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www.socantscot.org Charity No SC 010440 TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE OF SCOTLAND. 49

II.

TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE REGALIA OF SCOTLAND. By ALEXANDER J. S. BROOK, F.S.A. SOOT (PLATES 1II-V.)

In the inventories of the Koyal Wardrobe and Jewel-house between the years 15391 and 1579 the , the , and the of State are included, but they are described in terms so general as to be almost valueless purpose excepth r whicr fo t efo h they were prepared. descriptioe Th n 1621i , whe r PatricnSi k Murra Elibanf yo k delivered

1 Inventur clethine th f eo g abilyamentis uthid an r graitriche th f th o excellen d an t mychti prince king James the fyft king of Scotland maid the xxv day of the monet f March ho MDXXXId e yeirGo th e f .o X than s hienebeinhi n gi s ward- robbis. JOWELLIS. ITEM ane crowne of gold sett with perle and precious stanis. Item in primis of diamentis tuenty. Item of fyue orient perle thre scoir and ancht wantand ane floure delice of gold. Ite septoue man r wit grete han . heie it perl e berealth f do an n ei d an l Ite swerdia mtw honouf so r with twa belti aule sth d belt wantand foure stuthis. Item the hatt that come fra the paip of gray velvett with the haly gaist sett all with orient perle. Item the ordoure of the Empriour with the goldin fleis. Ite ordoure mth Inglanf eo d with sanct George wit habie goue han th crammestf no y velvett with ane kirtill of purpour velvett with ane hude of crammesy velvett. Ite e ordourmth f France cokilo th sancd f an o el t Michael wite e habian an h f o t clait f silviho r bordourit with the cokkil f golo l d witsamyne hude th h th f eo e sort. Ite paie tabillimf an o r silvif so r ourgilt with gold indentit with jascristallynd e with tabl jasef cristallyne d o chesd pn an nan sme . —Thomson's Inventories, . 48-9pp . Inventai e jowellith f o r s plenissingis artaillieri d munitiouan e n being withie th n castel Edinburgf o l h pertenin soveraur ou o gt hienes ehi lord sd an derres t moder xxix day of Marche M.D.LXXYIII. The sceptor contening thre peces with a stane of cristall. swore Th estatef do . crowne Th e complei furnissed an t d with stany perid an s l withou appearancy on t f eo inlaik or diminisching.—Thomson's Inventories, p. 262 Ther alss ei oa simila r lase entrth t o undeyt e datth r e 19th March 1579 (ibid.,. p 288). VOL. xxiv. r> 50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 9, 1889.

Honoure u pEare th f th Mar,o l o e t snewl 1th y appointed d alsan ,o that draw p when u e Kegalith n a were depositen di the Castle of Edinburgh after the Union in 1707, are the most complete d accountol n e existencei th s w f o whicno d the y e e an ,o yan ar har f specially valuabl thin ei s respect that they not e exacth e t conditiof no each e Regaliarticlth f o t ethesa e dates, mentionin n detaii g e th l portions thaamissine ar t thad otherwise gan ar t e defective. Neverthe- les fror s fa them e yar accurate , eve n merni e t descriptionAc e th d an ; of Depositation is rather misleading in some of the inferences which are added botn I .h these accounts muc lefs hi t unsaid tha interestins i t g to know, and which can be readily ascertained upon examination.

Instrument upon lodging Regalia Castlethe the in of Edinburgh, mth March 1707. AT THE CASTL Edinburghf Eo d withi,an e Crownth n roume there "betwixt afternooo tw twent e d th f an n o houre y e Marcf sixtth o on f y so hhda in the one thousand sevin hundreth and seventh year of our Lord sixtd an hMajesty-Annr reige yeahe th f f no ro d grace Go th f y eo eb Quee f Scotlanno d Franc d Irelanan e d Defendee th f o r Faith. . THE WHICH DAY in presence of us notarys publick and witnesses under sub- scribing COSIPEA.B.ED personally Willia e mundeth Wilsof o r e clerknon f o s

favourin i t Sf Ac o s Patric k Murra Elibankf yo , anen Majesties thi s Honourid san 1 r Silver Plaitt (Papers Relative Regaliae th o t of Scotland, . Ivii)p whicn i , states i t hi d tha Lorde th t f Secreo s t Council "sighte e saididth s honnouris remarkid an , e th t same verie narrowlie, and fand that the Crowne had in the neder circle thairof nyne garnittes, foure jasintis, three counterfeite emeraulds, four amatystis, and twentie- twa pearlis. Abone the neder Circle sax small thine triangle diamontis, ten small triangle challoms, filled with blew amalyne in steade of stones, tua small emptie challoms, haveing no thing in thame bot the blak tent, and tua challoms with tua flatt quhyte stones wit boddue hth m upmost, nixt abon smale eth l challoms nyntene grite and small rag pearle, and within the roise, betuix the flour de Luce, threttie- fyve pearl more lesm m ssu esu , with ten quhyte stouimiddie th n si s e thairofth n I . foure quartari e bonnet e th Crown th f o sf o t e foure pearle set n foure-pecii t f o s garniseen f golo e d e crocenamaledth en i abond e Crownean , th e amatise an , d an t aught perilstha d e sceptou threth n tAn i .s e rwe peecis , haveine perle th gan n ei e cristelan topd l an glob, e benethe e headth , e quhairof lies beeue brokind an , mendit with wyre. And that the sword had the plumbett birsit and brokine, with ane voyde plac everin i e e syde e scabarthairofth d tan , thairof riven, birsitd an , brokine, wanting some peecis out of it." TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE KEGALIA OF SCOTLAND. 51

Session Depute Mariacha himselr fo l procuratos namn a fi behald d ean an r f rfo of WILLIAM EARL MAEISCHAL lord Keit d Altrih an . grea &c e t Marischalf o l the heritable keeper of the Begalia thereof viz. Crown Sceptr Sword d theran e An presencn dei f Davio e d Ear f Glasgoo l w lord Boyle &c. Lord Thesaurer depute Who for himself and in name of the remanent Lords Commissioner Thesaure th f s o presen s ywa receivo t t above eth e regalia. saie dTh William Wilson after producin readind gan ga procurator y granted by the said Noble Earl to him of the contents therein and after-mentioned dated and registred in the books of Council and Session on the twenty fifth Marcf o y hda instant DID also produc e saith d o et Lor d Thesaurer deputeA Schedule signed by him and us notarys publick under subscribing containing an Inventory and particular description of the said BEGALIA as follows THE ov SCOTLAN f puro s eDI gold enriched with many precious stones diamonds pearl curioud an s s enambling s part It specificd s san k forms are these PHIMO Its composed of a large broad circle or fillet which goes round the head adorned with twenty two large precious stones viz. topazes amethysts garnets emeraulds rubbies and hyacinths in collets of gold of various forms and with curious enamblings and betwixt each of these collets and stones interposee ar d great oriental f whicpearlo e s wantinhson i g SECUNDO Above

greae th t circle ther anothes ei r smal formee on l d with twenty points adorned with the like number of .diamonds and saphyrs alternativel1 y and the points are toped wit mans ha y great pearls after whic coronete h th Lordforr e ou m ar f so Barons TERTIO The upper circle is relevat or hightened with ten crosses floree each being adorne e centeth n di r wit a greah t diamond betwixt four great pearlpearle t som th wantine bu f ssar o e1 place d d g an an cros n di 1 sX the number extant upon the upper part of the Crown besides what are in the under circle and in the patee ar fifty one and these crosses floree are interchanged with other ten high flours de lis all alternative with the foresaid great pearls below e e pointseconwhicth th f p o sdhto small circle. NOTA This is said to be the ancient form of the since the league made betwixt Achaius Kin f SCOTgo d Charlean S e greath sf Franco t e th e speeifick form of our Crown differing from other Imperial in that it is hightene r raisedo d with crosses floree alternativelye witTh h s flourli e d s crown of France is hightened only with flours de lis and that of England with crosses patee alternatively with flours de lis Our Crown of Scotland since King Jame e sixtth s h wen Englano t t s beeha dn ignorantly representey db herauld painters engraver othed san r tradesmen crowaftee fore th th rf f m no o England with crosses patee whereas there is not one but that which tops the mond but all crosses floree such as we see on our old coins and these which top our old churches These crowns were not anciently arched or closs Charles the eight of France is said to be the first in France who took a closs crown as appears by his medals coined in the year one thousand four hundred and ninety-five being designed ORIENTIS Edward the fifth in Englan e yeathousane th on r n di d four hundre d eightdan y three carrieda closs Crow observes i s r Crowna ou Selde y d archeb s ni An n d thus QUARTO From the upper circle proceed four arches adorned with enambled figures which meet and close at the top surmounted with a mond of gold or coelestial glob enambled blew sernee or powdered with stars crossed and enambled with a large cross patee adorned in the extremities with a great pearl such a cross . PROCEEDINGS'O 2 5 ;SOCIETYE FTH , DECEMBER 9, 1889.

top Churce sth h -of' Holy rudehous d cantoneean d with other fou thn i r e angles In the center of the cross patee there is a square amethist which points the fore part of the crown and behind or on the other side is a great pearl And below it on the foot of the palar part of the cross are these characters J R 5 by which t appeari s King e firsJameth ts fifte thasth wa h t close crowe dth n with arches and topped it with a mond and cross patee But it is evident primo That the money and medals coined in the reigns of King James the third and fourth have a closs crown and it's no less clear that the arches of the Crown were not t therpu e fro e beginnine makinmth th t a gr e Crow go 'oth f n because primo the tackee yar tacky db e ancien f golth o s o dt t crown Secund workmane oth - ship of the arch is not so good, and there is a small distinction in the fineness betwix lase lattee th th t firse d rth tan tbein g superfin othee e t th Gol d no r dan

so exactly to that standard, whereof tryal has been made QUINTO The tire, or

c bonne f purple Crowo th s yeae f o tth en wa r eightd velven VIJi m an t ybu t f crimsoo p ca na t velvefivgo t i e t adorne s beforda e with four plate f golo s d richly wrought and inambled And on each of them a great pearl half inch in diameter which appear betwee e founth re bonne archeth d s turnei tan s p du with ermine Upo e lowesnth t e crowcirclth f no e immediately above th e ermine there are eight small holes disposed two and two together on the four quarters of the crown in the middle space betwixt the arches to which they have laced or tyed Diamonds or precious stones The crown is nine inches broad in diameter being twenty-sevin inches about and in hight from the under crose th f so pate p hal n inchet x to alwaya I esi fcircle d th san o set standa n so square cushio crimsof no n velvot adorned with fringe foud san r tassel f golso d threid hanging down at each corner THE SCEPTER The stalk or stem of the scepter being silver double overgilt is two foot in length of hexagon form with three buttons or knops answering thereto Betwixt the first button and the secon handle th s dhexagoi f eo n form furlin middle th plaid n gi e an n Betwixt secone th d button ane thirdth d ther three ear e sides engraven that undee rth Virgin Mary one of the statues that are on the top of the stalk is the letter J Upon the second side under Saint James the letter E and on the third under Saint' Andre side e figurweTh th ingrave s betwixi e5 R & J nt with fourteen flours de lis and on the side betwixt the figure 5 and the letter J are ten continued from one stem from the third button to the capital the three sides under the statues are plain and on the other three are antique engravings viz. sacramental cups antique Medusa's head rulliod an s n foliages Upoe nth n e antiqustala th s tof i ko p e capita f leaveo l s embossed upo e abacuth n s whereof arises round the prolonged stem surrounded with three statues First that of the blessed Virgin crowned with an open crown holding in her right arm OUR BLESSE Dr lef SAVIOUhe t hann i d dmona R an d ensigned wit hcrosa s r righr oNexhe nhi t o t than d stand e Statusth f Saineo t Andren a wn i apostolical garment and on his head a bonnet like a Scots bonnet holding in his right han da cros r Saltireo s a par, s left hi twhereo n i d s broki fan f eof elevat a book open On the blessed Virgin's left hand Saint Andrew's right hand stands another statue seeming to represent Saint James wit e likhth e apostolical garmen a hangin d an t g neck superadded thereto upod s An hi n. head a little hat like to the Roman pilium In his right hand half elevat a book open and in his left a pastoral staff the head is broke off And above each statue bein incheo hala gtw d f san exceptin Virgie gth n whic littlea s hi : TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE BEGALIA OF SCOTLAND. 53

less the finishing of a Qothiek nitche Betwixt each statue arises a rullion in form dolphina f eo e very distinc n lengti t h four inches foliage alon bode gth y their heads upwar d effrontedan d turnine inwarth d f theidgan o r tails ending in a rose or cinquefoil outward Above these rullions and statues stands another hexagon button or knot with oak leaves under every corner and above it_a crystall globe of two inches and a quarter diameter within three barrs jointed above where it is surmounted with six rullions and here again with an oval glob toped wit n orientaha l pear n halta l ' inch diamete e wholTh re scepter in length is thirty four inches THE SWORD The sword is in length five foot The handle and pommel are of silver overgilt in length fifteen inche e pommeTh s s rouni l e d somewhath dan sideo n O tw s e tth flan o t middle of each there is of embossed work a garland and in the center there have beeinambleo ntw d plates whictraverse e brokTh har f r croseo eof f o s the sword being of silver overgilt is in length seventene inches and an half its for Dolphinlikms o i etw e headth s s joinin d theigan r tailintd soen accorns. The shell is hinging down towards the point of the sword formed like an escalop flourishe rather do r swor e blade likth th f greaea den o leak O oa ft are indented with gold these letter Scabbare sTh crimsoJULIUf o P s : di I SI n velvet covered with silver gilde wroughd dan philagran ti m work into branches of the oak tree leaves and accorns On the scabbard are placed four round plate silvef so r overgil thef o mo crampie tw neatth o enamblert e ar t d blud ean thereon in golden characters Julius II. Pon : Max : N. At the mouth of the scabbard opposit hece larga th s ki o et square plat silvef eo r enambled purple a cartouc n i trek h oa eazu eradicaten a r fluctuated dan abovd an e r th eo d cartouch the papal ensigne viz. Two keys in adossee their bowets formed like roses or cinquefoils tyed with trappings and tessells hanging down at each side of the cartouche Above the keys is the papal tiar environed with three crowns witlabello tw h s turne adornep du d with crosses. Julius secone gifteth o dwh d this swor Kino dt g armorias Jamehi r fourte fo s th d l hha trefigurek eoa fructuaten sa d whicreasoe th swore s hi n th adornes di d with such figurestaa hild rA san l Whic swore hparth y figuref dan o t n o I sfint dno If they (have) been on the two enambled plates which are lost off from the pommell I know not But its certain this pope had such figures as appears by those verses made by Voltoline a famous Italians poet as the same are mentioned by Hermanns a German writer who gives us these lines found in the monastery Quercus mons Stella formant tua stemmata princeps, hisque tribus trinum stat diadema tuum, Tuta navis petri medijs non flectitur undis, mons tegit a ventis stellaque monstrat iter AND thereafter UPON DELIVERY of the above Regalia to the said Lord Thesaurer depute and upon lodging thereof wit foresaie hth d descriptio orderlsamn e a th n f ei no y manner in a chist within the said crown rooine the said William Wilson as procurator namn i behald saie d foeth an d an rf Earo f l Marischals terme hi th f n so i d an l said procuratory PROTESTED tha deliverine regalie th t th f o a p foresaigu d shall t invalidano prejudiciae b r saio e t th d o Eart l l Marischal heritabls hi l e right of keeping thereof both in tyme of Parliament and intervals either in the said Earl his castle of Dunnotter as hitherto his ancestors have done or any where else within e Kingdoth , f Scotlanmo d thas Lordshi s Successorhi t hi d pan s shall think secure and convenient As also in the terms of the act ratifying e Unioth n betwixt this Kingdo f Scotlanmo e Kingdo th d dan f Englan mo d 54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 9, 1889.

whereby it is stipulated and agreed by both parliaments that the Crown Scepter and shall be continued to be kept as they are at present within this Kingdom of Scotland and that they shall so remain in all time coming notwithstandin e unioth f o gn PROTESTED That they shall remain •within the said crown roume of the castle of Edinburgh And in case the government shall fintransportatioe dth n thereof from Edinburgh y castlan o et other secure place within this Kingdom at any time hereafter necessary PROTESTED also That the same may not be done untill intimation be made to the said Earl Marischall and his successors to the effect his Lordship or they may attend and see them safely transported and securely lodged And made lawfudud ean l intimatio premissee th . nof coloneo t s l James Stewart deputy Governor of the said castle then present that he might not pretend ignorance AND ALSO as procurator foresaid and likeways for himself as continued keeper

of .the said Begalia by deputation from the said and the

c deceast George Earl Marischa 'fathes hi l r sinc thire eth f Augusdo t d VIIm an eighty-one in the reigns of King Charles the Second King James the seventh King "William and Queen Mary and of her present Majesty Queen Anne DECLARED thae samth t e werdeliverew e no esai th d o t dDavi d Earf o l Glasgow Lord Thesaurer depute for himself and in name foresaid, in the same state casconditiod an e e theH nn receive e sam offered dth an e givo s t d hi e oath That he the said William Wilson nor none to his knowledge has ever directl r indirectlyo y embazelle r takeo d n away fro saie mth d Begalif o y an a the jewels pearls or others appertaining thereto And therefore seeing he had with exact carcontinuedd an e fidelit d honestyan y discharge saie th dd trust reposed in him DID PROTEST to be liberated and exonered for his administration saie th d officn i e durin saie gth d haill bygone spac t prejudicebu e saith do t e Earl Mariseha f keepino l l same timal gth n eei comin formerls ga himsely yb f ane saidth d William Wilso s deputothey hi an s nr a e o who s Lordshimhi p shal ld sundrappoin an UPO D l e premisseal yth NAN t e saith sd William Wilso procuratos namn a i behalsaid d e d enth an an d an f r Williao f rfo m Earl Marischall asked and took instruments ane or mae in the hands of iis notarys publick under subscribing. Thir things were done place and time above mentioned BEFORE and in presence of Mr David Leslie son to the Earl of Leven Governou castle th Edinburgf f eo ro r JamehSi s Mackenzie Knighd tan Baronet Clerk of the Thesaury George Allardice of that ilk Captain John Cockburn son to the deceast Mr John Cockburn advocate Francis Dunlop of that ilk William Morrison of Prestongrange James Malcolm of Grange and Captain Patrick Auchmoutie two of the Earl Marishal's battoneers John Barcla f Cullairniyo e Patrick Durha f mOmachio r GeorgeM e Erskio t n nso r JohSi n Erski f Balgounino e deceast William Murray e signewriteth o t rt Thomas Gibsou writer in Edinburgh son to the deceast Sir Alexander Gibson of e clerkPaintlanth f f Sessioo o s e on dn Mungo Smith John Beid Walter Murra Boberd yan t Bull merchant n Edinburgsi Johr hM n Corsar Alexander Keith George Forbes Alexander Farquharson and Alexander Johnston writers ther David ean Johg d GrahamnHo e macer privf so y council Charles Maitland John Adam Andrew Graha mJordanstouof Patricand n k Gran Bonharof t d four macer sessiof so n John Letha r Majesty'mhe s smith David Graham eldest e saith d o t lawfuDavi n so dl Grahame Mace f privo r y Council William Bobertson son to William Bobertson one of the under clerks of session Bobert TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE EEGALIA OF SCOTLAND. 55

Douglas eldest lawful son of captain Robert Douglas of Millrig merchant in Edinburgh. With diverse others witnesses specially called and required to the premisses. ET ego vero Alexander Baillie clericus Edinburgensis diocesis notarius publicu usuae sth &cn l [i form]. . vero EToeg Joannes Corse clericus Edinburgensis diocesis notarius publicus

&c. ET ego vero Gulielmus Brown clericus S u Andree diocesis notarius publicus &c. vero ETeg o Georgius Cockburne clericus Edinburgeusis diocesis notarius publicu. s&c vero ETeg o Alexr Alisone clericus Dunkeldensis diocesis notarius publicus &c. ET ego vero Robertas Bannatyne clericus Edinburgensis diocesis notarius publicus &c. ET ego vero Vilielmus Robertson clericus Aberdonensis diocesis notarius publicus &c. James Malcolm witness George Erskine witness "Robert Douglas witness Walter Murray witness . AuchmouP t witness Tho. Gibson witness . CorsaJ r witness Alex. Keith witness An. Grseme witness Pat. Durham witness A Cockburne witness Pat. Grant witness John Reid witness John Barclay witness P. Dunlop of that Ilk witness J. Adam witness Al. Farquharson witness Johwitnesg nHo s Jo. Cockburn witness Mungo Smith witness William Murray witness John Letham witness

The committee who in 1818 rescued the Regalia from the oblivion that had enshrouded them for more than a century prepared a minute inventory, whic s mentionedi h , althoug t publishedno h e Papersth n i , 'Relative to the Regalia of Scotland, Bannatyne Club, MDCCCXXIX (p. 12). This does not appear to have differed much from the older descriptions, for Sir , in dealing with the subject, follows very much on the lines of the account in the Act of Depositation in 1707. The illustrations, moreover, which accompanied the report of the committee were prepared in considerable haste1—they appear to have e Crow 1s drawTh n wa "W. y Lizarsnb H . e Sceptrth ; Andrey b e w Geddese th ; Swor "Wy db . Allan d it s an e ,. LorMace LizarsScabbarth H th f . dd eo W an ; y db High Treasurer by the Rev. John Thomson. 56 • ' PROCEEDINGS ' OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 9, 1889. differeny b y beeda nte donartistson unden d ei an , r conditions thad di t t tenno d towards accuracy. • There was thus'undoubtedly room for an accurate and detailed account of thes er nationa relicou f o s l independence, interestine t onlth gno o yt archaeologist, but to every Scotsman, accompanied by illustrations prepared with that care which the importance of the subject warranted. wits hwa considerablt I e satisfaction therefore tha tI learne d thae th t Council of our Society had authorised the undertaking of this enquiry, and that the Marquis of Lothian, the Secretary for Scotland, had granted the necessary facilities for access,1 and had permitted the Eegalia to be removed from thei re Crow casth n ei n Roo r examinationmfo . The Eegalia, which have so fondly been called by our historians " the ," consist of three articles,—the Crown, the Sceptre, and the Sword of State. Thei muco s r t valuhno intrinsics ei , although tha s considerablei t s a , antiquarian. The precise antiquity of the sceptre and the sword can be easily ascertained, and it can be determined also with regard to the greate e rcrown parth f o t . In dealing with the subject I purpose, firstly, to describe the different articles thed an o ,discusn t s such question n examinatioa s a s n coupled wit recorde hth accountd an s s suggests, 'and whic e germanar e h th o t e enquiry. THE CROWN. 9 e crowTh n consist a circl f o se (fig. r 1fille o )f gold o t j 1 6, inch broad and 7^ inches in diameter. On the lower exterior edge there is

mounted a moulding of drawn flat wire J>g inch in breadth, which increases the diameter at the exterior of the moulding to 7| inches. On the upper edge there is mounted a similar moulding | inch broad. On the band between these mouldings are disposed at equal distances 22 large stones, consisting of 9 carbuncles, 4 jacinths, 4 amethysts, 2 white

