This effort that is the subject of this report has considered the suitability of and potential processes for using Indiana coal for the production of coke in a mine mouth or local coking/gasification-liquefaction process. Such processes involve multiple value streams that reduce technical and economic risk. Initial results indicate that it is possible to use blended coal with up to 40% Indiana coal in a non recovery coke oven to produce pyrolysis gas that can be selectively extracted and used for various purposes including the production of electricity and liquid transportation fuels and possibly fertilizer and hydrogen.
    [Show full text]
  • Conversion of Co2 to Syngas and Synthetic Natural Gas (Sng): Technologies and Markets
    THE CATALYST GROUP RESOURCES™ CONVERSION OF CO2 TO SYNGAS AND SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS (SNG): TECHNOLOGIES AND MARKETS A techno-economic investigation commissioned by the members of the Carbon Dioxide Capture & Conversion (CO2CC) Program Client Private December 2013 Gwynedd Office Park ● P.O. Box 680 ● Spring House, PA 19477 ● Phone: 215-628-4447 ● Fax: 215-628-2267 E-mail: [email protected] ● Web Site: www.catalystgrp.com The Carbon Dioxide Capture & Conversion (CO2CC) Program The CO2CC Program is a membership-directed consortium whose members are involved in the development, monitoring and utilization of the “state-of-the-art” in technological progress and commercial implementation of carbon dioxide capture/clean-up and conversion. By the direction of the member companies (through balloting and other interactive means), the program delivers a range of timely and insightful information and analyses which are accessible exclusively to members and protected by confidentiality agreements. The objective is to document technically and commercially viable options for CO2 capture/clean-up as well as its conversion into useful products which meaningfully address the challenges posed by CO2 life-cycle and overall sustainability issues. Members receive three in-depth CO2CC Techno-economic Reports which are written by leading scientists and experienced industry professionals in areas selected by the membership (via ballot); weekly CO2CC Communiqués (delivered via e-mail) which provide the latest updates on technical breakthroughs, commercial events and exclusive development opportunities; and attendance at the CO2CC Program Annual Meeting. The Carbon Dioxide Capture & Conversion (CO2CC) Program is available on a membership basis from The Catalyst Group Resources (TCGR). For further details, please contact John J.
    [Show full text]
  • Substitutability of Electricity and Renewable Materials for Fossil Fuels in a Post-Carbon Economy
    Article Substitutability of Electricity and Renewable Materials for Fossil Fuels in a Post-Carbon Economy Antonio García-Olivares Received: 7 September 2015; Accepted: 17 November 2015; Published: 25 November 2015 Academic Editor: Robert Lundmark Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Institute of Marine Sciences, Ps. Maritim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona 08003, Spain; [email protected]; Tel.: +34-932309500 Abstract: A feasible way to avoid the risk of energy decline and combat climate change is to build a 100% renewable global energy mix. However, a globally electrified economy cannot grow much above 12 electric terawatts without putting pressure on the limits of finite mineral reserves. Here we analyze whether 12 TW of electricity and 1 TW of biomass (final) power will be able to fuel a future post-carbon economy that can provide similar services to those of a contemporary economy. Contrarily to some pessimistic expectations, this analysis shows that the principle economic processes can be replaced with sustainable alternatives based on electricity, charcoal, biogas and hydrogen. Furthermore, those services that cannot be replaced are not as crucial so as to cause a return to a pre-industrial society. Even so, land transport and aviation are at the limit of what is sustainable, outdoor work should be reorganized, metal primary production should be based on hydrogen reduction when possible, mineral production should be increasingly based on recycling, the petrochemical industry should shrink to a size of 40%–43% of the 2012 petrochemical sector, i.e., a size similar to that the sector had in 1985–1986, and agriculture may require organic farming methods to be sustainable.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantifying the Potential of Renewable Natural Gas to Support a Reformed Energy Landscape: Estimates for New York State
    energies Review Quantifying the Potential of Renewable Natural Gas to Support a Reformed Energy Landscape: Estimates for New York State Stephanie Taboada 1,2, Lori Clark 2,3, Jake Lindberg 1,2, David J. Tonjes 2,3,4 and Devinder Mahajan 1,2,* 1 Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; [email protected] (S.T.); [email protected] (J.L.) 2 Institute of Gas Innovation and Technology, Advanced Energy Research and Technology, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; [email protected] (L.C.); [email protected] (D.J.T.) 3 Department of Technology and Society, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA 4 Waste Data and Analysis Center, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Public attention to climate change challenges our locked-in fossil fuel-dependent energy sector. Natural gas is replacing other fossil fuels in our energy mix. One way to reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) impact of fossil natural gas is to replace it with renewable natural gas (RNG). The benefits of utilizing RNG are that it has no climate change impact when combusted and utilized in the same applications as fossil natural gas. RNG can be injected into the gas grid, used as a transportation fuel, or used for heating and electricity generation. Less common applications include utilizing RNG to produce chemicals, such as methanol, dimethyl ether, and ammonia. The GHG impact should be quantified before committing to RNG. This study quantifies the potential production of biogas (i.e., Citation: Taboada, S.; Clark, L.; the precursor to RNG) and RNG from agricultural and waste sources in New York State (NYS).
    [Show full text]