1 During a period of eight days I had the privilege of handling the Regalia, and every facility was given, so that the examination might be as minute and exhaustive as •was possible, and I have to acknowledge the courtesy of Mr William G. Shiells and Mr P. P. Sealy, the officials of Exchequer in charge during that period, and also of the Warden of the Kegalia, Mr Robert Brownlee, TECHNICAL DESCRIPTIO E REGALITH F F SCOTLANDO NAO 7 5 .

topazes2 roc d k an crystal s foile o represent d t emeralds, 'an 1 whitd e topaz with yellow foil behind. These stonesd havan l bee t al e cu n

Fig. 1. The Crown without the Bonnet (scale, one-half). polished by a lapidary, some of them en cabochon, others table cut and rose cut, and others in styles so irregular that they cannot be described 58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 9, 1889. y speciaan y lb e termtraditioTh . n which describes the s mbeina g " unculapidara y b t y "s altogethei r erroneous goln i .d t se The e yar collets, closed behind, rubbed over on the setting edge, and with orna- ments in imitation of claws overlaid (fig. 2). The settings project from stone e table surface th fillee th th f th eo o st f t eo on an average about hal inchn a f . Behind each of them is an ornamental gold plate, made separatel detachabled yan , which displays above belod an e stonewth s semicircular band f goldso , Fig . e 2 enamelleSettin. th f o g d blac whited an k , apparentl imitan yi - Stones on the Fillet of . , . ,., -, , , the Crown (actual size), tio f ermineao whicd an , connectee har t eaca dn h settine sidth chasef a eo y gb d floriated ornament. Between each of these settings there are interposed pearls—13 Orienta Scottish—mounte7 d an l settina n di g formed f triangula,o r o r knife-edged wire—the edge pointing inwards—semicircular in form, bearin t eaca g h extremit vjoinya t wire through which n (fig ) passepi whic3 . e th sh . fixe e th s pearl. Originally there have been 22 pearls, but two of them, both pearl and setting, are amissing. -.„„,,. ,, , On the lower mouldings of the fillet are four . Fig . e 3 Settin. th f o g & Pearls on the Fillet and pairs ot holes, placed equally at the four (actual size] ^ Cr°Wn 1uarters> about half an illch aParfc> apparently fillete intendeth o .t p lacinr ca dfo e gth fillee r banTh o t heightenes di d wit crossen hte s fleury alternating with ten fleurs de lis, having between each fleur de lis and cross fleury a ray, on the point of each of which has originally been impaled an Oriental pearl. On one of the points the pin which fixed the pearl is still stand- ing, but the pearl is amissing (No. 66, Plate III.); and from another of the e originamth l Oriental pearl appear havo st e been smala lost r fo ,l Scottish pear evidentls ha l y been added afterwards (No , Plat.81 e III.). e crosseth l sAl fleur ytime havon e t beeea n enriched with four pearls e crossth f ono , t eaceanda m har a whit. e topa f rectangulao z r form, table e centrecutth e crossen i , th . e lattef o th Fros e rm on seem o st have- been lost, for a pearl -appears in the centre (Cross I., Plate III.), fivd f theo an e m r mor o hav e e eon pearl s amissing.' TECHNICAL DESCRIPTIO E REGALITH F F SCOTLANDNO AO 9 5 .

The fleurs de lis are entirely of gold, and are unadorned with any gems. triangulae th n I r spaces e elevatioforme th crossee y th b d f no s fleury raysn o s , e fleurli therth e d d se an have originally been fixed twenty settings (of which one is amissing, "No. 53, Plate III.), of various forms —circular, square, triangular and lozenge-shaped. These settings, which e placear d directly below each cross fleur eacd an yh fleu lise d r, have been filled alternately with diamonds and blue enamel; but two of the , emptPlatw setting60 settinno e e d y e on III.)(Nosan ar s d g 6 4 an ,. filled with ename s disappeareha l d (No. 53, Plate III.). There ar e now only eight diamonds, six of them triangular in form and table cut, with ground bevelled edges, one of them circular, and cut in a style slightly resembling a rose diamond, and another lozenge- shaped (the two latter are set with the flat X side up) d nin,an e settings filled with blue enamel. From the fleurs de lis and crosses fleury pro- ceed four radial arches, forme f flao d t gold wire y^r inch wide, wit a hmouldin n eaco g h edge, ornamented wit d enamellehre gold k an doa d , ... , , ,.„ . .... Figs. 4 an . Enamelled5 d leaves, wit pointe hth s e curle th k Leaved 5) (figsp Oa n d—an u o 4 s . apparentl f Frenco y h workmanship—fixed with e CrowArcheth f no s , (actual size), splia t plate sprea t behinddou . Originally there have been three leaves on each arch, but on the front and back arches the one nearest the mound is amissing. The frond bacan tk arches joiuppee th n r circle behin e crossesth d , and are fixed to it by the bearers attached to the pearl white th d e topaze centrcrossean e th th f n froni e,o n si t and behind. The fastenings of the pearls immediately above and below the centre settings have also passed through the Flg; 6> Bridge °n 0 . r ° -the Hears de arches e sidTh e . arche attachr s fo jois e uppe-Li th n r e circlth t a e fleurs de lis, and are fixed thus ;—a bridge or arch of ing the Arenes' wire (fig. 6) has been soldered to the inside of the two fleurs de lis : 60 , PROCEEDINGS''*}]? THE: SOCIETY, DECEMBER 9,'1889.:.. '

these bridges pass through corresponding holes in the two arches, and ar e insertio fixeth y b d f flano t split gold plates like latchet pins, which prevent them separating. The arches are not soldered in any. way to the body of the crown. ... At the point where the four arches meet, there is placed an ornament of four chased gold leaves—the centre of the leaf and the line of the arch corresponding—wit hberra y enamelled green between each. Upon this there rest moundsa celestialr o 1 globe f goldo , 1^- inc diametern hi , enamelled bliie semee powderedr o with stars crossed.d e bandan Th - sen closin e uppeth g r e portioglobth f eo n consis a horizontal f o t d an , four radial bands,2 and at the points where the latter join the former there are soldered four rings from which at one time jewels have prob- ably been suspended; but they are now empty. A large cross patted,

13^ inch high—not including a pearl on the top-—and -fg inch thick surmounts the mound (figs. 7 and 8). It also is made separately, and is attache e crow left-handeth a o y dt nb d screw, which passes int otuba e soldere e archese insidth th o f dt whicn eo i , s coilehe i th t da wirfi o et threascrewe thin th O f sdo . tub .leae eth f ornamen e mounth d e dar an t impaled thed e madan ,y ar e fixturee screwin th e cross.inty th b sf o g o position e cross bode th . Th ,yof .bot h bacfrontd k an decorates i , d with black enamel—the ornament bein gcentre frone lefth th gold n f i tn te I o . n amethysa s i (fig ) f rectangula7 .o t r fortabld man a gole n i cutd t se , collet projecting ^ inch from the surface of the cross, overlaid with a claw ornament exactly simila twenty-tw e thoso t th r . eof o stonee th n so fillet. The setting .of this amethyst differs entirely in character and workmanship fro mmoune thath crossd f o tdan , whic Frenchs hi t i d an , unquestionabls i n addition—probablya o supplt y e placa losyth f to e pearl—by the hands of the same goldsmith who made the settings on sido tw e uppefillete extremitied th Th an r. e cros adorneth e ar sf so d with pearls s cantonei t i othee : th t rda four angles with pearlsn i d an ,

e sigmoune sovereigth f n•o Th s l dwa n authorit majestyd yan . 2 The motmd is usually crossed with one band, upon the top of which rests the cross, but in the Crown of Scotland it is crossed with two complete or four radial bands. These bands were jewelled in the Crown-of England, but they are plain in this" crown, ..•....,...... ' !...... TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE KEGALIA OF SCOTLAND. 61

the centre of the back of the cross—immediately as it wore behind the amethyst—ther alss ei opearl.a l thes Al vere ear y fine Oriental pearls, and then artistia e fixe yar n i d c manne beiny b r g covered where th e riveting pins are usually visible with small gold rosettes. Two of these rosette amissinge sar .

Moune Th CrosFigd . d7 an . s Pattee, Moune Th Crosd Fig . dan 8 . s Pattee, front view (actual size). back view (actual size).

- In the palar foot of the cross there is enamelled in black within a small rectangular panel, I R 5 (fig. 8). The crow t presena n 5 tdwt . weighoz . troy6 n 5 1540sI . , when it was remade, its weight is recorded as 3 Ibs. 10 oz. Scots, which is equivalen n Englisi t h7 dwt 1 slightroe . yTh .oz t weigh6 dis5 -o t t crepanc n easile setting yca th e los e accounte yb f th s o y sb whicr fo d h 2 6 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , DECEMBER 9, 1889.

are amissing t canI . , therefore, have undergon alteratioo en n eithen a n ri increase or a diminution of its weight since that date.1

A description, wit weighte differene hth th f so t articles Englise th f o , h Regalia, J which were converted into coin during the Commonwealth in 1649, may not be un- interesting when compared with the Scottish Regalia :— e ImperiaTh l Crown, weighing 71 ounces6 . , enriched wit Saphir9 h1 whicf o 3 s( h were exceeding large) Pearls2 23 , Rubies8 5 , Diamonds8 2 , Emeralds2 d an , . The Queen's Crown, weighing 31ounce10 . halfs1 , enriched wit Saphirsh20 22 , Rubies, and 83 Pearls." An ancient Crown, weighing 21.1 ouace, enriched with one fair Diamond (valued Trusteese byth rateo wh ,d such thing r beneatsfa h their worth t 2001.),a , othe3 1 r Diamonds, 10 Rubies, 1 Emerald, 1 Saphir (valued by them at 601), and 70 Pearls: which Stones and Pearls weighed 3 jounces. ; • ' The Globe or Orb, weighing 11. 5 ounces 1 quarter. . Two Bracelets (adorned with 3 Rubies Ballas, and 12 Pearls weighing an ounce7 ounce) l al sn i ,1 quarter. Two Scepters, weighing 18 ounces 1 quarter. A long Rod, silver gilt, weighing 11.5 ounces. One Gold Porringer and Cover, weighing 15 ounces 1 half. One Chalice, adorned with 2 Saphirs and 2 Ballas Rubies, weighing 15 ounces 1 half. Tn'o Patenas, enamelled, weighin ounce5 g2 halfs1 . Two Spoons, with flat heads, weighin ounceg5 quarters1 . One Taster, enamelled wit Phenixha , weighin ounceg5 halfs1 . Two Offerin Goldf o y g, Se weighin Piecea d san ounce0 g1 quarters1 . Queen Edith's Crown (formerly thought to be of massy Gold, but upon tryal found Silver gilt) enricht with Garnets, Pearls, Saphirs, and other.stones, weighing 50 o'unces. King Elfrid's Crown f Golo , d Wirework t witse , hlittleo Stonestw d Bellan , s weighing 79 ounces 1 half. A Patena, enamelled, set with Stones, weighing 23 ounces 1 half. The Ampulla, set with Stones and Pearls, weighing 8 ounces 1 half. A large Staff, wit e tophDove a uppeth th ,n eo r part Gold lowee th , r part Silver gilt, weighin ounces7 g2 . A small Staff tope ,th , witn beino hFlowea s gLi Iroe d r n withi d Silvenan r gilt without. Two Scepters t witse e h on Pearl, d Stonessan e uppe th ,d Gold en r , weighin3 g2 ounces e lowe Silveth d , en r r othee giltTh r. Sceptre Silver gilt, havin gDovea , weighin ounceg7 quarterss3 . Th eTassele Golth Liver-coloure a f do f so d Robe (adorned with Pearl), weighing 4 ounces, Nece alsGole th oth f k do Butto coate th f ,n o weighin ounceg1 . A pai f Silveo r r gilt Spurs t wit se ,2 stone h1 s (having strap f Crimsoso n Silk), weighing 6 ounces 3 quarters. (Inventory Book of the late King's Goods, fo. 36a, quoted in Ashmole's , pp. 220, 221). TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE REGALIA OF SCOTLAND. 63

bonne e e crow f crimsoth Th o f s o ni t n silk velvet. Originalls wa t yi of purple velvet, hut the colour was altered in 1685,1 to crimson. The presen e crow th anciene t th n whicbonnei e t whes on no t ht s wa ni i t was found in 1818. It has been renewed several times since that date. e bonneTh s adornei t e fou th n eac ro df o hquarter s wit a hlarg e Oriental pearl about haln inca f n diameterhi t se , on an oblong pierced gold ornament (fig. 9), delicately enamelle n redi d , blue, green d whitean , . These ornaments are of similar manufacture to the mound d crosan s pattde d woulan , d appea o havt r e been made at the same time and by the same hands as the latter. Sewn to the bonnet, and projecting below the moulding of the fillet, there is a band of ermine. crowe Th n restcrimsoa n so n silk velvet cushion . Ornamen9 . Kg n o t of recent manufacture, 19 inches square, with gold e Quarterth e th f o s Bonnet (actual size). lace fring tasseld e cornersan th e t sa . Ther s alsei o an inner band of gold lace on the cushion, and at each corner there is embroidered in gold a blow with leaves. The diagram (Plate III.) shows in full size the specific parts of the lower portio e crownth f no . Particular cars beeeha n take reproduco nt e e exactth d sizfor f an eacemo he cuttin th stone d f theigo an , r upper portions (i.e., abovl case al e girdle) th en si outlineds i , e facetTh .s belo e stonegirdle wth th t botf ecu o s h abov belod an e w e coulb t dno shown on the same diagram, but they are described. The exact size and form of the pearls, and also all the features of the different settings, have been carefully drawn. r conveniencFo f referenceo e e crosse th e stone th d , an ss fleury have been numbered, and the numbers in the descriptions here given cor- respond with e diagram thosth n eo . E STONECIRCLTH FILLETR N O ESO . 1. CARBUNCLE,2 cut en cabochon, irregularly notched on the surface. 1 This is recorded in the Act of Depositation in 1707, under head V. (see ante, p. 52). 2 A garnet, when cut en caboclion or tallow-topped, is now known as a carbuncle. This stone is found distributed mor r les eo l ove worlde s al writer d th e r Ol th .f so .64 . PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 9, 1889. . '

2. JACINTH,1 rectangula 'formn i r t witcu , h tabl d fouean r side facetsd an , pyramid-shaped below. . . • .

. C&.RBCNCLE3 cabodion,n e t cu , irregular oval. . ROCK4 CRYSTAL, t witcu ha 2 tabl e (slightly domed) d fouan , r side facets, with trace greef so n foil, much spotted behind. 5. AMETHYST,3 cut somewhat resembling a rose diamond. 6. CARBUNCLE, irregular in form, cut en cdbochon. 7. WHITE TOPAZ,* irregular polished surface e remainTh pala . f so e green ascribe e greasuperstitiouTh t . valuit d magicao t e an s l properties attributed to it were similar to those ascribed to the ruby. It was an amulet against poison, plague, sadness, evil thoughts, wicked spirits, &c. Garnets are mentioned in the description of Queen Edith's Crown in the Eegalia of England. This stone was of considerable value in mediaeval and even in more modern times, but the fashion for it, at least in this country, has now passed away, and an abundant supply has reduced its value. jacinthThe ov hyacinth was well know ancients the foun is nto It d. 'principally 1 in Ceylon. -Some mineralogists maintain that it is only a species of garnet, while lapidaries regard it as a distinct stone. The magical properties attributed to it in the Middle Ages were that it procured sleep, riches, honour, and wisdom, and that t drovi e awa plague y th evi d elan spirits. 2 See footnote on pp. 82 and 103. e stonth t e Thino knowe Orienta s th i s s a n l amethyst, whic a rub r s i o hy sapphir3 deea f eo p violet colour: but onl e commoyth n amethyst, whic varieta s hi f yo vitreous quartz found in India, Ceylon, the Brazils, Persia, Siberia, Hungary, Saxony, Spain alsd Scotlandn an o, i e Inventorieth n I . Queef so n Mary's Jewels (Inuentaires de la Eoyne Descosse, p. 200) "uue amatiste orieutalle" is mentioned, but whether it was a genuine Oriental amethyst, or only an Indian amethyst, as distinguished from a Scottish one, cannot now be determined. The name amethyst is from the Greek &/j.et)v

TECHNICAL DESCRIPTIO EEGALIE TH F F SCOTLANDNO AO 5 6 .

foivisible ar loriginall y ema behind t i yd havan , e been intende represeno dt t an emerald.1 . JACINTH8 , rectangula formn ri t witcu , htabl a d fouan er side facetd an s pyramid-shaped below. 9. CARBUNCLE, cut en cabochon, irregularly notched on the surface. . JACINTH10 , rectangula formn ri t witcu , htabla d fouean r side facetsd an , of pyramid form behind. 11. CARBUNCLE, cucabocJion,n e t irregularly notche surfacee th n do . 12. WHITE TOPAZ, irregularly notched on the surface, and polished smooth, with trace dara f so k green foil behind. 13. CARBUNCLE, irregular in form, with an unequal polished smooth sur- face. . AMETHYST14 , rectangula n formi r t witcu , ha tabl d fouean r side facets, pyramif o d an d form behind. . CARBUNCLE15 cabocJion,n e t cu , irregularly notche e surfaceth n do . 16. AMETHYST, cushion-shaped, cut with a bevelled edge, and of pyramid form behind. . CARBUNCLE17 , ova cabochon, n n e formi l t cu , irregularly notchee th n do surface. . WHIT18 E TOPAZ, irregularly notche surfacee th polishen d do an , d smooth, with trace yellof so w foil behind. 19. AMETHYST, rectangular, cut with a table and four bevelled edges. . CARBUNCLE20 , ova cabochon. n formn e i l t cu , 21. ROCK CRYSTAL, cut with a table—slightly domed—and four side facets, with green foil behind. 22. JACINTH, rectangular in form, cut with a table—slightly domed—and of pyramid form behind. accounte th Eegalie f r Walteth o Si f e so y aon b r n I Scott, editey db John Sinclair, it is stated that some of the stones are doublets,2 but the most minute examination does not reveal the slightest trace of one.

PEAELS ON THE CIRCLE OH FILLET. Both Oriental3 and Scottis e crowne founth b h n o pearli t d. e ar s with it: it quenched the heat of boiling water; its powers increased and decreased wit increase hth e aud decreas moone th f eo ; an t calmedi d anacreontic temperaments. Counterfeit emerald oftee sar n mentione Eoyae th n dli Inventories chayA " . n 1 of connterfute emarauldis—A belt of counterfute amerauldis—A belt of cristall and counterfut e'marauldis."—(Thomson's Inventories, pp. 263, '266, 290.) e "doublet,Th 2 r "setni-stone,"o s ver"i y difficul deteco t t t whep to ne setTh . is usually a stone and the under part glass, and the joining is hid by the setting. In the Inventory of 29th March 1578, doublets are mentioned:—"A pair of braice- lettis of aggattis and doublettis sett with gold contening everie ane of thame viii aggattis and sevin doublettis" (Thomson's Inventories, p. 263). 3 The earlier inventories of the royal wardrobe and jewel-house of the Scottish VOL. XXIV. B 6 6 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , DECEMBE , 18899 R .

There are 61 of the former and 11 of the latter, and in addition there are sewn on the bonnet four enamelled settings each bearing a large Oriental pearl. All the pearls are more or less damaged by the effects of time, and by the' external agencies to which they have been exposed durin e manth g y vicissitudes through whic e Eegalith h a have passed, and they have in a great measure lost the beautiful reflections which constitute their value. Man f theyo m have assume a yellowisd ;e hhu others have become quite dea n theii d r lustre d considerablan , e diffi- culty has been found in the case of some of them, on account of this deterioration, in determining whether they are Scottish or Oriental. e pearlTh s betwee s followa e fillee e stoneth th ar n ts n o s(se e diagram, Plate III.) :—23, Oriental , Oriental24 ; , Scottish25 ; , 26 ; Oriental; 27, Scottish; 28, Oriental; 29, Scottish;1 30, Oriental;

kings do not distinguish between Oriental and Scottish pearls, but pearls both, set in ornament d loos more an s ar e e frequently mentione n thedi m thaothey nan r gem. Queen Mary's pearl e sai sar o havd t e courbeey e fines an n Europeth n i tf o e t Th . use of pearls for. ornaments is of great antiquity. The Book of Job and the Proverbs of Solomon mention them. They are often spoken of in Indian mythology, and they were held in high estimation by the Babylonians, the Persians; and the Egyptians. The Romans carried the passion for them to an extravagant height, and Pliny estimates their value as next to the diamond. In China they are used as medicine, and even yet a large quantity are absorbed, generally in a dissolved state by the inhabitant Celestiae th f so l Empire peare Th l. fisherie anciente th f o s se werth n i e Persian Gulf, the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea, and the Coromandel Coast. Tavernier (vol. ii. pp. 107, 108,) states that in 1676 Oriental pearls were found principally (1) t Bahrea u Island e Persia th coas e n i th ,f Arabia-Felix no tn Gulfo ) (2 , , e closth o et ) nea l towKatif(3 E a largr d f no an ,e town called Manare coasth f Ceylonf o t of , , Since the beginning o{ the seventeenth century pearls have been discovered in America, and also in more recent years in Australia. 1 Scottish pearls are often mentioned in inventories of jewels in the Middle Ages. About the year 1120, it is recorded in WkartorCs Anglia Sacra, vol. ii. p. 236, that Englisn a h Churchman s manbega Bishoe m t sth Andrewy S hi pearlf t po ge s so a st possible, especially large ones, even if trie Bishop should have to ask them from the King of the Scots, who has more than any man living. jEneas Sylvius, afterwards Pope Pius II., who visited Scotland in 1435, speaks of Scottish pearls as one of the four commodities whic e countrhth y exporte d: "e x Scoti Flandrian ai m corium, lanam pisces salsos, margaritasque ferri" (Pii Secundi Pontificis Commentarii Rerum Memorabilium quse temporibus suis contigerunt, p. 5). Scottish pearls appear among e crowth n jewel f Englan o se year th sn i d 1324, 1338, 1379 160d ,an 5 (Antient Kalendqrs and Inventories of the Treasury of the Exchequer, vol. ii. p. 308; vol. iii. pp. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTIO E REGALITH F NO A OF SCOTLAND7 6 .

31, Oriental; 32, Oriental; 33, Scottish; 34, both pearl and setting amissing; 35, Scottish; 36, Scottish; 37, both pearl and setting amissing , Oriental38 ; , Oriental39 ; , Scottish40 ; , Oriental41 ; , 42 ; Oriental; 43, Oriental; 44, Oriental. 137, 139, 141, 183, 185, 286) n 1498I . fine , w Scottisda h merchan t Middlebnra t g remittin ga smal perlliy b l sun o Scotlandsi m"t " (Ledger of Andrew Halyburton, Conservator Privilegese oth f of Hie Scottish Countries,w Lo Nation e th . n 189p i . In the Inventories of Queen Mary's Jewels, 1561-2 (Inuentaires de la Eoyne Descosse, p. 89) there are mentioned some pearls purchased from an Edinburgh gold- smith, which may have been Scottish. "Treize vingtz qnattre grosses perles achaptee Jeae sd n Guilbert orfevur Edinboured g comprins quattr lorfevure equ e ed Eoyna l erenda u qui estoient dessus vne paire dheure (Ir estIa s do e oste xxvij perles pour enuoye a Parir s pour faire bouton t leE s rest a eest e prins pour faire vn e cottouere qui est de de diamens et de rubiz en chattons)." Scottish topaze pearld san s appear among Queen Mary's jewel t Chartlesa 158n yi 6 (Prince Labanoff, Lettres Mariee d Stuart, torn. vii . 246).p . 162n I notes i 1t i d tha pear bura e tfouns th f Kellie no wa ln d i tributara , e th f yo Ythan, Aberdeenshire, so large and beautiful that it was esteemed the best that had timy an e t a been foun Scotlandn i d r ThomaSi . s Menzies, provos f Aberdeeno t , obtaining this precious jewel, wen Londoo t tn i e king o th preseno t n wh o ,t t i t requital, "gave him twelve or fourteen chalderof victual about Dunfcrmline and the custo f merchanmo t good n Aberdeei s n durin s life.ghi " (Domestic Annalsf o Scotland, bees ha . vol517)n p t reporteI . .i . d that this pear insertes apee lwa th xn di crowe oth f Scotlandf no . This suppositio quits ni e erroneous therScottiss o a ,n s ei h pearl on the apex of the crown, and indeed none that is remarkable for its excellence. Apparentl same yth e pear alss li o referrea Survey n i o dt of Alierdeenshire Georgy b e Skene Keith, D.D., minister of Keithhall and Kinkell,1811:—"One of the Jewels e ancienoth f t Crow f Scotlando n a valuabl, e pear sais o havt dwa l e been found by a Fisher of the name of Jamieson, and was called by his name : and about 60 years ago one Mr Tower, a merchant in Aberdeen, got at one time an hundred pounds fo quantita r pearlsf yo , which were take mussele n th ou f o t s that were foun thn di e Ythan." n 1621I , King Charle . I appointes r RoberSi d t Gordo f Gordoustouno n s hi , Majesty's commissione preservinr fo r peare gth l fisherie e earldoth n si Sutherlandf mo . The commission sets forth that "the Kingis Maiestie lies als vndoubtit right to all pearlis breiding in watteris as to the mettalis and pretions stones found in the land withi dominionis nM thatsd :"an , therefore s MajestHi , y wishe provido t s e "that tymn i e comein pearleo gn watterisoghe y sb tanr on o t n ef i this o s Kingdomt a t ebo suche tymes and seasonis of the yeir quhen thay ar at thair cheif perfection bothe of cullour and quantitie quhilk wilbe in the monethis of July and August yeirlie" (Kegistrum Secreti Concilii: Acta 1621-1625, fol. 36, 7 Aug. 1621, MS., Register House). The. commissioner, writin afteo s appointment tw yeaga hi r r o r , says that "ie laike nth d river an sf Southerlando s cheiflid an , n Shini e , ther e excellenar . t . PROCEEDING 8 ,6 S OF THE' SOCIETY, DECEMBE , 18899 R .

STONES, &c., BELOW THE CROSSES AND FLEUES DB Lis. (Plate III.)—45, triangular setting, filled with blue enamel, 46 ; square setting, empty , triangula47 ; r setting, filled with blue enamel; 48, triangular setting, containing a diamond table cut, with three straight bevelled edges , triangula49 ; r setting, filled with blue enamel , trian50 ; - gular setting, containing a diamond, table cut, with three straight bevelled edges , triangula51 ; r setting, filled with blue enamel , triangula52 ; r setting, containin a gdiamond , table cut, with three straight bevelled edges; 53, setting amissing; 54, round setting, containing a diamond set with the flat side up, and cut witli six facets and a small culette behind , triangula55 ; r setting, filled with blue enamel , lozenge56 ; - shaped setting, containing a diamond set with the flat side up, and cut with four a smalfacet d lan s culette behin d; 57 , triangular setting, filled with blue enamel; 58, triangular setting, containing a diamond, table cut, with three straight bevelled edges , triangula59 ; r setting, filled with blue enamel; 60, lozenge-shaped setting, empty; 61,

good pearle, some whereof have been sent unt e Kingioth s Majestie into Englandd an , were accompted of great value " (Sir R. Gordon's Genealogical History of the Jlarldom of Sutherland,. 6) . p sceptr TherEegaliathe Scottisthe a of e is ein .top h pearthe on l John Spreull (Bass John) jewellea , f Edinburgho r , writin n 1705gi , says:—"I have deal pearln i t s these fort I coul thio y yt t sdda year moreye d neve d san an ,r sell necklaca finf eo e Scots pearl Scotlandn si t finye e r pendentsno , generalite th , y seek- ing for Oriental pearls, because farther fetcht." As to the value of them, the same authority states—"If a Scotch pearl be of fine transparent colour, and perfectly greay an f wortroundte o bignessb d y han , froma t ,i m fiftee fifto nt y rix-dollar s: yea , I have given a hundred rix-dollars (£16, 19s. 2d.) for one, but it is rare to get such." bese th Ato st shell s from whic o obtaiht n pearls Spreull adds, tha e besth t t sigf no a "birthy shel s thai l t shouli t wrinklee b d cow's-horna s da , with nick itn i s— the more nicks and .wrinkles in the shell the better the pearl is" (Miscellaneous Writwigs of John Spreull, pp. 65, 66). Pennant (Tour in Scotland, 1769) says— '' There has been in these parts (Tay) a very great fishery of pearl got out of the fresh- water muscle. From the year 1761 to 1764, £10,000 worth were sent to , and sold for 10s. to £1, 16s. per ounce. I was told that a pearl had been taken there that .weighe grain3 t d3 thi bu s s: fisher t presena s yi t exhausted fro avarice mth f eo e undertakersth t i onc: e s Locextendea r hfa Tay.s a d " This fisher s beeha yn renewed from time to time since.that date; and especially from 1860 to 1865 the industr eagerls ywa y prosecuted n 186I s muca .5 s £12,00ha 0 were realised from Scottish pearls. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OE THE REGALIA OF SCOTLAND. 69

triangular setting, filled with blue enamel; 62, triangular setting, con- taining a diamond, table cut, with three straight bevelled edges; 63, triangular setting, filled with blue enamel , triangula64 ; r setting, con- tainin gdiamona d table cut, with three straight bevelled edges.

PEAELS AND STONES ON THE CROSSES FLEURY. (Plate III.)—I Orienta3 . l pearlsOrienta4 . II ; l pearls whit1 , e centree topath n zi ; III .Orienta4 l pearls whit1 , e centr e topath n ez; i Orienta4 . IV l pearls whit1 , e centree topa th Orienta4 . n zi V ; l pearls, whit1 e centre e topaOrienta2 th . n zi VI ; l pearls whit1 , e e topath n zi centre; VII. 2 Oriental pearls, 1 white topaz in the centre; VIII. 3 pearls—that on the dexter arm of the cross is Oriental, the other two are Scottish, 1 white topaz in the centre ; IX. 4 Oriental pearls, 1 white e centretopa th 3 pearls—tha n . i z X ; e loweth n ro t portioe th f o n cross belo e whitwth e topa s Scottishi z e Oriental ar e othe o th , tw r , 1 white topaz in the centre.

PBABLS ON THE POINTS OF THE EATS. (Plate III.)—65, Oriental amissing, 66 ; , wire standin Oriental, 67 g; ; 68, Oriental; 69, Oriental; 70, Oriental; 71, Oriental; 72, Oriental; 73, Oriental; 74, Oriental; 75, Oriental; 76, Oriental; 77, Oriental; 78, Oriental , Oriental79 ; , Oriental80 ; , Scottish81 ; , Oriental82 ; ; 83, Oriental; 84, Oriental.

THE GOLDSMITHS WHO MADE THE CROWN. goldsmithe Th plieo wh sd their e callindifferenth n i g t burghf o s Scotland1 cannot he said at any time to have excelled in their trade.

1 Very little information can be given about the goldsmiths who made and re- paire differene dth t article e Regaliath minute-book e f so Th . e Incorporatioth f so n of Goldsmith Edinburgn si t datno e o earliehd r tha ne name 1525th d f Johso an ; n Currour mado Queen'e wh ,e th s Crow 1503n n i Matthe d an , w Auchinlek repaireo wh , d e King'th s Crow 150n i n 3 anSwore th d f Statd o t foun 1516n no ei e n themdi ar , . The name of Thomas Wod or Wood, who repaired the King's Crown in 1532, occurs in a list on the first page of the oldest minute-book. Adam Leis or Leys, who remaed 70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 9, 1889."

Many of them, in 'the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, attained position mucf eminenceo o s t hno becaus t ,bu f theieo r skil craftsmes la n as on account of their shrewdness as bankers and speculators. None of

Sceptre th 1536n ei deaco s .wa 1525n i Georg d an , e Hereott (probabl grandfathee yth r of the famous goldsmith of that name), who repaired one of the King's "silver stolpis " in 1533, was deacon in 1534. Of , who made the Queen's Crown in 1539 remadd an , e King'eth s Crow 1540n ni , nothing more tha name nth recordeds ei . Mungo Bradie or Brydie, who made the temporary Regalia in 1571, obtained the freedo e Incorporatioth f mo f Goldsmithno e 15t1561y th hMa n so . One Edinburgh goldsmith came to an untimely end on the downfall of the queen's surrendee partth d yan f Edinburgro h Castl 1573leare n ei W n. fro e diarmth f yo Robert Birrel, that on the 3rd August 1573, "William Kirkaldy of Grange, knight, sometime Captai e Castlth f Edinburghf o eno Jamed an , s Mosman, goldsmith, were harlit in twa carts backward, frae the Abbey to the Cross of Edinburgh, where they, wit r JamehM s (Kirkaldy Jamed )an s Cockle, were hangit, "for keepin e saith d f go castle agains s regent hi kine d th t gan " (Domestic Annals f Scotland,o . 85)volp . .i . It appears that James M'oaman (who was admitted to the Incorporation in 1557 and s deacowa n 1568ni d mad)ha n advancea f moneeo o Kirkaldyt f Grangye o th n eo security of certain jewels (a list of which will be found in the Innentaires de la Royne e castl surrenderedth s y wa e da states e i Descosse, th s n a i n d,d cli) . O ean l.pp Kirkaldy's declaration, he returned them (Ibid., p. clii), "it is of truthe the said James gave me certen geere in an evell favored clowte": but this did not save him from execution. The Edinburgh goldsmiths comprehended in their number two or three persons of such considerable wealth as to verge upon a historic importance. (admitted 28th Jun ecitede b 15811593n I y . )ma , whe e kinnth g had to march an army against the Papist lords in the north, this goldsmith supplied greatee th re necessar parth f o t y funds n 159I e kin. 4th lesgo n sowe tham dhi n £14,59 s securit a e consigneh d thar "tw8an m m yfo su hi t ao d t drinkin g piecef o s gold, weighing in the haill fifteen pund and five unce", which the consignee was at libert coio yt n into "five-pund pieces, debe th tf " i shoul otherwise b t dno e paid before the 1st of November next, "the superplus gif ony beis," to be forthcoming for his Majesty's use t furtheI . r appears that Thomas Foulis, very soon after this, lene th t king £12,000 more "for outredding of sundry his hieness'affairs." In consideration of these loans kine th , g grante himo dt 21sn o , t January 1593-4 golde leasa ,th f ,eo silver lead an d, mine Crawforf so d Mui Glengoned ran twenty-onr rfo y e yearsma t I . be observed, that these mine timn i s e passed throug s grand-daughtehi h r inte oth possessio (hef no r husband) James Hop f Hopetouneo greae th ,f tsixto lawyen hso r r Thomas foundee Si e noblth th d f eo an r, hous f Hopetouneo . t necessaryno s i t I moro herd o et e than mentio e namth n f Georgo e e Heriot (admitted 158828ty hMa , deaco appointes n wa 1598) o wh d, jewelle Kino t r g James VI. in 1597, and who accumulated the fortune which enabled his executors to erect hospitae th schoold an l s bearin names ghi . TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE EEGALIA OF SCOTLAND. 71 their work ever approached the high excellence of that of contemporary continental goldsmiths. t presene dowi Nearl th f o o n t l tyal centur characterises yi cony db - siderable rudenes executionn si a greate d ,an r consideratio d regarnan d for the weight and quality of the metal than for the excellence of the workmanship. Nevertheless d perhap an , a consequenc s a s f thiso e a , greater measure of individuality will be found in it, and it is com- paratively eas defino yt e separatth e e wor f eaco k h goldsmity an n o h article whic bees hha n altere added crowne d an , suc th d to s ha , whilt ei is still easier to point out the handiwork of the French goldsmiths.

THE ANTIQUITY OF THE CROWN. One of the most patent facts regarding the crown is, that it is the work of different goldsmiths of different periods and of different nation- alities, and it will now be my endeavour to point out these differences, andeductione dth s they possibles suggesta s difficulr i o fa t I d s a .o , t t a regulathi n si r chronological ordert onca y e b , defining e whath s i t oldest partd thereaftean , r tracin e subsequenth g t alterationse Th . better course will he to narrow the ground a little by a reference to e accountsomth f eo paymentsd san accounte th e Lor n th I f d.o s High there is recorded a payment1 on the 15th January 154 Joho t 0 n Mosman a goldsmit, n Edinburghi h e th r fo , makin d fashioe king'an gth f o sr ntwenty-thre fo crow d an n e stones supplied for it; to John Paterson, for a case to the crown ; and to Thomas Arthur, for velvet and satin and for making a bonnet to the crown.

1 Item, the xv day of Januar (1539-40) deliverit to (Johne Mosman) for making and fassoun of the Kingis crowne, -weyand iij pund -wecht x traces and therof of gold of the mynde xlj unce quarter unce ...... itx . xx . Item, gevin to him for xxiij stanis therto, of the quhilkis there wes iij gret gernotti e gretan ed ammerotsan e e ,pecprice iiijth d pric j th ttth f v an ,e f o f e o e o uther xix stanis xiiij s...... xix ft. vj s. Item, gevi Johno nt e Paterson King'e e cas e th fo an o ret s crown . xxxiiie . s j Item, deliveri o Thomat t Kingie se bona th Arthurean o t e st b crowne o t , , half an elne purpur velvet, price ...... xxxij s. vj ct. Item, deliverit to him to lyne the samyn, half ane elne purpur sating xxxv s. Item. makinr fo .vs, , m gevi gsamie hi o th fo n. .t n bona , t 72 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 9, 1889.

This crown was delivered to James V. at Holyrood on the 13th February following. readine Th f thesgo e accounts together suggest entirn sa e remakinf go the ancient crown and an increase in its size and weight. e phraseologTh e accounth f o y t itself denotes remakin e terth mg; " fashion stile e on tradl th uses i denoto "t e n i d e cos f fabrith eo t - cation. In corroboration of this view, there is found in the manuscript diary of Lord Fountainhall, preserve Advocate'the din s Library memorandu,a m stating "tha e crowth t f Scotlano n t thno e s anciendi s t wa one t bu , Jamey b " castew sV. ne f no s necessari t I o entet y r into this with some r "WaltedetailSi r fo ,r Scott apprehends the alteration of 1540 as being merely the addition of actuan a t e archeslno th remodellind an , e substancth f e crowngo th f eo , which he ascribes to the reign of Robert the Brace. For several reasons, I think that the evidence of both the crown itself accounte th f o descriptiond d san an s wilt beano l r this construction. The twenty-three stones referred to may yet be identified. Twenty- two of them (including the three great garnets specially mentioned) ador e fillee crownth nr banth o t f o d , whil e remaininth e g one—the great amethyst—wil e cros th e fron sfoune th f b o l patt^ tn o d e which tops the mound above the arches. The fillet appears to have been made distinctly to suit the exact size of these twenty-two e constructiostonesth d e crowan , th f no precludes possibilite th e filleth tf yo bein g merel n addition—thaya , soldereis t d below the fleurs de lis and crosses of an older crown. The lower portion of the crown has unquestionably been entirely reconstructe e timth t eda thes e stones were added n ordeI . o makt r e this point clear s constructioit , describede b y e fille bees nma Th ha tn. turned up from a sheet of gold (about the thickness of a sixpence) two inche width n si uppee Th r. edg f thieasilen o sca observee yb fign do . 1. After being filed smooth—an e fildth e mark e stilar s l apparent—the uppe lowed an r r wire mouldings, whic made ar h e separately, have been soldere e positiondth ot na s theoccupyw yno . Thereafte fleure th re d s lis, crosses fleury, and the rays which support them, have been soldered TECHNICAL DESCBIPTIO REGALIE TH F SCOTLANDF KO AO 3 7 . uppee onth r portioe samth f ee no space th band d san , formee th y b d elevation of'the rays pierced out. One point here arises, and it is worthy of careful discussion, whether the fleurs de lis of the older crown have not merely been removed and e presensoldere e banth th f o dn to d crown reconstructeds whewa t ni . f theI y e patterwerth f sizd eo an en desired, there woulneeo n o de t d b remakd Scottisol e ee worth hth them f r o goldsmithka fo ,f o s wa s characte substantial—ornamento s r f thiso s description being invariably cast solid—that they were very little e affectevicissitudeth y b d f o s time or wear. We get a little assistance on this point from the cursory mention in the inventory of 25th March 1539,l that one of the fleurs de lis of gold was amissing. In the inventory of 1488 (James III.) there is mentioned, amon numbega f miscellaneouo r s articles, " floua lye f so th r gold," and this may have been the one amissing from the crown; but the greater probability, to judge from the nature of the articles that immediately preced e inventorysucceed th n an ea n i s t di thas wa i , t i t ornament complete in itself. Moreover, it is improbable that the crown would have been leflono s t thin gi s dilapidated conditio s frona m 1488 to 1539n factI ., thi moss si trepaire s unlikelywa t i n 1503di r fo , . If the crown wanted this fleur de lis when it was ordered to be remade in 1540, it would therefore have been necessary, if the goldsmith intended to use the fleurs de lis of the old crown, to make a new one to suppl place yth f thaeo t amissing. Accordingly vera , y close scrutinf yo s beeeacha nhs y li madfleu an e f theascertaid o o n t ri e e ms i on f ni way distinguishable from the others in form, size, colour, or workman- ship. Not the slightest indication has been found of any such difference, ane conclusioth d n seems obvious that they hav l beeal e n e madth t ea same time. A further proof that they could not have formed part of the old crown will be found in a comparison of the weights of the old

1 The crown in this inventory is described (see footnote on p. 49) as "in primis of diamentis tuenty." In this connection it may be stated that this does not correspond with the appearance of the crown in one of the panels of the altar-piece of Trinity College, now preserved in , of which a detailed description is given hereafter. *74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 9, 1889.

and new crowns, which sheds in itself an almost conclusive light in corroboration of this view. In the payment for the reconstruction of the crown in 1540, it is mentioned that 41 \ ounces of gold of the mint were then added, and the total weight of the crown when complete is d crowstateol e weighe havo nt dth Th musef o . tbee oz t n3 Ib0 1 . thus have bee dwt5 n1 . 1.6oz Scots weight ,dwt 8 equivalen . .oz 6 1 o t t English troy weightcertais i t I n. tha a crowt f thio n s weight could t havno e included fleur lie f anythinsd o s g lik e weighsizd eth ean f o t crowe thosth t n presentnei a . If further proof were required, it might be found in the .colour of the f o s e crossei th s fleurd f li o an e se fille d d se th golgoldan tf Th o d. on ealloy—e qualiton d yan a poin whicn i t h ther evers ei y probabilitf yo there being some slight differenc thed ha ey been mad t differenea t times. Sir "Walter Scott's theory, however, is more easily disproved by attempting to prove it than by arguing against it. In the accounts of 1540, as we have already noted, 41J oz. Scots (equivalent to 40 oz. 10 dwt. English) were added to the crown. It is not possible that that could have referred alone to the arches, for along with the enamelled oak leaf ornaments, they only weigh 6 oz. 6 dwt. and along with the mound and cross pattee in addition, 9 oz., and these are the only detachable portion e crownth f so , wit e exceptiohth e fouth rf no ornament e th n so quarters of the bonnet, which do not weigh more than from one to two ounces altogether certainle ar f Scottis o d t an , yno h manufacture. e precisTh e e extenreconstructioth f o t e ascertaineb y ma n d from an examination of the settings of the gems with which the crown s garnishedi e accountth n I f 1540.o s , mentio s madi n f twentyo e - three stones which were then purchase e lear d addedw an nd an , from the inventory, which describes the crown before its reconstruc- tion s previousl, wa tha t i t y adorned wit 0 diamond8 2 h6 d an s Oriental pearls. It is quite reasonable to suppose that if the twenty- three stones s evideni s a , t froe accountsmth , were alone addede th , goldsmith migh t havno t e though t i necessart o remount y e oldeth t r gems t mighbu , t merely have copied theisettingsw rne pattere .th r nfo f thiI s occurred, then unquestionably some slight difference woule b d apparent. A very minute and careful comparison of the settings reveals r

TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE REGALIA OF SCOTLAND. 75

the fact, that though the settings of the diamonds and of the white e sam topazeth e centre e crossef th eth o patternn f e i so ssar , thee yar same t madth no en e i manne e e fillet thoss th appearth d a e n an b ,e o o t r wor f anotheko lesd an rs skilful goldsmith e setting twentye Th th . f so - e fille gemo th tw tn o sconsis f colleto t s mad f plateeo , upon which have been soldered a scolloped ornament with claw points. These are put together in pieces, and show some little finish on the smooth portions of the collets. The settings of the diamonds and white topazes are made differentl : ythe y hav l beeal e scollopedne pieceth a cas d n i t an , orna- ment and claws have been afterwards carved out with a graving tool. particulae on n I t illustratesamei e r th d the e an , yar primitivenese sth s goldsmith'e oth f t thaa t t sar clawe tim th botn e: friezede o s ar ht no , by matting punches wouls a , expectede db beiny b t g bu ,pricke l ovedal r with the point of a graver.1 e settingTh s containin e enameth g l differ still more whilr fo , e they are made in precisely the same manner as those of e diamondsth , they var n thii y s respect, that they lack the claws between the scolloped ornaments d 11)an (figs. 0 1 The. e alsar yo fixe y plateb d s spread out behind like those attached to the settings •Flgs- .10 an(J ^1- 0 Settings contain- pearlse oth f , whil othere Blu g e latcheth in fixee th sar Enamey db t l arrangement already described. (actual size). o doubn e b tTher than e diamondca th et s belonge e morth eo t d ancient crown r the e fo mentione, yar e inventorth n i d f 1539yo d ,an e presumptioth vers ni y strong that their setting d alssan o those con- tainin blue th ge enamee originath e ar l l ones wer d t remadan ,no e n ei 1540. The Oriental pearls are also the identical ones which adorned the Crown previous to its reconstruction, and it is worthy of note, that the number at present in the crown almost corresponds with that mentione inventore th n di f 1539yo . Orienta1 Ther6 e ear l pearlw sno lowee th n ri portiocrowne th f no , whil 153n i e 9 there Th e wer . 68 e

f chasin o Thi t wels worths si ar g wa le knowf noteth y o r practised fo , nan n di 1 Scotlan 1540n di , whe e crow nth remades nwa s evidencei s a e fac, th t y thadb e th t floriated ornaments on the plates behind the collets on the fillets are matted by chaser's punches. 76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 9,'1889.

discrepanc n greai y t ma ye parfact e th accounteb t, y b tha r tfo d several of them have evidently been lost. The rudeness and insecurity of the style of setting and mode of attachment renders this extremely probable, and the vacant spaces are evidence of it. Some of them; moreover, may have been lost, and replaced with Scottish pearls. This is- ver Scottise raye th th y s : f evidentlo he pear on case n yth leo whic h spike smal th o s fatopwhici n to r ero t s i impale i sfo l t hi wils de (a b l . 81,seeNo Platn ni e III.) suggestd an , t oncsa additios eit n afterwards. Besides Oriental pearl s1 Scottis 1 ther e ar e h pearls. t no The e yar mentione inventore th n di f 1539yo , (althoug s quiti t hi e possible that some of the pearls there described as Oriental may have been Scottish, fon somi r e cases difficuli t i s teldifferenceo e t t th l o therd n an s )i e mentio f theino r having been e reconstructioaddeth n do e crownth f no . The settings of all the pearls are uniform in design, with the exception of those which are impaled on the tops of the rays, and it is possible that these settings wer t remadreconstructioe eno th n eo e crownth f no , but are the original ones. If John Mosman thought it unnecessary to remount the diamonds and white topazes, he may not have remounted observede b y pearlse ma th t ,I however. , thae pearlcrowe th th t n sno in the altar-piece of Trinity College are mounted differently, while the settinge otheth f ro sstone s correspon n theii d r patter o thost n t a e present in the crown. The consideration of these various points leads to the conclusion that lowee th r portio e crownth f no , wit e exceptiohth settinge th e f th n o f so diamonds, the white topazes in the centres of the crosses fleury, the blue enamels d possibl e pearlan , th f so y alsoentirels wa , y reconstructen i d 154-0, and that Lord Fountainhall's statement is correct. There is, moreover peculiaa , r appropriatenes s phraseologhi n si y " caste new,f no " for many parts of the crown, such as the fleurs de lis and the crosses fleury, have been cast. examination a t Bu e diamondth f no s e vistgreatea open th f ao p su r antiquity.1 There are only eight diamonds in the crown, but their

three 1Th e style whicn si h these diamond t represencu e ar s tearliese somth f eo t known forms of cut diamonds. The triangular diamonds might be described more correctly as lasques rather than table cut diamonds. A table cut diamond has TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE REGALIA OF SCOTLAND. 77

form and cutting are various. Six of them are triangular in form, cut wit htabla thred ean e ground bevelle e othed th edges f s ri O twoe . on ,

usuall tablesbelowo e yabovtw e on d on ,, witean h bevelled side r planeso s leadinp gu dowd an theso nt e tables fros oftee girdlei mth t n(I .simpl octahedronn ya , with uppee loweth d an r r points ground dow tables.o nt ) Diamond thin i t s stylscu e will be Georgee founth n badge dOrdei e e Gartee Regalia th th ,th th f f eo o rn i r . The triangular diamonds in the crown appear to be perfectly flat at the back, and have bevelled edge thein o s r upper side mere b s o ethionlyt o s s d the na e an , yar scales. Diamonds of this description are often used in Indian jewellery. Dr Birdwood states that Indian jewellers frequently employ "mere chip d scalean s f so diamonds, so thin that they will float on water." e lozenge-sliapee circulath Th d an r d diamonds show very probabl e naturayth l facets, afterwards polished e stoneth f o s, from which they wer e merele ar cut d yan , parts respectivel splia f yo t octahedron wit hsix-sidea d pyrami s face eacit n d o f sho —a very common form—an a regula f o d r octahedron. That these diamonde ar s Indian cannot be doubted, for it was not till 1727 that the Brazilian diamond fields were discovered, and that they are Indian cut is as unquestionable. But to attempt determino t e their antiquity merely from their for r cuttinmo utten a s gi r impossi- bility. goldsmith'e Th n Indii f grea o t s saar i t antiquity e pattern somd th an f , eo s they employ are said to have come down in an unbroken tradition from the Ramayana and Mahabharata. The same adherence to type is evident in the manner they cut their gems, and the diamond from very ancient down to present times has been cut into the same forms. Both table and rose diamonds are still cut in Lucknow (The Industrial Arts of India, by Dr Birdwood, p. 193). Tavemier (in his Travels in Seventeenthe Indiath n i Century, state) vol56 . s . p chap. thaii . e Indianth xv t. s understoo werd dan e much more proficien cleavinn i t e diamongth d than Europeans. He also describes their method of cutting it:—" There are at this mine (Ramulkota) numerous diamond cutters eac d s onlan ,hha ya stee l whee r f abouo l ou size f th teo plates. They place but one stone on each wheel, and pour water incessantly on the wheel until they have found the "grain" (in the original chemin or "way") of the stone"e grainTh . " being found, t thesparno yeo poud diamon oiln d o r ,an d dust, although it is expensive, in order to make the stone run faster, and they weight it much more heavily tha do.e nw " Reference e diamonth o t s d have even passed into the Indian proverbs :—"The heart of the great is harder than the Vajra "—"The Vajra is cut by no other stone"—"Vajra cut Vajra." (Vajra is the Sanscrit for diamond.) But diamond cutting in India and in China, where it was also practised from very early times, never attained anything likperfectioe eth moderf no n European cutting. The Orientals always preferred weight to brilliancy and size to effectiveness, and generally contented themselves with rubbing down the angles of the stone, polishing the surfaces, and retaining the fanciful shapes each stone possessed when discovered. f diamono t ar e d Th cutting doe t seesno havmo t e been understoo practiser do o dt 8 7 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , DECEMBE , 18899 R .

lozenge-shaped (fig. 12), cut with four triangular facets, terminating in a small culette; the other is circular (fig. 13), cut with six triangular

Fig. Lozenge-shape12 . d Diamond Fig . Circula13 . r Diamone th n do on the Crown (actual size). Crown (actual size). facets, terminating in a small culette. Both of these diamonds are flat on their t othewit se flae hth re t sidesar side . d e Therb up san , n ca e

any extent by the ancients. What is regarded as the earliest indubitable reference to the true diamond occurs in the fourth book of the Poem entitled Astronomicon, y Maniliusb flourisheo e wh firs, era—"Siw th tne n i d centur e th cf o yAdama s punctum lapidis pretiosior auro." Some writers have doubted whether this Adamas of the Romans was anything more thau a sapphire, but the accurate description of Pliny—a contemporary of. Manilius—sets the matter at rest. He describes the diamond as colourless, transparent, with polished facets and six angles ending sometime pyramida s sa , with shara p poin wit r pointso o t htw . The ancients evidently understood the art, although they did not practise it to any extent, of engraving the diamond. The Duke of Bedford has a diamond with the e philosopheheath f o d r Posidoniu d sther e severaengravean ar e, it ln o dothe r examples of the same and a later period still extant. But the diamond is very rarely engraved eve modern ni n times. Diamond cutting a Europea s a , n industry t beeno ns definitelha , y tracen a o dt earlier period tha e thirteentth n h century n 129I . 0 ther s formeewa a guild f do gem polisher f diamon o cutterd t san ar n 137n Parisi i sde d 3th polishin an , s gwa practised at Niirnberg, but the method employed is still a secret. Subsequently the famed "table-cutters" of Nurnberg formed themselves in conjunction with the stone engravers int oregulaa r guild n 143I . 4 Guttenberg learne cuttinm dge d gan polishing of Andreas Drytzchen of Strasbourg. In 1456 Louis de Berquem, a resident in Bruges, discovered a mode of cutting the diamond. His discovery, however, only amounte constructioe th o dt polishina f no g wheeusee b do t l with diamond dusd an t a systematic arrangement of the facets. In the inventory of the jewels of Louis, Duke of Anjou, exhibited in the years 1360-1368, the following cut diamonds are mentioned :—(1) a diamond, of a shield shape, from a reliquary ; (2) two small diamonds, from the same reliquary, with three flat-cut, four-cornered facet botn o s h sides a smal ) (3 ;l diamond e fora th f m o n i , roun da salt-cellar mirrorn i t a thic se ) , k(4 ; diamond, with four facetsa ) (5 ; diamond a lozengee for f th n eight-sidedma o a n six-side ) i ,) (6 ;(7 d dan , plain diamond (Streeter's Precious Stones and Gems, p. 30). fifteente th n sixteentd I han h centuries diamonds wer t intecu o form varieo s s s da each to require a special description. The following may serve as examples:—In the inventory of James III., 1488, there is "an ege of gold with four grete diamantis TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE REGALIA OF SCOTLAND. 79

little doubt that all these diamonds are both of Indian origin and Indian cutting. To determine their antiquity from the technique of their cutting alone is impossible, but the styles in which they are cut are amon earliese gth t thae knownar t d diamondan , s correspondino gt them in form can be traced to a period as early, if not earlier, than the the fourteenth century. saide b y , thama f Eoberi t tI e Bructh t e garnishe s crowhi d n with diamonds, India t stonencu s would alon e obtainableb s timed hi n an ,ei s possible—ai e t meri th s ea antiquitr e fa scuttin th f f o ytheso g e stones is concerned, although we have no evidence of the fact—that these diamonds may have adorned his crown. inventore th n I f 153yo 9 twenty diamond e mentionee ar sth n i s a d

pointit." In the inventory of 1516 there is mentioned "the greit diamant send be the King of France (on a red hat of silk) estimat to viii crovvnis of wecht." In 1539 the diamonds in the crown are merely described "inprimis of diamentis tnenty." 154n I 2 (James V.) there occu followine th r g description fingef so r rings :—" Itemn i primis twa greit tablit dyamonttis set in round ringis blak ennamelit: Item twa les tablit dyamonttis that ane cuttet under and the uther blak ennamelit: Item thrie fair pointit dyamonttis : Item uther thrie pointit dyamonttis les : Item ane greit tablit dyamont fassonit lykhare ean t reid enaineli : tIte dyamone man t fassonit lyke an e kirk riggin : Item ane uther thik dyamont raisit heich without ane point: Item ane tbrie nuikit dyamont, that is lang on the ane syd quhyit ennamelit : Item ane thrie nuikit dyamont greyn ennamelit : Item ane uther gryt dyamont small at the ane end and gryt at the uther blak ennamelit: Item ane uther dyamont set heich with the thrie nuikis of gold laid upon the samyne : Item ane dyamont with ane small taill and gryt at the schulder greyn ennamelit: Item ane uther dyamont tlire nuikit blew ennamelit: Iteuthee man r dyamont ground cure with losanis ennamelit wite hth freir knott: Item ane gryt dyamont set on day licht at the tane end ground in losanis blak ennamelit: Item lichy uthe dyamontida a t n blari tw t kse ennamalis sle t quairof tane th e pointi uthee th t r trianglit: Ite greie man t dyamontt tabill cofthas a fr t we t Howesone." In the inventory of the gems received by the Queen of Scotland from her cousin the Duke of Chatelherault in 1556 occur the following descriptions of diamonds :—Une grande table do dyamant: Ung gros diemant a jour en fir de lance : Ung diemant taille en sircueil: Ung diemant a jour taille en triangle poinctu : Ung autre dyeman joua t r taillan triangln e t e sans fueill plug sUn : petit dyemant taille en fir de lance : Une petite table de diemant: Ung diemant taille a face : Une autre tabl diemane ed t moyen autre Un e e : tabl diamane ed t moyen diemang Un e: t taille en triangle a fueille : Une poincte de dyament sans fueille : Une autre bien petite poincte. seventeente th n I h century diamond-cuttin importann a s gwa t industr Englandyn i , 80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 9, 1889.

crown. Ther onle empteo ar y tw eigh ye t th settingpresenta t f i d san , were filled there would only be ten: but in the centre of each of the crosses fleury there is a square white topaz1 (of which one is amissing), preciseln i t cu same yth e style with ground bevelled edges alsd oan , set in collets of the same pattern as those containing the triangular diamonds. appearancn I e they resembl diamonde eth s closely mighd ,an mistake e b t n for themexamination a n o , n unaccompanief o t Ac e testingy b th d n I . Depositation 1707, the describee yar diamondss da blue th ed enamelan , s as sapphires; while in the description of 1621 two of the diamonds are described as "quhyte stones." It is, therefore, evident that even in 1707 those who described the Eegalia had little technical skill in the determination of gems, and there is no difficulty in coming to the con- clusion that these nine white topazes and the one amissing were mistaken e chronicleth y b f 153o r r diamonds9fo . THE ARCHES OF THE CROWN. The next point which invites our consideration is the question provided an d occupatio larga r enfo numbe f hands ro e workmeTh . n were almost f l JewisJewo al r o s h origin. They were driven from this country througe th h religious intolerance of the times, when the bulk of them took refuge in Holland and Belgium, and established their trade in Amsterdam and Antwerp. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries diamond cutting developed very much, and diamonds were cut into many forms. The two principal styles then discovered, both of which prevai presene th o t l t day, wer rose eth e anbrilliante dth formee Th . r has- since beeus en i 1520 derived ,an nams sit e fro resemblancs mit openinn a o et g rose- bud. A Dutch or Holland rose has 24 facets ; a semi-Holland 18 ; (examples of these will be seen in the St Andrew, the Badge of the ); the rose recoupee 36 and Brabant rose 12, or even fewer, only less raised than the Dutch (examples of roses of different cuts will be seen in the George, the Badge of the Order e Garter)o th fe diamond Th . s describe e inventorth n i d f 154yo s "groun2a n di losanis d "trianglitan " y possibl"ma y have been early specimen e f roseso s Th . brilliant, which is the most effective mode of cutting the diamond, was the crowning invention in the art, and was introduced by Vincenzio Peruzzio of Venice-about the end of the seventeenth century. n recen I f diamono t t ar year de th cuttins s agaiha g n been introduced into England. 1 White topazes were frequently employe o counterfeit d t diamondse th n I . inventory of 1578 an imitation diamond is mentioned:—"A baggier contening xiii ringis, viz. ane with a tablet sapheir a counterfute diament a poyntit small diament, and uther ten of small valew." TECHNICAL DESCBIPTIO EEGALIE TH F SCOTLANDF NO AO 1 8 .

relative archesth o t e. Were these arches made d addeth an e t a d reconstructio e crowth f no n in 1540thed di yr o ,for m more th par ef o t ancient crown werd an , e merel croww y ne t thaa affixene th t o datt d e? Thi swhice poin thoughs on n hwa i t t unworthno t f carefuyo l discussion f Depositatioo t Ac e th n 1707i n n i , wher s state i a matte t i es da r apparently beyond dispute (although it was principally based on a mere examination of the workmanship and a reference to the coinage) that the crown was closed by James V. A very careful examination of the premises which lead to this conclusion may not be out of place, and may e formatioleath o dt f ratheno differena r t opinion. fifteente th f o hd en centur e th sovereigne yth n I independene th f o s t states of Europe began to alter the shnpe of their crowns, and to close them with toparchee th imitation ,i t sa f thosno e whic e callehar - dim perial. This distinctio formerls nwa y prope emperorso rt . "The crown of the emperor," we translate from Honorius of Augsburg, " represents globee circle th th f .eo , therefore, bearn evidenci t i s e that possessee h sovereignte th s worlde n th arc A f s bendeyi o h. d ovee th r , in order to represent the ocean, by which the world is divided."1 But although this mystical explanation seems to render the arched crown peculiar to the imperial dignity, the closed crown was soon afterwards assumed by the kings of Europe, in order to establish a suitable dis- tinction between independent monarch pette th yd sovereignsan f everso y description, all of whom assumed the diadem or open crown. Charles VIII Francf o . e too archen ka d yeacrowe th r n ni 1495 . Ther s somei e doubt with e regartimth eo t dwhe close th n e crow s assumewa n n i d England; but the best authorities refer it to the reign of Henry VII. yeae th r d 1485. practice an Th 2 t lengtea h becam generao es l thae th t French phrase " fermer la couronne " signifies the effort of a prince to shake himself clear of vassalage to a superior. The Scottish monarchs had more reason than most others to maintain in every way their title 1 Gemma Animce, lib , cap.i. . 224. 2 Papers Relative Begalia,e th o t of Scotland, Bannatyne . Club21 . p , Sandford states, iu his Genealogical History, that the crown of William the Con- circle th en quero o point d leavesd ha r an s thad e formean th ,t r were much higher tha lattee nth ; rtha t eac thef toppehs o mwa d with three p pearls ca thad e an ,th t or closed at the top with a cross pattee, as appears on the seal of that monarch, VOL. XXIV. F 82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 9, 1889. o that t independence which thed bee yha o ofte s n n oblige assero t d t against the encroaching pretensions of their neighbours. Accordingly, on .the coinag Jamef eo s III IV.r fin.o e crowe w ,dth n represented closed. The form of the crown in the coinage may not be of much value as a guidexacs it o et t pattern : stil certaia l n value eve thin i s respect must be attached to it, for in some of the coins of a date when we know pre- cisely its form, its leading features are found very fairly reproduced. crowe Th s firsni t represented arche groatr closee do th halfd n sdan o - groats (figs. 14 and 15), variously ascribed to James III. and IV. Sriell- ing refer e formerse grounreige th th the th f o n o m o t ,d that they

. FigCrow14 . n represente Groae th n dto Fig . Crow15 . n represente Halfe th n -do figured in The Coinage of Scotland, by Groat, figured in The Coinage of Scot- R. W. Coohran-Patrick, plat . iv e. WR land, . y b Cochran-Patrick , No. 18. plate iv. No. 19. agree in weight with the coinage ordered by the act of 1483. Cochran- Patrick and other numismatists ascribe them to the latter, and the year 1488. On the groat of 1525 (James V.) the crown is also arched (fig. 16),

Fig. 16. Crown represented on the Groat of 1525, figured in The Coinage of Scotland, . Cochran-PatrickKy W b . . 10 . , platNo . ev and its appearance, moreover, corresponds with the description in the inventory of 1539, the fillet being garnished with twenty gems. There is nothing impossible in the supposition that the crown of the monarch was closed simultaneously with the assumption of the arches TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE REGALIA OF SCOTLAND. 83

on the coinage, and it may even have been originally surmounted by a moun crosd dan s pattfe, althoug e presenhth t moun crosd dan s wer- un e doubtedly added by James V. t whateveA r perio e crow dfirsth s ntwa closed poine on ,clears i t , that the ancient crown, which was reconstructed in 1540, was an arched one, and that it had already been surmounted by the identical mound and cross patt^e whic adorw . hno n it On the foot of the cross there is enamelled I R 5 (see fig. 8), un- doubtedly proving that James V. added this portion to the crown. It has even been conjectured that he had the mound and cross manufactured in Paris, on his visit to that city in 1536. The specific parts then added easile b y y identifiema d fro superiorite mth f theiyo r workmanship. They consist of the cross patted, the mound and leaf ornament on which it rests enamellee th , leavek doa s which ornamen foue e archesth th t r d an , enamelle peard dan l ornament e fouth r n quarterso bonnete t th f Bu so . we are hardly justified in also concluding that the arches themselves emanated from the same source. They are as undoubtedly Scottish in their manufactur e crossth s ,ea mound lead an f, ornament Frenche ar s . That these ornament additiond san s wer existencn ei e whe crowe nth n was remade in 1540 is shown from the addition to the front of the cross, of the amethyst (see fig. 7), which is specially noted in the accounts, and which is further set in a collet of precisely the same design and manufacture as those of the twenty-two stones on the fillet of the crown. t bee no existenccrose n ni d th ha sf I 1540n ei , that amethjist coult no d then have been added. Tha archee tth s wer same t madth eno - et crowe ere a tim th s s ena wa constructe furthee b y drma shown witd an ,h almost conclusive certainty, fro mcomparisoa e qualitth f n o f golyo f whicdo h the made yar e with archee th gole fillete f th Th thadso f .assays, o t 0 carat12 s 3f grains followine 1Th certificate copa th s gf i y o f assaeo y from Messrs Johnson, Matthey, and Co. (Assayers and Melters to the Bank of England and Her Majesty's Mint), Hatton Garden, London, 21st November 1889:— Assay of Fillet— Pure gold, . . 21 cts. OJ gr. fine = 881 parts in 1000 Pure silver, . . 1 oz. 4 dwts. in 16 troy =100 „ 1000 Copper, &o., ...... =19 „ 1000 84 . PEOCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 9, 1889.

fine, whil carat1 efillee 2 th thas i tsf o tJ grain fine. t musI "kepe b t t in recollection that the method by which the crown was remade was by crowd meltinol e ngole th wit gth f do h additiona mintle gold th f an d,o it will at once be apparent that the arches could not have been re- fashione e samth t ede a qualit timeth r o ,y would have bee e samenth . That they .wer t remadno e e after thi e inferresb y datma ed frome th , absenc paymeny accountan e f th Lore o n th i t f dso High Treasurerd an , also froe similaritmth e weighe crowth th f f t o ypresena o nt t with what it is stated to have been in 1540. The nature of the arrangement by which the cross pattee surmounting the arches is fixed is worthy of some consideration. It is very primitive, vers i d y an simila o what r t wile worfoune th b l f India kn o i d n gold- smiths who have a limited set of appliances. The tube into which the screw attache crose th so d t works , lias been constructe e followinth n di g manner:—a soft gold wir bees eha n coiled int threae screwe oth th f do , bees ha n t i carefull ydistur o t thes unscrewe t ha n s setno bd it s a an , o ds been soldered into a gold tube partially open all up one side. The workmanshi thif po undoubtedls si y Scottish, whil e mounth e d through which it passes and the cross which surmounts it are of French workman- ship. This raises the question:—have the arches been surmounted by mouna crosd dan f Scottis so h manufacture f whico , h this arrangement s formeha d part ? Tha crowe closeth ts nwa d reconstructes beforwa t i e d has already been proved, but it is not so easy to show that it had a mound and cross, although, this arrangement points to that conclusion. The different representations of the crown on the coinage are all mutually irreconcilabl n theiei r details. groae f Th 148o t. 8 ) show(fig14 e . th s crown o completclosetw y d b r fouo e r radial arches topped n a an , y b d ornament which is too much obliterated on the coin to be defined: the half groat of 1488 has four arches, surmounted by a mound and cross

Assay of Arches— Pure gold, . . 20 cts. 3J grs. = 873'8 parts in 1000 Pure silver, . . 1 oz. 4 dwts. in ft troy = 100 „ 1000 . . =. 26- . 2 . „ . Copper' 100 . ,0 &c. . , The residue of the alloy is principally if not entirely copper, but sufficient gold wat removedsno thao s , t this coul accuratele db y determined. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTIO E REGALITH F F SCOTLANDNO AO 5 8 .

patted (fig groae th f .152 o 15)td 5an ; show complete son e arch, sur- mounted by the mound and cross pattee. It is therefore probable that there wer mouna e crosd dan s abov archee eth s befor e presenth e t ones were supplied in the reign of James V. The manner in which the arches are attached to the crown has given e suppositioth ris o t e n that they wer n aftea e r attachment. This i s specially referred to in the Act of Depositation in 1707, and it is the theory adopte r WalteSi evidents y i d b t r i Scottt ,Bu tha. f thei t e yar e originath l e archecrownth f o s remads thawa t n 1540i e , they must have been an after attachment to that more ancient crown. And an examination of their workmanship does not lead to the conclusion that the method of fixing them to the present crown in any way differs from that by which they were attached to the older crown. Had they been remade along wit crowe hth 1540n ni t ,mighi t have been expected that differena t mod f attachmeneo t would have been adoptede facth td an , of them bein gn additiona a fixe s i s the da e yar l proof thae crowth t n which was reconstructed in 1540, was a closed one and that the arches, n i thei y ratere oldean forar , t ra m thae loweth n r portioe th f o n crown. THE OLDER CEOWN. It has been necessary to make repeated references to the older crown, of which the present one is a reconstruction. Very little is known of that crown except what can be gathered from the inventory of 1539, which describes it as having 20 diamonds and 68 Oriental pearls (see footnote p. 49), and its weight, which can be calculated from the accounts of 154 havo 0t . 1e5 oz bee dwt6 1 n . Scots. e e altar-piecpanelth th f f o o s e f Trinito on e n i yt CollegeBu w no , preserve Holyroon di d Palace, crow1a representes ni d whicbees ha n t hi though y depicma t t with mor r leso e s accurac e diadeth y m wory b n James III., and subsequently by James IV. This crown (se e proceeI wil figw , no l.7) o describethas dt a r t fa s a , can be done from an examination of the picture. 1 Figure described dan e Proceedings th n i dSocietye th f f Antiquaries,o o 1872-3, . 310Volp . X .. . PROCEEDING 6 8 E SOCIETYTH F O S , DECEMBE , 1889R9 .

The circle or fillet and the flours de lis are made apparently in one piece, and from one sheet of gold, upon the edge of which is mounted a twisted wire border—resembling a rope—which runs round the outline fleure o th f lise e rayd s whicth ,n so e crossehth supportede sar e th d an , lowe e rcrown th e edgcrosse f Th o e. s have evidently been made

Fig . Crow17 . e PanelAltar-Piece th n th f depicteo f so e on f Trinitn edo o y College, now preserve Hotyroon di d Palace.

separatel fille e soldered garnisheTh s yan i t . don d with gems, alternately sapphires1 (table-cut) and rubies2 (en caboahon), with two pearls inter- posed between each setting. These sapphire d rubie an e splace ar s d directly beneath each cross betweed an , n them, directly below each fleur de lis, the two pearls are placed vertically the one above the other. The crowne fronth f o t , whic sinistes showhe i th n no e illustrationr sidth f eo , s markei ornamenn a y db t consistin a settine centre f th o g n gi , con-

1 The sapphires in Queen Mary's jewels are almost invariably described as table cut. . 2 These stones are painted of a distinct ruby colour, but they are of so suspiciously large a size as to lead to the supposition that they must have been carbuncles, as in e presenth t crown. Amon e jewelth g f Queeo s n Mary (Imtentaires &>ynea l e d Descosse) rubie e mentionedar s , catochon,botn e d h t an tablmor t bu ecu frequently the latter, and they are described apparently with great accuracy, for there is mention well-knowe oth f n Balas rubies "vng rubi d "uuz an Way, , g 82 gro . "p s ruby ballay," p. 197; and also of the spinel ruby, "une spinelle," p. 200. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTIO REGALIE TH F SCOTLANDF NO AO 7 8 .

taining a sapphire (table-out) flanked at the dexter side by a setting containing a ruby, oval (en cabochon), and on the sinister side by a ruby, square (cutting uncertain), below by a setting containing an emerald,1 oval (en cabochon), and above by a pearl. The centre of the fleur de lis immediately above this ornament is enriched with a ruby (en cabochon), e centree otheth th n f i ro s fleurd an e lisd s , counting from thie on s toward dextesthe followinr the side are , g stones :—an emerald palof , e colour (table-cut), a ruby, (en cabochon), a sapphire (table-cut), a ruby (en cabochon). The other stones, being represented as in shadow, cannot be determined. The centre of each cross is garnished with a pearl, and the remainder of the cross is apparently gold, either embossed, carved, or cast int obeaa r flutedo d e fillepatternth tn startinO . g fro e centrmth e ornament goind an , g toward e dextesth r side follows geme a th e , ar s s :— a sapphire (table-cut) o pearlstw , ruba ,cabochon),n (e y o pearlstw a , sapphire (table-cut), two pearls. The other stones are covered by the thumb of the hand which holds the crown. There are in all ten fleurs de lis and ten crosses. The settings of the stones are all practically e samoth f e pattern adapted with slight variation e differenth o st t sizes and shapes of the stones. They consist of gold collets with a scolloped ornament overlaid, and resemble in their main features the settings of the stones in the present crown. e pearl Th e apparentlar s y fixe n somi d e kint f settingno o d d an , merely impaledimpossibls i t i t bu , determino et e exactly wha desigs it t n e evidens sami th t i t e t no clast Bu thas settinf i so . t i t is thas ga f o t the pearls in the present crown. ' examininn I g this crown attemptind an , cony o discovegan t - t i n i r firmation of the romantic theories which have been so fondly cherished regardinidentifo t r portioy o t i , an wit y it e preseng f o nth h t crown, disappointment meets us at almost every turn. If the circlet of gold,2 which', tradition states, Robert the Bruce

1 Emerald n varioui t cu ss style e mentionear s d among Queen Mary's jewels (Imtentaires Roynea l e d Descosse, . 196,197)—"cabochopp triangle,na n eaboohon,""e " "en fagon de triangle," "fagon de table," "en table et longuette," "poinctue par ung bout;" and there is specific mention of an emerald from Peru, "estant du Perou." Seldon mentions, tha Englann i t Saxoe kinge th dth f nscrowo a racd enha after 2 88 . PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 9, 1889.

wore at Bannockburn, consisted of nothing more than a mere fillet, then it could not, in form at least, have been part of the crown of the painting, formatioe foth r f thishowne o son s clearly thafillee flourd th an te t d s lis are made of one sheet of gold, and that the latter could never have bee addition na circlea o nt f oldeo t r crowe dateTh n. might, however, have been melted and remade as in 1540. But if Bruce's crown con- sisted of a circlet elevated with fleurs de lis, then it may possibly have formed the actual foundation of the crown here shown, as it is quite easy to conceive how the wire edging could have been mounted on after- wards to strengthen it, and the crosses and gems added to enrich it. Ther a stron s i e g presumption—indeed certainty—thaa , e gemth t s and pearls of the more ancient crown were incorporated in the present crow n 1540ni . That they wer l includeal e d appears doubtfuln i r fo , 1542 there is an entry in the inventories 1 of " ane sapher and ane amerant," e king'thabeed th ha tn ni s crow somr o n e other work ; but tha e greateth t r numbe f theo r m were included seems certain. In that cas t emighi expectee b t d that e oldesomth f reo setting presene th f so t crown, whic easile har y distinguishable, coul identifiee db d with thosn ei the painting. But it is impossible to identify one single setting. Again t mighi , e expecteb t d that some resemblance woul foune b d d betwee crowe nth n mentione inventore th n di e f 153 yo thath d 9n an i t descriptioe paintingth t Bu . n "in primi f diamentiso s tuenty t onc"a e demolishes the possibility of their being the same, for there does not appear to be a single diamond in the crown of the painting. In one minor respect the description in this inventory is at first sight consistent with appearances it t describei r fo , crowe sth "s na wantan floure an d e delice of gold," and it is far more conceivable that one of the fleurs de lis of this crown should hav t broke epresengo e thaf th nof f no t crown t evebu ; n ni fashioe th f otheno r nations t thaa , t time, being onl yplaia n fille f gold o thatd an ;t King Egbert was tlie first who fixed on the circle, or fillet points or rays, after the fashioe Easterth f no n emperors Kind an ; g Edward, sumamed Ironside, toppee th d points with pearls. crowa Henrd nha . adorneyI d with fleur lise d s , only raiset dbu little abov rime eth . Edward III. seem havo st e bee firse nth t sovereig f Englanno d who enriched the crown with flenrs de lis and crosses pattee. 1 ameraue Ite e saphean m an d an tr quhilk hai kingi e df befoi th o bei t n si se nr graces croun or in sum nther wark (Thomson's Inventories, p. 66). TECHNICAL DESCRIPTIO E REGALITH F F SCOTLANDO NAO 9 8 .

this respect it is hardly possible that it refers to the old crown, for it describes the fleurs de lis as of gold alone, whereas in the altar-piece they are represented as enriched with gems. e generaon Bu n i tl feature—the setting e stones,—therth f o s e ia s marked resemblance between the crown in the painting and the present crown t muco I mighto . o expece ht b t t every settinge detaith f o l o st surprisint appea no painting a s i n i rt i gd therefor,an e tha smale th t l claws betwee scollopee nth d ornaments canno seen e othen b tI . r respectse th , pattern of the settings is almost identical. On one, however—that in e drawinge centrth th e fillet—f th (o e n o ) a small poin s introducei t d on the scollop, an embellishment which does not appear on any of the colletpresene th n si t crown. In yet another respect it may be said to correspond with what we know of it, for its appearance is consistent with the record of its weight.

SCOTTISH STONES AND GOLD IN THE CROWN. One of the many traditions which have been current regarding the crow , thanis t wa i tt witsse h Scottish stone madd san f Scottis eo h gold. With regard to the stones, if some of the pearls be excepted, it may be said that only the rock crystals (Nos. 4 and 21, on Plate III.) could be of Scottish origin; but as the colourless variety of vitreous quartz, know rocs na k crystal founs i , varioun di s localitie almosn si t every part e globe, os th therefori f t i 1 e very doubtful, although they were pur- chase n Edinburghdi , tha f tScottis o the e yar h origin. Amethysts also are found in Scotland, but those in the crown are not Scottish. e golth do t thera possibilitys A s i e , amountin a stron o t g g prob- ability, that it was obtained partly, if not entirely from Scottish mines. e accountth n I f 154so 0 (se states . 71i ep t i ) d that 41J ounce golf so d e minth of t were embodie e crowth n ni d then reconstructede Th .

Rock crysta e Cairngors founi lth n o d m Mountain Scotlandn i s e Islf th eo n i , 1 Wight, at Bristol, on Snowdon, in Derbyshire, Cornwall, and Cumberland; in the mountains in Wicklow and Donegal, Ireland; in Savoy and Dauphine ; in the Car- rara Mountain Eas e t alswits i th Hungaryn si tot me n hI i Indies Alpse . th n &c , ,o Ceylon, Brazil, Quito, Canada d Australian , a (Emmanuel's Diamonds d Preciousan Stones, p. 153). 0 9 PROCEEDING THF O SE SOCIETY, DECEMBE , 18899 R .

suppl f bullioe Scottisyo th r nfo h min deriveds wa t , among other sources froe nativth ms evideni e t i mines d t An tha. l t abou e perioth t d whe e crown th s remadenwa considerabla , e amoun f gols beino t wa d g

earliese Th t authentic notice regarding gol Scotlann di grana s di t mad Kiny eb g 1 David I., A.D. 1125, to the Church of the Holy Trinity of Dnnfermline, of his tenth of all the gold found in Fife and Fothrik (Registrum de Dunfermetyn, p. 16, No. 28, Bannatyne Club, 1842). Ther alss Jameef i o o t asn Ac I., A.l). 1424, which states, " Gif ony myne of golde or siluer be fudyn in ony lordes landes of the realme, and it be prwyt th' thre half-peny e fynib f silue o e y spundt th ow ma rf f leid o o ete th , lorde parlimef so t consente s kinge e mynthk vsualth s si i ' e s eb sa vthi n ei r realmys " (Thomson's Ads of (he Scottish Parliaments, vol. ii. p. 5). It is stated that James IV., who was a great dabbler in alchemy, appears to have wrought some (gold) mines in Crawford Moor. In the Treasurer's Accounts of 1511, '12, and '13, there are a numbe f paymento r wer o r JameSi ewh o employesn t s Pettigrewme e th d d undean , r hi workinmn i minee gth "Crawforf o s d Moor " (Chalmers's Caledonia, iii . 732)p . . In 1515 the Queen Kegent recommenced operations in these mines, which had been interrupted by the death of the King at Flodden, and sent the " Lord postulate of the Craufuro t s pa o Tiedt r mui t workmetharsd fo se an ro et mad nan k ordinancer sfo the gold myne" (Records of the Coinage of Scotland, by R. W. Cochran-Patrick, vol. i. p. xlvi). The Regent Albany coined the famous Albany medal out of gold found in this mine (State Papers, Henry VIII. vol. v. part iv. No. DXCIII. p. 575). In 1526 all mines of gold and silver were conceded to Joachim Hochstetter and some other Germans, apparentl space th f forty-thre o r e yfo ee contracyearsth t r bu ;fo t coinage th e only specifie yearn ste s (Act Parl. Scot., 153. n 310)I p 9vol. . ii miner. s were brought from Lorraine to work for the mint, and their better skill produced much larger returns hundree n 154I on .0 thirtd dan y ounce golf o s d " lucrati in mor e Craufurd a t terrie d e Coreheidd s " were coined into ducats (Records e oth f Coinage of Scotland, . Cochran-PatrickW . R , xxiv) 156460 n I . , privilegp a vol. , . i . e of working gold othean d r mine e sheriffdoth s d betweean f Orkne mo y s Ta n wa y granted to John Stewart of Tarlair and his son (Ibid., vol. i. p. xlvii). In 1667 the Regent Murray granted a licence for nineteen years to Cornelius De Vois, a Dutch- cammano wh e, with recommendations from Queen Elizabeth searco t , golr d hfo an d silver in any part of Scotland. De Vois made over his privilege to Arnold Brouk- hurst faileo mako wh d,t e anythin .are gew ou tol d f itAtkinsoy o tdan b ; n that i t was subsequently Abrahay takeb p nu m Grey a Dutchma, n (Discomrie Historicd an Golde oth f Mynes Scotland,n i 1619, Bannatyne Club 158n , I 21)a ,20 3 . 1825. pp , contrac twenty-onr tfo e year enteres swa d into betwee Eustachiue on nd Jamean . s sVI Roche, described as a Fleming and a mediciner, whereby he was allowed to break ground anywhere and search for the precious metals. This contract was put an end Scottise th y b ho t Parliamen 1592n i t , an dspeciaa l officer, calle e mastee dth th f o r metals, was appointed to take charge of all metals and minerals pertaining to the crown (Act Parl. Scot., vol. iii . .556)n p 159 I 3. Jame . granteVI s Thomao t d s Poulis, a goldsmith of considerable eminence in Edinburgh, a lease of the gold, TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE EEGALIA OF SCOTLAND. 91

obtained from the mine f Crawforso d Moor. In. 154 hundree 0on d dan thirty ounces of gold from these mines were coined into ducats, better know bonnes na t piecesd ther An furthes ei . e paymenth r n 154i t 2o t the Captain of Craufurd for the gold added to the crown (see footnote therefors . 92)i p t I . e almost certain that -the gold crowaddee th o n dt i Scottishs 154wa analysise 0 Th whic) .84 s bee , h ha (se n83 . madepp e of it—although it is hazardous to found on this alone, as it has probably been refined and alloyed—also points to this conclusion, for it shows a large percentage of silver,1 which is a feature of all Scottish gold. As to the gold of the older crown, it is possible that it also may have been Scottish, for gold mines were worked in Scotland previous to the date at

silver, and lead mines of Crawford Moor and Glengoner for twenty-one years, in con- sideration of the loans (which amounted in 1594 to no less than £14,598) he had frod Privy e t ha moth f Ac him n CouncilA . f llto h June 1616, grante Stevio dt n Aitkinsoun Englishmann a , , power " during hislyfetym searcheo t e , seik, work, dig, try, discouer, and find oute .... seames and mynes of gold and silver .... in Crawfurde Mure." And it provided that all the gold and silver should be brought s "Majestiehi o t s Conezie-house t Edinburgh"a coinede b o t , , one-tents Hi e b o ht Majesty's due, and nine-tenths of the coined money to be delivered to "the said Stevin." In 1619 an Englishman, named George Bowes, procured a commission to work the gold mines in Scotland. At Wanlockhead he discovered " a small vaine of gold which had much small gold upon it." He swore his workmen to secrecy, d aftean r workin e vei r somgth nfo e tim carriee eh Englano t f dof da considerabl e quantity of gold. Before leaving he closed up and concealed the shaft, and although s beeha n t i looke s nevedha for t i r , been refound (Discoverie d Historican e Cfoldoth f Mynes Scotland,n i 1619, Bannatyne Club, 3825) 162n I r Hendli. 1D licenca t ego e for twenty-one years to search for gold in Crawford Moor, but it does not appear that made h e anythin t (Recordsi f go e Coinageoth f f Scotland,o R. W. Cochran-Patrick, vol. i. p. xlviii). Gold is still to be found by washing at "Wanlockhead, in Dumfriesshire, but the expense of procuring it far exceeds the value of the gold so obtained. In 1872 a nugget of considerable size was found by a miner named Andrew Gemmell 186n I . 7 goldiscoveres dwa Kildonann di , Sutherlandshire sufficiena n i , t quantity to be remunerative, and it has since been found in many other parts of Scot- land (see Scottish National Memorials, . 293189pp 0 , 294). 1 Professor Church has made the following analysis of the gold from Wanlockhead :— Gold, ...... 86'60 per cent. Silver, ...... 12-39 „ Iron, ...... -35 ,, Other substances and loss, .... -66 ,,

100 92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBEE 9, 1889.

.which t i ,mus t have been made . repaires Thawa t i td with Scottish gold seems evident from e paymentsomth f o e n 1503i s , 1532d an , 1533 in the Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer.1

THE QUEEN'S CKOWNS AND THE KING'S CROWN OF 1571. Before we leave this section of the subject, mention should be made of other three crowns of which we have a record, although what sub- sequently became of them is unknown. Accounte th n I thf so e Lord High Treasure r 1539,fo r 2 ther paya s ei - ment to an Edinburgh goldsmith for making the queen's crown and furnishing stones thereto. This would appea havo t r e bee n entirelna y e king'e casth th f eo sn i crownd crows neol a w t n na ,crownno d an , melted down and reconstructed. This can be gathered from a payment e goln 1542,i th d r s manufactureuseit fo 8 n i d , wher t wili e e seeb l n tha ounce35 t s were " disponed paymenupothe n in Johit,to t "and n Mosma states i t ni d tha t weighei t ounces5 d3 . gathen ca e rw sourcefro o t mtw Bu s that a queen'ther s ewa s crown before this. In one of the panels of the altar-piece of Trinity College,4 Item (1503 Matho t ) o Auchlek, goldsmith, that e wantiKingith f o ts croun 1 v rideris, twa Scottis crownis, half ane angell weyand ane unce and j 3 wecht summa, ...... vij B. xiij s. iiij 3. May (1532)—Item j unce quartevi e r an , fo , f unce o runicornhal d e an an ,f e wecht gold, to mend the Kingis crowne ; price of the unce coft at Thomas "Wod, goldsmith, viij 11. v s., ...... Ix H. vij s. vj 3. Item for ane unce gold coft at James Acliesoun, cunyeour to the samyn effect, price ...... viij It. Item (1533) to Sir James Hamiltoun, for thre unce gold furnessit be him to the mendin Kingie th f sgo croun, ...... xxiv tt. Item, the v day of October (1539) gevin to Johne Mosman, for making of the 2 Quenis crowne, and furnesing of stanis therto, quhilk weyit xxxv unce of gold of mynde, ...... xlv H. 3 1542. Item gevin to the Capitaae of Crawfnrd for five score xij unce quarter unce unmolting gol myndf do , unce pricth j Itf ev e.o vii . quhils j k wes deliverio t t Johne Mosman disponid an , t upon Kine Quenid eth gan s graces crownis : weyand, e Kingith s crowne xlj unce quarter unce e Quenith , s crowne xxx vo eyt unce kd an , ane grete chenze to his grace, xvij unce ; and ane belt to the Quene, weyand xix unce hal saie f th dunc s Johnea e: s comp t mara t e lentil proportis vij°xvii . vii. H js j 4 Figured and described in the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries Scot., 1872-3, vol. x. p. 310. TECHNICAL DESCBIPTIO E REGALITH F ? SCOTLANDO NA01 3 9 .

Queen Margare f Denmaro t s representei k d wit n opea h n crown- en , riched with pearls and precious stones. Queen Margaret died in 1486, anfine dw d James IV., immediately afte marriags hi r e 1503n i eth o t , Princess Margare f Englando t , daughte f Henro r ys corona VII.hi d an ,- tion at Scone, commissioning an Edinburgh goldsmith1 to make a crown for his queen. The fate of both of these crowns has not as yet been discovered. There is also the record of a king's crown of silver gilt which formed part of a complete set of Regalia. In 1571, when the crown with the sceptre and sword were in the custody of Kirkaldy of Grange, who held for the queen's party, the Lord Eegent and the nobility were desirous of holding Parliamena t Stirlinga t , forfeiturfoe th r f Chatelheraulto e , Huntlyd ,an o enablt others d e an , o thithed so m t the y e causemadb a o et d complete set of temporary Eegalia, the accounts for which are here quoted.2 1 Julif Itemo xvie y j (1503)th ,da j , deliveri Johno t e Currour, goldsmith mao t , k ane crown for the queue, xxxvij Leois and half rose nobles, xvj Scottis crownis, j quarter rose noble, xxvij Scottis rideris, ane third part Leo, and ane angell, quhilk cost xxiiij s. \veyand xj unce and ane angell wecht, .... Ixxvj H. v i. Item makinr fo , werkmanship d ttx g.x an . inlayd samyne an th . , f ko , 2 Item e saiy (xvith ,da dj August y Lor1571m de )b Regenti s grace speciale command to Mungo Bradie, goldsmith, ane pund ane unce weeht and ane halff of silver to be ane crown of honour and sceptour ; price of the unce xxvj s. viii cf., xxii . . vvii3 jH j j A. Item gilo foirsaie t , th t d werk j roiv , s nobilli pecse ; pric th ef eo iii. xiii H j. s j xxviij tt. iiij s. Item, xij unce of quik silver to gilt the said werk, .... xxx s. Item, to ane cutlar for gilting of the plumet and hiltis, . . . . xx s. Item, to the said Mungo for the fassone and gilting of the said werk, xvij li. Lory Itemm de h ,Regenti s grace speciale comman e frauchbote th f an r o e f dfo o t Leithe with the honouris to Bruntiland, ...... xx s. Item, for the hire of twa careage horsis, ane to the honouris, and the uther to the goldsmyth, to Striviling, ...... xxiiij s. e saith Itemd s o servant Munghi , r d thaifo dan o r expensis remanann i d Striviling, be the space of xv dayis, ilk day xiij s. iiij it., , . , . x li. Item, for the hire of ane horse to turse him hame, . . . . xij s. ItemAugustf o Lory xxve y m th , dda e j b Regenti, s grace speciale commane b o dt Kingie th s rohroyale agan Parliamente eth gevid an ,Jame o nt s Inglis, tailyeoura tw , sx . . H j ii . elni , s of . quhit . e armosin . g. taffeteis . , 4 9 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , DECEMBER 9, 1889.

THE SCEPTRE. The design of the sceptre (fig. 1, p. 27) may be divided into three distinct parts—first e rodth , , includin e handleth g ; second e heath , d or capital; and third, a globe of rock crystal with finial, surmounted by a Scottish pearl. e th f o p to e buttohandl e e th th th f t o no roda e t d Th , en fro e mth small capital at the upper end of the rod, measures in length 23f inches. hexagof o s i t I n divides i form d an ,d into three division knopso tw y ,sb and by another knop or end piece—all of similar form—at the end of the rod. The two "upper divisions are of equal length—7-J inches— while the end division which forms the handle is smaller, and measures only 4^ inches from knop to knop. Both the knops between which it s fixe i e decoratear d n theio d r upper sides wit ha lea f ornament, dis- e loweplayed d piecth en d ralss ei an surface , oth ornamentef o e d with traced leaf ornamentation, all of which has been executed by casting, not afterwards chased. The sides of the handle are plain, and swell fro e centre end th mdiametea th o st o et f -j-jo rt inch. e seconTh d divisio ornamentea i f thd no ero sidex si thres n dit o f eo with engraved fleurs de lis and thistles. That directly in line under Virgie e figurth th s fifteef ha no e n s (Nofleurli , fige 1 .d s . 18); that unde t e figurAndreS th r f o s ethistl wha e blows with leaves (No., 2 fig. 18); and that under the figure of St James has fourteen fleurs de lis (No. 3, fig. 18). Between numbers 2 and 1, immediately below the knop

Item, tvva unce of purpour silk to be ane string to the said robroyale, &c., xxxij s. Item, ane quarter of blew taffeteis to lyne the bonet within the crowne x s. Item, for silk to the same, ...... vj s. Item caddesr fo , , ...... s j i . Item, for making of the same bonat, ...... xxiiij s. Item e elne quartean ,ean f blaco r skabere e ksweran th velvo e f o b o dt t o t t . S x i . s j Hj ii .v ...... honour , , swere th honour f swere de o b Iteman o dr t , fo , .... ttv . . Item swere th , d slippe makinr fo r grathind g an e skaberth f go . s t thairtox xx , Item, for weving and making of thre dosane of buttonis of gold and silver to the Kingis Majesteis cottis, ...... xxxvj s. e purItemth e eKingio t th fol, t a ks Majesteis furthcumin e Castelth f f o go l Striveling...... vj tt. V

M

123456 Fig. 18. Engraved Ornamentation on the Rod of the Sceptre (scale, £). 96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBEE 9, 1889.

in the centre, on one of the plain sides of the rod, is engraved the letter

tt ; between 1 and 3 is the letter Ira:', and between 3 and 2 is the numeral X, for Jacobus Rex V.

The upper .division of the rod (measuring between knop and capital 7f- inches s alsi ) o ornamente x sidessi s .thren it o d f Abovo e e th e letter I, and in line with one of the plain sides of the lower part of the rod, is engraved an ornament composed of grotesques, cups, and foliage (No. 4, fig. 18) e .numera th Above d ar e lette an 5 th el R r engraved similar ornaments, varying slightl n detaiyi , 6 l d (!N"osan 5 . fig. 18). e sceptrth f o s surmountei e d ro e a capita Th y b d l wit hmouldea d abacu d neck-moulan s d (lower part, fig e .capita 19)th e bel f Th o l.l displays open leafwork of a Gothic character, cast but not chased. Fro e capitamth l e sceptr riseth e hea th f so de (fig. s 19)i t I . divided into thre dolphiny eb fore th f scrollsm o n si , wit customare hth y leafage on the back and belly. Their heads point upwards, and are effronted inward. Their tailc curlear s p immediatelu d y above th e e fille ar e capitarod dth d f wit,an o l h cinquefoils, which bear traces of having been enamelle specko tw f r greedo so greene n On ename. l are still visible, and the surface of each leaf is cut, as for enamelling. e centrth f eacn o eI h a settinglea s i f , which appear o havt s e been e timon fillee t a dwit a hstone . Thre f theso e e cinquefoile ar s e amissingdolphin th n eace dexteo f th o he o t son r, sid f eaco ef o h statuettese th . Betwee e dolphinnth three sar e figure firse corbelsn th o st n therI . e is the Virgin Mary (fig. 19), crowned with an open crown, holding on her right arm Our Saviour, and in her left hand a mound, ensigned with a cross. On her left hand is St James (fig. 20), clad in a loose flowing robe and cape, with the collar fastened at the neck. His right hand is elevated, and holds an open book. In his left hand is a staff, the head of which is broken off. On his head is a flat-shaped pilgrim's hat. t Andre S lefs T s ohi i apostolicatn a wn i (fig) 21 . l robe with s capehi n o , head a nimbus, in his right hand a St Andrew's cross or saltire—the Fig. Sceptre Heath 19 . f do e (actual size).

VOL. XXIV. 98 PROCEEDING F THO S E SOCIETY, DECEMBE , 18899 R .

upper portion of which is broken off—and in his left hand elevated, an open book. These figures are surmounted by Gothic canopies in two tiers or stages. Immediately above the dolphins is another knop of hexagon form, ornamented on the under side with leaves, displayed. Above this is a

Fig. Statuett20 . t Jamee S th f eo n so Fig. Statuett21 . t AndreS e f eo th n wo Hea de Sceptr oth f e (actual size). e SceptrHeath f do e (actual size). globe of rock crystal (fig. 22), cut and polished smooth all over, measur- ing 2^ inches hig 2y £hb inche diametern si weighind dwt1 an , . oz . g7 A natural fissure or mark runs through it diagonally. The crystal is enclosed by three bands of a twisted wire or rope pattern, which termi- nate above and below in a chased and pierced leaf ornament. Each of admio t e b globee allop o t o th to t d wt e i bande join ,an a th th s t a tsha fixed ove t whei r positionn i n . Abov crystae opeth n ea s ni l ornament formed of six flat-shaped wires, corresponding in form to the line of the Fig. 22. Head of the Sceptre, with the Globe of Rock Crystal and Finial (scale, f). 0 10 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , DECEMBE , 18899 R .

dolphins f thi.o sp Frosprinto e mth g three leaves supportin plaiga n egg- shaped finia f silve o lf whic o Scottisa rp gilts hi to e , fixeth h n pearl.o d The sceptre unscrews into three separate pieces—immediately below the capital of the rod with a right-hand screw, and at the knop between the ornamented portions of the rod with a left-hand screw. mads i t I e throughou silverf o t , gilded over. Originall gildeds wa t yi , comparativeln i d an y recent year e gildinth s bees gha n renewed. It bears no hall mark. s weightIt , excludin globe gth f roc o e k crystal ozd\vt.,an5 2 2 1 . s i , d it measures over all 33^ inches in length. e zea r f alteringJameTh o fo l . doubtlesd V s an s ,estimation hi n i s , improving the national Regalia was not confined to the crown, but extended also to the sceptre. In point of fact, he had the sceptre remade several years befor e crown remodelledth s e wa . There is little need for discussing the theory of Sir Walter Scott as to the French origin of the sceptre, for its history is known. Originally it was a gift from Rome, and was presented along with a gold rose by Pope Alexander VI. o Jamet 1 e shand a prothonotarth IV. f y o sb , y named Forrnan, n 1494i 2 . Its appearance, if we are to judge from the character of contemporary Italian work—as, for instance, the sword of Pope Julius II.—must have

1 A.D. 1494.—"The Paip Alexander the Sixt send ane protonotar callit Forman in Scotland, with ane roise and septour of gold to the King" (Bishop Lesley's History of Scotlaiid, p. 63). The fact of the sceptre being described as of gold need arous s identity doubtit o same en o t th s es sa a ,historia n falls int osimilaa r erron i r describin swore gth d presente Popy db e Juliu. sII prothonotare 2Th y Andre considerablf o wn Formama a 30te s eth nhwa noten O . September 1497, when articles of a trace between England and Scotland, to endure for seven years, were signed in the church of Ayton, the name of Andrew Forman, prothonotar d prio yan f May o r , appears, among others representins a , Kine gth f go Scots. Forman was fortunate in the high estimate -which was formed of the import- ance of his services. " For the gude service done," at this time, "in lauboring of tender frendschipd lufan e , peax amitd an , e " between Kin gKine Jameth f go d san England, there was granted to him, 24th May 1498, a letter of license to take and receive, "be himsel r utherio f s kinsmehi s r frendis,o n y benefican " r pensioo e n bestowe dr the o upomm nhi withi e realnth f Englandm o paso t d s anan , d repass with letters close and patent, and to sojourn in England at their pleasure. On the 19th September 1498 e receiveh , a letted f poweo r l Englishmeo granal t r o t t n TECHNICAL DESCKIPTION OF THE EEGALIA OF SCOTLAND. 101

been elegant: it would be fashioned of delicate repousse work, and that inferre e smals b lighd y wa lan t tma i d fro weights mit , whic recordes i t hi d wa ounces5 1 s . This very lightness must have bee a ndetrimen n eyesora d n i an et the estimation of King James V.; or possibly its delicacy may have s receivinit o t d gle serious damage s befalle, ha suc s e scabbara hth n d e sworcasey oth e finf an f w state, o dn I fro. ma paymen e th n i t Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer,1 to Adam Leys, an Edinburgh goldsmith, tha 1536n i t , 11J ouncess wer wa d tha et an i t, adde it o t d remad sceptreew intne oa . That this is the identical sceptre there referred to, can be proved fro ma compariso weightsaccounthe the of nIn 153of tis . it 6 stated that 11 \ ounces sceptrewerd ol e e adde, th whic o dt h weighed 5 ounces 1 e remodelleTh . d sceptre therefore weighed 26^ ounces (Scots), equivalent to 26 ounces English troy weight. At present it weighs 25 ounces 12 dwt. The very slight discrepancy can be easily explained throug e los f hseverath so l portions uppe,e sucth s hra partf so the staff of St James and the cross of St Andrew. e sceptrTh e itself bears abundant evidenc e remakingth f o ed an , the portions that have been added, as well as those that have been remade, can with comparative ease be detected and defined. t beeno ns entirelha t I y remad eman: y parts unquestionably belono gt comin Pitteuweemo gt , Anstruther, Earlsferry Graild an , , safe conduct protecd san - tion their sfo r ship servantd san observie sb "o t t likKin e thagevir s ea th gwa ie nb undie 13t s th seles. hi f hrn Octobe o O " lettea r d f pensio1498o rha e h , f 100no 0 merks, "till he be prornovit to ane bishoprik or abbasy ;" and on the 1st February followin a letterg , chargin e Chancellorgth , Privy Seald Secretaran , givo t yl al e letters free under their seal himo t s kin d friendhi , an , s (Regist. Secreti Sig., lib. i. ff. 30, 47, 52, 127). In 1501 he was , and ultimately , natus et a latere, Archbishop of Bourges, Commendator of Dunfermline, Dryburgh, and Pittenweem, and of Cottingham in England, and great custuma e nortth hn i r parts beyond Spey (Accounts e Lordth f o High Treasurer of Scotland, edited by Thomas Dickson, vol. i. p. clviii.) 11536.—Item, deliverit to Adam Leys, goldsmyth, xj unce and ane half of silver attour the auld sceptour of silver, weyand xv unce, to mak ane new Itx .i iiij s...... sceptou . . r of . vi . jItem H makinr . saie fo ,. . th d ' f gsceptouro . . , Item golr gilo dfo t , t tlie samin, .... Itx .i . 102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 9, 1889.

s ancienit t predecessor t almosbu ;l s remadthaal t wa t n 153i e s i 6 remarkable froe fact mth s bee , ha than t i tcas t from patterns which previously existed, and that there has been no attempt afterwards to~ retouch the castings with chasers' punches. e floriateTh d ornamen e dolphinth n o bees t sha n solderecasd an t n di all probability to the framework of the original. The canopies above e figureth s have originally been chased fro a mstri f silvero p d an , afterwards turne . Thedup y appea havo t r e been straightened, castd ,an agai e thren Th turnee . figuredup s have each bee halveso n tw cas n i t, and soldered together; and the rudeness of the casting, as well as the clumsy manner in which they are soldered together, points undoubtedly to them having been remade by the Scottish goldsmith. The only attemp t finisa t h which they show appear o havt s e consiste n theii d r being scraped smooth wit hsteea l scraper. To devise or carry out an original pattern such as this was so far beyond the skill of the Edinburgh goldsmiths of that period, that there difficulto n s i concludinn i y g tha evern i t y particular, excep addition a t n which will be afterwards noticed, the pattern of the original sceptre has been reproduced. mattea s t thapracticf wa o r t Bu i t t thaea t tim Edinburgr efo h gold- smith reproduco st e repousse wor illustratee castiny b kb y gma d froe mon alteration or repair upon the traverse guard of the sword of state, which resembles exactly wha s beeha t ne dolphin th donsceptree n th o e f so . dolphino tw e Th s which decorat e sworguare th eth f do have undoubt- edly originally been fashione repoussen di lik e otheeth r portione th f so sword; but they seem to have got broken, and are now replaced with repro- ductions, cast solid. The character of the castings, and the lack of finish which characterises them, coincide exactly with the work of the sceptre. The work of another goldsmith nearly a century later may also be adduce further dfo r illustration whicp cu s traditionalli he Th . y known as George Heriot's drinking cup1 (made 1608-10) w d whicno an , s i h possession i f Georgno e Heriot's Trust n greatei s i , r par castina t a f go German pattern, and the work, as in the case of the sceptre, is left untouched by the chaser. 1 Figured and described in Scottish National Memorials, p. 298. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE KEGALIA OF SCOTLAND. 103

portione Th s which appea havo t r e escape e procesth d f renovatioo s n e threth e e ar rose r cinquefoilo s f whic(o s h there have originally been six), which ornamen dolphine taile sceptre e th heae th f tth so th f do n so . Several trace f greeo s e see b nn them nt o ename d iye n an ,y theima l r centres are the empty settings, undoubtedly once filled with gems. The settings of the globe of rock crystal with the leaf ornamentation above and below, and also the whole of the sceptre above this (except- g somin e slight repairs) f superioo e ar , r workmanship d musan e , b t referred to the ancient sceptre. To describe the difference in words,1 or eve o illustratt na drawing y b t i edifficults i , comparisoa t bu e , th f o n wor leavn e point ca doubo k th t y meann e I canno n an .o e t b y sb t regarded as a fine specimen of Italian work, although better than what Scottish goldsmiths could produc t thaa e e technicat th time t bu , l skill displaye s quiti dlevea n eo l with what wile swor foune th b l f n o do d Pope Julius II., with which it is contemporary. This dispose e theoryth f o s, romanticall yr WalteindulgeSi y b r n di Scott, that the rock crystal or " great bereal" 2 was an amulet which had formed part of some ancient sceptre of the Scottish kings. Several other small portions may be referred to the old sceptre, but it t necessarno s i detaio yt l them. The reasons which probably led to these parts being preserved and incorporated in the new sceptre are obvious at a glance. It would have been impossible to make them heavier, for they were already solid, and it was beyond the power of the Edinburgh goldsmith to make them better. peculiaA r interes t e sceptreattache th e hexago f th o o ,st d froro n m face th t thauppee th t r divisioidentifiee b n n ca havins da g formed part It may be interesting to note that Sir Walter Scott observed this difference when 1 he examined the Regalia, but to such an extent was weight and massiveness, even in his time, preferred to delicacy of work, that he describes these settings as being of inferior rather tha f superioo n r workmanship (Papers Relative o thet Regalia, Bannatyue Club, MDCCCXXIX. p. 22) 2 Charm-stones frequently consiste rocf do k crystals mounte differenn di t .kindf o s settings. The Glenorchy charm-stone of Breadalbane, described in the Black Boole of Taymouth, Ardvorlice th . iii.d p an , h " Clach Dearg," figure Wilson'n i d s Prehistoric Annals, . 198 volp Simpson'n . i i ;. s Archaeological platn i d e an Essays, ; 2 21 . volp . i . xlvi Drummond'f o . s Ancient Scottish Weapons, mentioned.e b y ma • - 104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 9, 1889.

of the original sceptre, while the lower division is as unquestionably entirely an addition. The three ornamented sides (Nos. 4, 5, and 6, fig. 18) of the upper division are Italian in design, and belong to the style known as grotesque. Ornaments of a similar character will be found frequently on work during the transition between the Gothic and the Kennaissance periods. muco s t he metho no froth designe s i y mth t b whicn i i d s t e a , th hBu ornamen s cuti t , that their Italia ne distinguished b origi n ca n e Th . manne whicn i r groun e t witl he th thesgravecu al th h s i dn e o r three strip uniforms si t mighI .describe e b t beins da g hatched with cutr o s lines by a graver. On the other hand, on the three sides of the lower division of the rod (Nos. 1, 2 and 3, fig. 18), the ground is treated by being wriggled over with a flat graving tool. In general, there is a technical potentiality abou handline tth formere th f go , whic lackins hi g in the latter. It may be observed, although the full significance attach- ing to it cannot be gathered from the illustrations. There is, moreover, a peculiar appropriateness in the introduction of the fleurs de lis on the lower divison of the rod, particularly as at this time Jame . cementesV s allianchi d e with France throug marriags hhi e with Magdalen daughtee th , Francif o r . sI In confirmation of this and in complete harmony with it, is the fact s thainitialshi ts Jameha . engrave V e suppe th n ro d portioe th f o n lower division of the rod. The original sceptre presented by Pope Alexander VI. cannot there- fore have measured more tha inche5 n2 lengthn si .

THE QUEEN'S SCEPTRE. . Whe e crow nth s remadnwa Januarn ei y 1540, ther s alsewa o made e followinth g mont e a he queensceptrs referrei th th t n I i r . .efo o t d Account e Lorth f do s High Treasure r thafo r t s describeyear,i d an 1 d 1 1539-40 Februarf o y . —Itemda j , v gevie th John,o ut e Mosma gilQuenio e nt tth s Hx . xijs ...... septur . , iii j. rois . nobillis . , e samith e Itemnb o septut , deliverim r hi xxx o t tj unces half uncf o e silver, ...... xxiiij tt. xviij s. ix S. . s v x e fassou. Itemsamye th H r th j f vi fo ,no u septur unck . il s , ev Item, gevi Johno nt e Patersoun anr efo e Quenie oaisth o et s septur, xiii. s j TECHNICAL DESCRIPTIO E EEGALITH F F SCOTLANDO NAO 5 10 .

e inventorinth y Johy giveb np nu Tennand, 28th November 1542s a , " ane sceptour with ane quhyte hand." That sceptre is now amissing. It has been surmised that the silver gilt rod, described as the Mace of the Lord High Treasurer, and which was found in the chest along with the Regalia, is a queen's sceptre. If so, it cannot at any rate be the one e Accountreferreth n i o f 1540dt e weight so t correspondth no r ,o fo sd . queen'e Th s sceptre weighed 31J ounce silverf so , whil mace,e eth with the wooden rod inside it and the ball of rock crystal on the top, only weighs 20 ounces 12 dwt.

THE SWOED OF STATE (PLATE II.)

The swore blad feeth 3 inchef 3 s dtei o s lonId fg an inches widt ea its broadest part. heeOe nuppermosr th o l t part, immediately belo leavee wth s projecting from the handle, are etched the figures, apparently of the apostles Paul and Pete e 24)etchind r (figsTh an . 3 bitte2 s g.i n very lightlys i d an , partly filled in with gold. In the centre of the blade immediately below this on each side there is also etched and filled in with gold JVLIVS n PONT MAX N. On one side it is very faint, and the last six letters are obliterated (fig. 25). This may be accounted for from the fact that when the blade was broken it was welded and reground. It was broken 14 seene b incheo .t t wele e marye sth th fros df i hilte ko d m th an , e pommeth f o d l handle oen th n e e bladth eth o f t eo p Froto e mth measures 15£ inches e pommeTh .d handl f an silvelo r grio e rar p plate hammered into form, decorated with repousse work mercurialld ,an y gilded (fig. 26). The pommel measures 4| inches by 3 j^- inches, and is rounded at the corner flattened an s t eaca d h side s thicknesit ; s 2^i s %e inchesth n I . centre, on each side, is a circular garland, 2 inches in diameter, chased from separata e piec f silveeo r plat soldered ean . Thesdon e appeatime on e t ra havo t e been filled with enamelled plates t onl bearere bu , yth somd san e tracee soldeth whicf y so b r h they have been fixeremainw dno . Hound the garlands is an ornament consisting of oak leaves, displayed. The edge e pommeoth f formes i l drawa f do n silver wire, hal incn a f widthn hi . 106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 9, 1889.

The length of the barrel or grip, commonly called the handle, is

Fig. Etchin 23 .Apostle th f go e Pau n o l Fig . Etchin. 24 Apostle th f go e Peten o r Blade Swore th th f eStatf o d o SworBlade e th th (actua f Statf eo do el (actual size). size). inches. In the centre of it is a flattened knop, 2 inches in diameter, encircled at the middle with a moulded silver wire. The upper and

Fig. 25. Etching of the Name of Pope Julius II. on the Blade of the Sword of State (actual size). TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OP THE REGALIA OF SCOTLAND. 107

lower portion of the ornament on the knop is formed of leaves, dis- played. Immediately above and below the central knop the handle

Fig. Handl26 . d GuarSwore ean th f Statf do do e (scale, one-half).. swells int ogracefua ls ornamente i form d an , d both abov d beloan e w wit leavek hacornsoa d san . 108 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 9, 1889.

The thinness of the metal of which the handle is made has admitted of its.being very much bruised and knocked out of shape. It is much broken at the point where the pommel joins the handle. The traverse guard of the sword is 17£ inches from extremity to extremity n desigI . t n i consist dolphino tw f so s looking towarde th s handle, with their tails terminating in an acorn and oak leaves, which for crossendthe m the s.of Betwee dolphinse nth ' heads d pointinan , g towarde poine th th sf o t sword, are two leaves about 4 inches long (broken at the points), which overla e scabbarpth s mouthit t da . These have both been broken away entirely from the handle, and are now attached roughly by wire and soft solder. The guard of the sword has at one time been broken at both ends ; it has been repaired by soldering a tube over each of the broken parts, which may be easily observed (fig. 26). e e handl sworde th worth Th f n o o ke, wit e exceptioth he th f o n drawn wires s originallha , y been entirely repousse. portiono Tw s alone have been renewed since it was made, and these are the two dolphins on the traverse guard, which have been cast apparently from the originals harand ,d soldere samthe e on dplace s they occupied. These cast dolphins sho wlaca f finisko h nowhere else apparen sworde th n o t, and have never been chased after they were cast.

E SCABBAR TH E . SWOR. 'vTH . F STATEF O DO D . e scabbarTh d measure n lengti s fee3 h t 8^ inches widte n i , th t ha mouth 2^-| inches, and in thickness at the mouth l^g- inch. It is made of wood, covered with crimson silk velvet d mountean , n silvedi r gilt repousse work.

THE FRONT OF THE SCABBARD. moute oblonn th a t s hi A g panel measuring 4| inche Ij-fy sb - inches, bearin arme g th f Pop so e Juliu . (fig II s:—o) .27 cartouca n h azuren a , oak tree eradicated and fructuated or, and above the cartouch the papal ensign, viz., two keys in saltire adossee, their bows formed like cinque- TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE REGALIA OF SCOTLAND. 109 foils, united wit a hcor d passing throug e bowd th behinh an se th d cartouch eacn o , h sid f whice o s reflexei t hi d ove endo r tw itselfs e th , terminating in a knot and tassel; surmounting the keys, is the papal

. ArmFig27 .f Popso e Juliu . enamellesII e Scabbarth e n o dth f do Swor f Statdo e (actual size). tiara, environed with three ducal coronets; from the bottom of the tiara issu pendanto etw s reflexed belo keyse wd carrieth eac n an o , hp du sid e no PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBEB 9, 1889.

of the tiara, senile of crosses, and termin- atina fringe. e e grounn gi th Th n 1 o d upper half of the panel is enamelled red. scabbare th Betwee p ti de nth thid san is divided into three divisions by two cir- cular plates (If inche n diametei s r out- side, If inches inside). e neareson t e a moute th s t Th ha h one time had a central plate—probably b enamelled like the others—but it is now in amissing. The one nearest the tip is filled with a blue enamelled plate, the ename f whico l mucs hi h brokens it n O . surface ther probabls eha y been scratched IVL ii PONT MAX t onlN bu e ,letter yth s seene b o t . w IVTherLno ie eNar seems' also to have been an enamelled plate about 2j inches i t si e tip t lonth bu ,t g a amissing.

. * This blazon has. been executed more witha vie decorativwo t e effect than heraldic exactness. Only two colours of enamel have been employed —a ruby colour for the ground of the panel, and Q a dark blue for the field of the cartouch, the g cjnquefoilsbarbe th f so line-markinge th , e th f so fi cords, tassels, fringes and pendants, and for the o papae th ca f plo tiara. e entirTh e surface e metapaneth th f f o lo le has been gilded, and consequently all the parts t enamelleno e representear d d dise gold-On ; tinction, at any rate, has thus been overlooked— the two keys of the papal ensign should properly be, one of gold and the other of silver. There ' "shouldp als to ae e moun b ocrose th th n t o sda e tiaraoth f , whic s entireli h y omittede Th . enamel is very much chipped both on the field of the panel and also on the , and in rib those place gravee th s r e surfacmarkth n f o so e ft the metal are laid bare, and show the original colour of the silver. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE EEGALTA OF SCOTLAND. Ill

divisioe Th n neares moute e tth th f ho scabbard contain ornamenn sa t executed in repousse, and thereafter pierced, de- k leavessigneoa f o ,d a acorns d an , grotesque mask. About 2J inches of the ornament in this division is amissing. centrae Th l division betweeo tw e nth circular plates is complete (fig. 28). In centrs it masornamene a s eth i k: t above and below consists of acorns, oak leaves, and dolphins. The division at the tip is very much damaged, and a large portion is broken paia f f groo ro -e on s i d en e on t A off. tesque face n i profile—ths e othes i r amissing. The remainder of the orna- ment is similar to the upper portions. a melon-shapee extrem th s i t p A ti e d bead.

THE BAC F THKO E SCABBARD. At the end nearest the mouth are two raised bands f inch wide and 3|- inches long, through whic bele hth t passed. Between this and the tip the scabbard is divided into three divisions, similar e otheth o rcirculat o side,tw y ,b r plates. e neareson e moute th t Th s i gilth , and bears no trace of having had an enamelled plate on it. This can easily be explained from the fact that this portion, wit e ornamenhth t immediately above it, is an after addition by the hand Scottisa f so h goldsmith, evidently riveted on to replace a portion that had got lost (upper part fig. 29). 112 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 9, 1889.

e circulaTh r plat s fillei e p dnearesti wite th ht blue enamed an l althoug s muci t e seei hb h nt chippeye y e letter MAth dO ma P XN sI scratche surfacee th n do . The division nearest the mouth (fig. 29) is incomplete. Nearly 2 inches of the ornament is amissing. The central division (fig. 30) is complete. Very little of the division nearest the tip (fig. 31) is left, only a grotesque mask in the centre scabbare th somf d o evidentls an p edha ti acornende e th Th y.n si bee n ornamented on this side, as on the other, with an enamelled plate, but nothing sav e sofeth t solder with fixeremainss whicw wa no d t hi . Although there were several swqrds of honour1 in the Scottish manneo n Regaliae lefn ar i f t doubo whico t e r w s ,f a theto h s mha survive e vicissitudedth o mans f o sy centuries r bot e namfo , th hd ean e arm th f Popso e e engraveJuliuar . II d enamelles dan e d on upo e nth now in the Crown Room. This swor presentes wa d Kino t d s g n 1507.i Jamewa . t I IV 2s accompanie a consecrate y db d hat botd ,an h were delivered with great solemnity in the Church of Holyrood by the Papal legate and the Abbot of Dunfermline. It is frequently mentioned in the Inventories of the Royal Wardrobe.3 In dignity and style the design of the sword of state excels both the e sceptrecrowth d d althougnan an , s workmanshiit h• p fall r shorfa sf o t e besth t Italian work, eve f thano e simplicitt th periodn i t f manye y,o y e s linesbalancoit th f n i ,f itseo ' proportions e spacins th it n i f o gd an , ornamentatio vers i t ni y fine.

1 There were at least four state belonging to James IV. and James V. 2 " Juliu e Secoundth s e tyme, th Pai r ,p fo sen d ane ambassadou e Kingth o t r, Protectoue b declarin o t Defendoud m an rhi g f Christeo r n signn faythei d ean , thairof, send unto him ane purpour diadame wrocht with flouris of gold, with ane sword, havin e hilti gth d skaber an s f goldo t , sett with precious stains" (Bishop Lesley's History of Scotland, p. 75). In saying that the title of Defender of the Fait gives hKinwa o nt g James IV., Bishop Lesle apparentls yha y confuse Papae dth l Embassy of 1507 with the Papal Embassy of 1536. The letter of thanks sent by King o Popt Jame . e IV Julius . acknowledge sword—"enseII d s an p ca e th s t me pileum, sacratissima Nativitatis Domini nocte, tua felici manu benedictum,s i t "bu silent as to any gift of style or title (Epistolce Begum Scotomm, vol. i. p. 82). • 3 Thomson's Inventories of the Royal Wardrobe and Jewel House, pp. 49, 262, 288. Fig. 30. Ornamentation on the Central Tig. 31. Ornamentation on the Tip Division of the Back of the Scabbard e Scabbare Bacth oth ff o k f do of the Sword of State (scale one-half). Swore th Statef do .

VOL. XXIV. 4 11 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH r O S , DECEMBE , 18899 R .

In one respect, there is room for congratulation. It appears to have been preserved—with the exception of the breaking and the grinding of the blade—in exactly the same condition as when it was deposited in the Crown Room in 1707. Even the velvet with which the scab- bar coveres t dbeei no ns renewedha d sinc Regalie eth a were discovered in 1818. So exactly does its present condition correspond with the pay- ments in the Lord High Treasurer's Accounts that some of the repairs may be identified. The cast dolphins on the traverse guard appear to have been added by Matthew Auchinleck, in 1516,1 and the addition in repousse to the scabbard (upper part of fig. 29), by Adam Leys, in 1536.2 Although the sword is greatly damaged, yet in one respect it can hardly be regretted, for it led to the discovery of the two curious etchings of the apostles on the heel of the blade, which could not possibly have been observe e leaveth d s dha coverin g them been unbroken.

E BEL TH F THO TE SWOR F STATEO D . There was originally along with the sword a belt by which it was suspended n excellenA . t etchin t i wil e Papers e founf th b o lg n i d Relative to the Regalia of Scotland (Bannatyne Club), page 45, which is reproduce Platn d. o eIV In design it corresponds exactly to the sword, and it bears the arms of Pope Julius II.—a trek noa e fmctuate eradicated—od dan a shieln d of Italian form similar to that on the scabbard (fig. 27). Thi t removesno bels wa td along wit othee hth r article Regalie th f so a when they were rescued from , but appears to have been retaine Governoy db r Ogilvie, probabl pieca s yf reaa e o l evidencs hi f eo

Ii516.—Item Augusf o e xviy th , da jt deliveri Matheo t t w Auchinlek, goldsmyth, 1 meno t Kingie hiltie dth th f so s swer honourf do , twa unei silverf so , unck pricil f eeo fourteue shillingis, ane ducat of wecht of the gilting of the samyn hiltis, and ane lycht Franche crowne for his laubouris, ...... iij It. xij S. 1536.—Item, to Adam Leis, goldsmyth, to mend the sword of honour, thre ance 2 of Inglis gratis, ...... xlv. s j Item samine gilo angelt e ,th t an , l nobill, ...... s x xx . Item r makine saminfo ,th f go , .,,.,,.. xiii. s j E SWORTH BEL F F STATO O DT F SCOTLANDO E .

Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, VOL. xxiv. Date iv. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTIO THF NO E EBGALI SCOTLANDF AO 5 11 .

Honoure havinth custodys lond s hi g ha g n wa si afterwardt I . s discovered carefully concealee hous th e wal f th Barrasf o eo l n n inquiri dA . y through Notes and Queries this year brought to light the fact that it possessioe wath sn i stil w D. f existenceLivingstonn ni lo G r no s i d an , e Ogilvie, a descendant of Ogilvie of Barras, resident in the south of England. SOME OTHER STATE SWORDS. uninterestine b t no y ma not o gt t I e that ther e recordear f severao s l other swords besides that one still preserved. In 1502 there is a payment in the Accounts of the Lord High Treasure greae th r t rfo swor f honour,do d anothe same 1an th en i r year for a gilt sword2 delivered in October 1502 to James IV., at Falkland.3 There was also the sword sent by Pope Paul III. to King James V., s vainlwhicwa e yhh exhorte o drat d w agains s neahi t r kinsmad an n neighbour King Henry VIII Englandf o . . The ultimate fate of the two former swords is unknown, but it is possibl es tha tha wa lattee t e surrendeth e tdelivere th on r n o f p o rdu Stirling Castle, Augusn i 4 t 1651Parliamentare th o ,t y Forces whicd ,an h was removed to the Tower of London, and probably afterwards met a fate similar to what befell the English regalia.

THE LOKD HIGH TREASURER'S MACE. When the Crown Eoom was searched in 1818, there was discovered in the oak chest along with the Regalia, a silver-gilt rod or mace which

1 1502-3.—Itemf Januao y rda payiv x Robero t e t th , t Sclkyrk, e eutlarth n i , first, for the gret sword of honour ...... vij ft. samescheite e Itemth an ,r o ht fo , ...... s j i . 2 Item, for ane sword delivered to the King in Faukland, in October bipast, quhen the King passit to the Month, ...... xl s. e nai e quartef purpu an f o July1503.—Iteman l o r d y fo an r,r da vellusx e th ,, to bind the hand of the srt'ord of honour, and to the scheith of the same, ...... xxvii . ot> S j. . s j A sword, supposed to be that of James IV. which he used at Flodden, is now at 3 e Collegth f Armseo , Street, London. Thi coursf fightinga so s ewa , stata t eno sword.figures i t described I dan Archceologia,n di vol. xxxiii . 335p . . 4 The Parliamentary or Constitutional History of England, vol. xx. pp. 30, 31. 116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 9, 1889.

was not mentioned in the Act of Delivery and Depositation of 1707, found along with them in the chest, and in which the Regalia are described. In the Papers Relative to the Regalia, Sir Walter Scott states that this proved to be e macth f officeo e peculia e Treasureth o t r r of Scotland probabld ha thad t i an ,t y been deposited in the chest by the Earl of Glasgow.1 The mace is of silver, gilt and burnished (fig. 2, p. 28). The rod proper measures about 3 feet long, and is surmounted by an oval glob f roco e k crystal (If inches long by 1 /g inches in diameter), cut with square facet l over al enclosesd an , fouy b d r bands. Abov e globa th crose s i es pattee, with balls at each extremity of the cross, and wit a hsimila centrr the bal in el bothon the front and the back, all of silver-gilt (fig. 32). The rod is divided into three divisions, of about 10j inche o bandss tw each y ,b , about f inch wide, formed of a belcher and two wires, and is terminated at the end by another band and a large button If inches in diameter with a small ball below. e separateb e macn Th ca e d into three pieces. The globe of rock crystal with its mountings unscrews at the top of the rod, and the rod itself is made to pull Fig. 32. Head of the Lord High separate at the upper band or knop, the

Treasurer's Mace (actual size). One bezil fitting tightly into the other. e divisionth f o o s tw ther n O impresses ei e maker'dth s mark (Fj&j

1 Papers Relative theo t Megalia, Bannatyne Club, MDOCCXXIX. 51 . p , TECHNICAL DESCRIPTIO REGALIE TH F F SCOTLANDO NAO . 117

strenghenes i d ro core a f woody Th eo db ,e buttoe fixeth th t n i da n extendinend dan g throughou s entirit t e length. The mace measures over all 38f inches long, and including the core of woo globd d an f rock-crystal eo t weigh. i 1, 2oz dwt0 2 s . e Lormace th f thi th I df es o si Hig h Treasurer, then probabls i t i y same referree th eon 161n i beino s dt 6a gr Gideo delivereSi y b n p u d Murray of Elibank.1

The quhilk day in the presence of the Lords of Seoreit Counsall compeireit personalli r GedeonSi e e Murra f Elibankyo , knicht, Deputie Thesauraird an , produceit and exhibite befoir the saidis Lordis the maise callit the Thesaurairis maise, wit e samee caisth hth f eo , quhil umqnhile b delyveris km we hi eo t t Sir Johnne Arnote, Deputie Thesaurai e tyme th d he r an s,fo r bene keepe b t him sensyne. Quhilk maise, with the caise thairof, the saidis Lordis ressavit fro saie r Gideonmth Si d e Murray delyverid an , e sam th tJohne o t e , Erlf lo Mar, Lord Heich Thesaurai f thio r s kingdome cauy e e effecsma th th e h o tt , said mais borne l b etyme al en i befois comeinm hi r g durin s tyme hi gth f o e office d upouan , n productiou e saith d delyverie f no maisth same d th e an f eeo saie th d o Erlt l of-Ma saie r Gideonth rd Si e Murray askit instrumentis." *•

But the probability is that it is older than the date indicated in this extract. The fact that it is marked with the maker's mark, and with that mark alone, points to its having been made previous to a certain date. In the absence of corroborative evidence which is lacking, t wouli hazardoue db o attempt s o determint t e eithe r mado o wh rt i e when it was made; but certain data exist which may be stated, and which may throw some light on its probable age. f 145o t 7Ac (Jame e Th s II.) appointed bot a hmaker' s mard an k als odeacon'sa thao s , f relianci t e were place n thio d s alone e woulw , d be forced to the conclusion that the mace was older than that date. t silveBu r plats oftewa en irregularly marke n Scotlandi d d thian ,s canno e regardeb t s conclusivea d . Some negative evidence b y ma e obtained from the minute-books of the Incorporation of Goldsmiths n Edinburghi , which date from 1525 e namesTh . , with verw fe y exceptions, of all the freemen of that craft are found in them, but not on f theeo m between 152 d 1615an 6 bear initiale th s o thas s , tFG. .

1 Reg. Priv. Cone., . 674p . x . 118 ' PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 9, 1889. '.

this would point to its being earlier than 1525. The character of the mark also confirms this view. Besides Edinburgh, silver plats manufacturewa e othen i d r placen si Scotland. The only goldsmith who bore the initials F. G. whom I have succeeded in discovering was a Perth craftsman named Findlay Goldsmyth s mentionei o e minute-bookwh , th n i d e Hammermeth f so n Society in 1519 as receiving payment for making some ornament Churce relie th fo th rn t c i Perth.a h 1 That this goldsmith made th e mace is possible, but the evidence is too scanty to prove it. It is possible of course that it may not bo of Scottish workmanship at all, but ther s nothinei s appearancit e characte th n e i g maker' n th i f r o o re s mark which woul dsuppositioe leath o dt mads n thawa e t i telsewhere . It has been surmised that this mace may be a queen's sceptre. There Queen'e recorth th f s ei o d s sceptre mad Johy b e n Mosman i n 154t thibu s 0; mac s certainli e t thano y t weighit r s fo i t, recorded at 31-| ounces, while the mace only weighs 20 oz. 12 dwt.

CHESTK OA E . TH chesk oa te (figTh . 33), which containe Regalie dth a during their long seclusion from 1707 till 1818. is worthy of description. The body of the chest is oblong in form, and measures 6 feet, 3 inches long, 2 feet 5 inches high, and 2 feet 6-^ inches wide. It rests on a massive base with classic mouldings, made separately, and out of which it can be lifted. This measures 4| inches high, and projects 3£ inches from the chest, and is raised from the floor by four square blocks 2J- inches high. The lid of the chest is plain, and is surrounded on the two sides and the front with a moulding, consisting of an ogee, a fillet and a quarter round inche—i2 l nal s thick—which overlap uppee sth rcheste edgth f eo . The chest is made of Dantzig oak, and appears to be of Scottish workmanship. jointe e ches strengtheneth mitrede e Th f ar ar t2so d an , d at each corner by oak corner-blocks, extending the whole height of the chest (the tope observef b whic so e illustratio y th ma hn i d n fig. 33). Perthe Th 1 Hammermen Book, edite Coliy d b . Hunt . nA 3 . p , 2 Councillo . DunlopC . rJ well-knowa , n authorit furnitured ol n yo , examinee dth chest, au ds opinion thihi s si . .TECHNICAL DESCRIPTIO EEGALIE TH F SCOTLANDF NO AO . 119

These blocks are fixed, the long way, with the large-headed iron bolts which pass throug e irohth n platese outsidth n f eaco ,o e h cornee th f o r e iroth nf o bolt e e bottoth son t fixey a m b e crosy chestth d swa d an , insid thuma y eb b screw abovd an , e thi woodey sb n pins. chese probabls Th ha t y been constructe n thido s principl permio t e t s beinoit f g taken intCrowe th o n Roo mn piecesi afterwardd an , t pu s

Chesk Oa te whicTh . Figh33 .containe Regalie dth a from 1707 till 1818.

together, as the size of the door would not admit of its being carried in bodily. e iroTh n mounting e chesth f t so consis f threo t e long-shaped plates in front, two at each end and two behind, all of similar size and pattern. Thechese fixee th smaly ar b o tdt l round-headed iron bolts wels a , s a l the la.rge ones already referred to. Between each of the plates on front ' PKOCEEDING SOCIETYE 0 12 TH F O S, DECEMBE , 18899 R .

are the two original locks, with the cut-off hasps still locked to them. Curiously, both these locks and hasps are of a different shape and pattern. Betweeo largd massiv tw e an endee platee th th nar st e a s iron handles 11J inches long. The original iron mountings on the inside of consisd li e f threo th t e long' hinge1 bands; alik pattern i e d sizean n, for e e hingechesth th f to s (these hinge band e continuear s d dowe th n o simila outside tw backchese th d th t ra f an )teo mount r carryinfo s g the hasps for the locks, which differ in size and pattern, as well as the locks to which they are fitted. When the search for the Eegalia was instituted in 1818, the keys of e chesth e lockte foundth b coul d st weran dno ,t e pickedno th e t bu , e dexte ches e hasth openes th n pf wa o tr o drivinjoiny e db n th t pi t gou side, and cutting through that on the sinister side. Three new iron plate keepers were then fitted to the lid, with corresponding hasps on e insertioe bodye chestth th th e padlocks r f th ,o fo , f no . This chest is a fine characteristic specimen of those commonly used in Scotland durin sixteente gth seventeentd han h centuries fore th m n I . and ornamentation of its iron mountings it resembles those that were imported from Holland during that period. In the great oak chest the Eegalia were frequently deposited, as appears from entries in the records. It was probably this identical ches 10tf o tt hwhic JulAc e referreys hi th 1621 n i o favoun dr t i , Si f o r Patrick Murray of Elibank " anent his Majesties Honours and Silver Plaitt," when the Earl of Mar " being personallie present grantit the ressett of the saidis Honouris and of ane grite aik-kist quharin they are keepit." x It is also especially noted in the Act of Delivery and Deposita- tion in 1707, when the Honours were lodged "in an orderly manner in a chest within the said crown rooine."

THE ENSIGNS OP THE OEDBES OP THE GABTEK AND THE THISTLE. The other articles, consisting of the Collar and George of the Order of the Garter, the St Andrew of the Order of the Thistle, and a Ruby and Diamon dshoww Ringf whico no l ne al ,har alon g wit Regaliae hth , were bequeathed by Cardinal York, the last male descendant of the Stewarts, 1 Papers Relative Eegalia,e th o t Bannatyne Club, MDOCCXXIX. Appendix . Iviiip , . TECHNICAL DESCRIPTIO E REGALITH F O NA OF SCOTLAND1 12 .

to George III. They were deposited in the Crown Room in the presence of certain officer e 18lf Statth o s h n eo Decembe r 1830, shortly aftee th r accessio f Williano . mIV

THE COLLAB OF THE ORDER OF THE GAETER. The collar (fig. 34) consists of 21 garters, 1J inches in diameter. The ground of each garter is enamelled blue, and the edges white, having e mottth o " HONT SOIT QUI MA PENSLY e centrEth goldn " i f n eacI eo .h garte s placei r a ddoubl e rose d ,seede barbean d d re d greene Th .

. FigSectio Colla34 e GarteOrdee e . th th th f f f no ro o r (actual size).

garters are alternated with double knots formed of chased gold wire in the fashion of a cord with four tassel ends. The garters and the knots e joinear d abov d beloean w with loop collaringse d an sTh r. measures 5 feet 1J inches in length; it weighs 33 oz. 10 dwt., and is made throughou f goldo t , whic qualitr hfo y seems almost pure.

THE GEORGE OF THE OBDEE OF THE GAETEE. The George is that worn pendent at the collar, and known as the Great George, to distinguish it from the Lesser George. It is made of golenamelled dan n coloursi d d representan , t GeorgS s e armed, sitting 122 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 9, 1889.

on horseback, encountering the dragon with a spear. The obverse (fig. s studdei ) 35 d with d ros tablt diamondsan ecu e n plaii t nse , gold collets rubbe e e settindth th ove f n o go rt e numbeedgecu Th d . an r diamonds are as follows :—St George—helmet, 4 rose diamonds ; plumes, 3 rose diamonds; right arm, 2 rose diamonds ; body, 4 rose diamonds; right leg ,3 rose diamonds :—Horse—body, head d legsan , , 19 rose diamonds; tail ros3 , e diamonds; hoo f foro f e leg 3 tabl, e diamonds;

Fig. 35. Obverse of the Great George of the Order of the Garter (actual size).

hoof of hind leg, 3 table diamonds; reins, 17 .table diamonds; bit, 1 rose diamond; inside "mout bitn o h ,tabl1 e diamond; stirrup tabl1 , e diamond:—Dragon—body, 18 rose diamonds; tail, 1 rose and 14 table diamonds; neck tabl9 ros1 d , e an ediamond s :—Ground—2 rosd ean 9 table diamonds. There are amissing on the tail of the dragon 2 table diamonds, and on the reins 1 table diamond. These are easily observed, for the settings- are empty; but on the body of the horse, in front of St George's right leg, is a small hole, in which has been fixed a .collet TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE KEGALIA OF SCOTLAND 123

containing a rose diamond, which is also amissing (both collet and stone). The reverse (fig. 36) is enamelled in the following colours :—Horse —body, whit e; trappings , orange, with reddish brown strip tasseld ean s ; saddle-cloth, green, wit fleue lise hon d r , neae edgeth r n whiti , e: edg e of saddle, pale blue :—St George—armour, blue; spear, plain gold not enamelled :—Dragon—body, green, with yellow scale yellod san w belly;

Fig. 36. Reverse of the Great George of the Order of the Garter (actual size).

wings, dark green, with orange feather markings :—Ground, green, blue, and orange :—Bottom, enamelled with green, blue, and yellow leaves and flowers. Small portions of the enamel are chipped or broken away on e horse'threth t f GeorgeS o e s f o legse nece d g lefth , th ,le an k t body of the dragon, and also on the ground. Besides the deficiencies in the stones and the breakage of the enamel already mentioned, botGeorge e Collath h th incompleted e ear an r . hardls expectee b wa o t yt I d that such articles would pass througo hs 124 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 9, 1889.

many hands, and such strange vicissitudes, without suffering loss and damage marve e t thaTh no t.s i l the damagede yar t thabu , t they have. suffere littleo s d . The collar has only 21 garters, whereas 26 was the number ordained. Nevertheless, even in its present state, it exceeds the outside limit of the weight—30 ounces—prescribed in the statutes of the Garter renewe Henry b d y VIII. This limit, however, appears occasionallo yt have been exceeded, for it is recorded that the collar sent to Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, weighed 34| ounces,1 while that belonging to King Charles I. of England weighed 35\ ounces. But this collar when complete must have weighed about 41 \ ounces—a greater weight than any of which there is a record. gartere Th whico t , e Georghth attacheds ewa , still forme s th par f o t present collar. It differs from the others in this respect that at the termination of the garter below there is a hole and no floriated terminal ornamentothee th n r o garters s a , . n anotheI r particula t differi r s from those prescribe statutee th n i d s e doublreferreTh e. e centr dto th ros n f eaci eeo h garte s enamellei r d throughout in red and seeded green, whereas in the statutes of Henry VIII. it was appointed that the innermost rose should be enamelled red and the outermost white, and contrarily in the next garter, and so alter- nately continued. But it would appear, that before the Eestoration of Charles II. the custom prevailed of having them wholly red. The George bears a most striking resemblance to that worn by King Charles II. (fig. 37) 2 after the Kestoration. On a cursory glance, it might almost be taken for the same jewel j but a careful comparison reveals differences which, if the delineation in Ashmole's Order of the Garter correcte b , render this impossible. Nevertheless woule on de th , seem to have been made in imitation of the other, or perhaps both from commoa n model. Fro mcomparisoa t wouli n d appear tha shiele t GeorgS th t f d do ean the diamond fleur de lis for attaching the George to the collar are lost. t woulI interestine db t couli f gi ascertainee db d wher e Collaeth d an r 1 Ashmole's Order Garter,e oth f . 220p . 2 Ibid., p. 202. Fig. 37. Collar and Great George worn by Charles II. 12B PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , DECEMBE , 18899 R .

the George were made. As far as the work on the collar is concerned, y havma e t i come fro e n handEnglisa mth f o s h goldsmithe th t bu , superlative excellence ,e modellin bot th e enamellin f th ho d e gan th f go George, renders it exceedingly unlikely that it emanated from the hands Englisn oa f h craftsman. Without going beyon recorde e Gartere Ordedth n th th ca f f o rt so i , be shown that foreign goldsmiths were frequently employed by the English sovereigns to execute work beyond the capabilities of native workmen. King Henry V,, in the first year of his reign, commissioned John Cause, " a skilful Dutch goldsmith," 1 to make some additions to the image of the Virgin in the Chapel of St George at Windsor; and Henry "VIII. ordered from Christian Van Vianan of Utrecht, "a man excellently skilP chasinn di Plate,f go " 2 some candlesticks, chalicesd an , basins for adorning the altar of the same chapel. It was not, therefore, against the traditions of the Order to employ foreign workmen, and the workmanship of this George points to it having been made most probably in France. It is not necessary to enter into the history of the Order of the Garter, except in so far as it helps us to discover to whom this collar and George may have belonged, and through whose hands they may have passed. The first King of Scotland elected Companion of the Order of the Garter was James V., and a very complete account can be compiled of the circumstances attending his . He was elected on the 20th January 1535 Lord an ,d William Howar s forthwitdwa h despatcheo dt inform him of his election. e instructionTh ambassadoe th o st r sent wit e Habi th hEnsignd an t s e Orderoth f quotee interestinge b ar ,y extenso.n di ma d an ,

e saiTh d Lord William shall withi x daynsi fivr s o enex t afte e hath r h been with the said King, of Scots, for his first Ambassade, and resort to Court mosn i there d t reverenan , d fashion deliver unt Kine oth f Scotgo Lettee sth r missive of Certification of his Election into the Nohle_0rder of the Garter, from Kine Soveraigr th gou n Lor s Highnessdhi , witcommendatione hdu s fros mhi

Highness. The Letter read, and he consenting to the reception of the said e OrderTh 1 Garter, e oth f Eliay b s Ashmole . 499p , . 2 Ibid., p. 492.

TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE BEGALIA OF SCOTLAND. 127 Order, then incontinen Booe th tf Statutek o delivere e b o t s1 d unto hima d ,an appointey da havo t wels s dconsentmenr a ehi fo l e Article th saie n th d o tf so e meantimth Statutes n i preparee s Oat b d s hi consen e o an hi ,t h d y db an t advice whicn e beinleasO y th . da ht t ga Sunday aggreeine h d an , receivo gt e same th e honorable Order placa muse n i h , e e convenientb t . First, they shall present their Commission unt saie oth d King causd e an , eth said audibly and distinctly to be read, and so followingly shall in good and reverent manner makrequiro t s corporam hi e hi e le inviolabl Oathth r fo , e observin e same e tenure th Statute th f th o g,y f b liko e s sea every Knighf o t that Orde forn i bouns ri mo d followino dt g :—

E OATHTH . We James by the grace of God King of Scots, promise and swear by our Faith Honord an ,d holan ,y Evangelist s presentlu y b s y touched, thae w t shall accomplish and keep truly unto our power, all the Statutes, Points, and Ordinance righe th f ts o Nobl e Orde f Sainro t George name Gartere dth , from point to point, and from Article to Article, as is contained and declared in the Book thereof to us delivered, the which we have accepted and do accept, as if that we read them now presently (Note, if he will make any exceptions, they must be here rehearsed), the which articles we promise now again to keep, hold and entertain, without breaking : So God help us, and the Saints. Yeoven, etc. Which Oath given e Lorth , d Williad an e me Garter th du shal t n i ,pu l reverent manner about his left Leg, and in this doing, Garter shall say, " Sir Soveraig,the honorablnand e Compan GarteOrdethe the yof of rr have receives theia u r Brotheyo d Companiond an r n knowledgi d an , toked an e n thereof, they give and present you this Garter, the which God give you grace to wear to his laud and praise, to the honor of the blessed Virgin Mary, and the glorious Martyr , Patron of that Noble Order; and to the augmentation of your honor." Which thing so done, the said Lord William shall deliver unto him the Gown of Crimson, and cause him to apparel himself with the same, the said Garter saying these words following ,doinsamee e ath th t f go , take "Y e this Garment, wherei givgracu d eyo n eGo strongl e stano yt th n di true Faith of Christ, and depressing the Enemies of Saints, in token of the sai augmentine dth Ordero t d an ,thif go s Order youd an , r honor." And then lovingl e saiyth d Lord William shall caus e saith ed t Kinpu o gt e Mantlth n f Bluo o e e Velvet, garnished witt e ArmGeorgeS th h f o s , invironed wit hGartera e sai,th d Garter sayin s followetga h (Note Hoode th o t be put on the right shoulder), 1 A detailed account of the Bill of Charges for the Book of Statutes sent to King James V. will be found in Ashmole's Order of the Garter, p. 396. . PROCEEDING 8 12 SOCIETYE TH F O S , DECEMBE , 18899 R .

"Tak thieye s Mantl heavenlof e y colour, wit Crosshielthe the h sof of d Christ garnished whosy b , e strengt virtud an h alway e ey defendede sb y b d an , overcomy ma u l youyo al evirtu t i r f Enemieso e througo s d an , h your most noble desert, may worthily come to the joys everlasting, in token of the said Order increasd an , youf eo r honor." whed An n .the said King apparelleo shals e b l d wit e adornmenthth s afore- said saie th ,d Lord William Collee Ordere th shalth t f o r ,lpu wit e Imaghth e of Saint George abou necks hi tsaie th ,d Garter saying, " Take ye and bear this Coller, with the Image of the most glorious Martyr Saint George, Patron of this Order, about your neck, by the help whereof you may the better pass through both the prosperity and adversity of this world, so that your Enemies bote overcome b f bod ho d y sou yan ma l they e y , nma receive not only glory of temporal Chivalry, but also the rejoycing of ever- lasting victory, in sign and token of this Order, and increase of your honor." Which things thus fully endedsomo t Kino e eg th ,solem o gt n churchd an , there to hear a solemn mass, and so to return, and so to his lodging, where if he dine abroad wea o t e sai, th rd whole Habit, durin e dinnegth r timed an , after to do his pleasure. Then Garter to remember to purchase and solicite a certification of the recep- saie tioth d f nOrdeo als d Oath s himy oan hi rb , , both unde saie rth d King's seal. Also to advertise him the manner of the comeing of his Procurator for his In- stallation within seven months ; he to bring with him a Procuration under the Kings Seal for his Installation, with all other things necessary, as the said Garter knoweth by his old Presidents in such case accustomed. All these things thus duly and in reverent order done, with other the Kings Affairs there, the said Lord William and the said Garter to return to the Kings Highness. 1 e embassTh f Loryo d William Howar mentiones di e Diurnalth n di of Ocaurrents? 1534-5 :— " Vpoun f Februar o auche y th , da t e thair come ane ambassatout ou r of Ingland callit William, sone to the erle of Surreye, with certane greit horsikingie th o st s grace, witx horsixx h trynen si , wit ordoue hth f o r the knycht of the gartare. " VpouFebruaref o y xxe n th da jkingi e th , s grace ressaui ordoue th t r of the gairter in the abbay of Halyrudhous, with greit solempnitie." Ashmole also mentions that Lord John Erskin appointewas e d

Autogrx 1E Bibln i . . Hatton, printe Ashmole'n di s Order Garter,e oth f Appendix No. cii. 2 Diurual of Occumnts, 1513-1575, Bannatyne Club, MDCOCXXXIII, p. 19. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE BEGALIA OF SCOTLAND. 129

Proctor1 at the Installation, and that James V. bestowed on Garter2 " a gow f blaco n k velvet furred with black budge, with sixteen paif o r aglet 0 crown e anothesund goldf 10 so th an ,f n a so , r gown." Ensigne e OrdeTh th f so r wil foune b l d mentione inventore th n di f yo 1539.3—"Ite e ordourmth f Inglano e d with sanct George wite an h habi goue th tf crammesno y velvett wite kirtilan h f purpouo l r velvett with ane hude of crammesy velvett." They fou e alsth rof o panel forfoue e th m on rf so order f knighthooso d bestowed on James V., which he had carved on the archway at the entrance Palace toth Linlithgowf eo than i t t representatiobu ; - re the f s no i mt i markable that the motto is omitted from the garters surrounding the roses of the collar. In. fact, it might be said that the garters are also omitted, for what surrounds each rose should properl describee yb bordera s da . e statute th e OnOrde th f eo f so r ordained that whe e sovereigth n n bestowed the ensigns upon the knight they should be returned on his death. Ther memorabla s ei e instanc reture Habie th thif th eo f n sni to d Ensignan f Gustavuso s Adolphus,4 kin f Swedeno g , when they were sent back in a solemn embassy from Christina, queen of Sweden, his daughter and successor to that crown. After the death of King James V. the Ensigns of the Order were likewise returned.5 Lindesa f Pitscottiyo e states—" Ther s alsea wa o Herauld directed to England for Kedelivery of the Garter and Order of St George, in the which James, the late King of Scots, had been invested by his Uncle King Hary, who rewarded the Herauld richly." James VI. was elected Companion of the Order of the Garter in April 1590, durin e reiggth f Queeno n Elizabeth becamd ,an e Sovereigeth f no 24te Ordee th th hn ro Marc h accessio1603s hi Englise n ,o th o nt h . With regard to the Collar and George which he wore, it may be interesting noto t frontispiece thath n o tvolume th f eo e which contain writings,s shi 8 Ashmole's Order of the Garter, p. 438. 1 2 Ibid., p. 465. 3 Thomson's Inventories,. 49 . p Ashmole's Order of the Garter, p. 637. 4 Lindesay of Pitscottie, Edinburgh, 1728 . 180p , . 5 6 The WorUs of the, Most High and Mighty Prince James, by the Grace of God King Greaf eo t Brittaine Franc Irelandd ean . London, 1616. I VOL. XXIV. . PROCEEDING 0 13 E SOCIETYTH F O S , DECEMBE , 1889.9 R . '

lie is depicted wearing the "Collar and George of the Garter. The valtie of that representation of these ensigns may be little, but it .will be observed tha collae th t r differs, slightl somn yi e details from inthaw no t Crowe th n Room e GeorgTh . e is altogether differen n designi t t I . represents the figure of the horse and St George encircled with- a garter bearin e mottgth o "HONI son. QUI MA y PENSE,L " arie Georgth d s i e attached to one of the knots of the collar, and not to one of the garters as in that of Charles II., and in that now in the Crown. Room. King Charles I. was elected Companion of the Order of the Garter ori 23rd April 1611, and became the Sovereign of the Order on the 27th March accessios 1525hi thronee n th o , o nt . .' Ther traditiona s ei e origith , f whicno t i ihs difficul o tracet t , that the George now in the Crown Room is the identical one which Charles I. wore at his execution in 1649. It is unquestionable that on that occasion 'he worLessee s Georgeth e ehi s th rt i wa t Georgebu , no d an , Great George. Ashmole describe t i minutely,s d alsan 1o figures n .io t f hiso pag. 2 work20 e . gartee th ;fate f ro /eTh wor Charley nb beheades . whesI wa e h ns i d well known. It came into the hands of Captain Preston, from whom the.trustees for the sale of the king's goods received it and sold it for £205 to John Ireton, sometime Lord Mayor of London. After the applicatio s s returnrefuses thimads it a wa r snwa d efo an d, the king's attorney-general raised an action in the court of the King's Bench 'obtained an , verdicda e king. th r 2fo t The collar worn by Charles I. has already been referred to on account of its' exceptional weight. What befe t aftei l king'e th r s execution ca n als e ascertainedb o t I the. n came inte handth o f Major-Generao s l Harison, and was delivered by him to the trustees for the sale of the

1 "The George whic sais hhi d late Majest yMartyrdom s time worhi th f eo t ea s wa , curiouslOnixn a t aboun i se , t ytcu wit larg1 h2 e Table Diamonds fashioe th a n f i ,no Gartere bac th e Pictur e kGeorgn th s Queenth sidO hi s : . f o eewa of e , rarely well a Cas limn'd d neatl n f li Goldi eo t e yse th ,, enamell'd with Goldsmith's workd an , surrounded with another Garter, adorned wit hlika e numbe equaf o r l sized diamonds as was the foreside " (Ashmole's Order of the Garter, p. 228). Ashmole's Order Garter,e oth f . 202p . 2 TECHNICAL DESCRIPTIO E REGALITH F F SCOTLANDO NAO 1 13 .

king's goods, who in 1649 sent it along with the English Regalia to the mint to be melted down and coined.1 • Charles II. was elected Companion of the Order of the Garter on' 20t1638hMay . .From some incidental references collaa f e Garte o e th fat rd f th , eo an r of SS. belonging to him can be traced. On 6th September 1651,- Major Gobbet, who was sent by Cromwell from Worcester 2 to give the Hous f Parliameneo accoun n battle,:producee a t th f o t d . " collaa SS f o r and a Garter which had been the King of Scots," and that officer was afterwards awarded £100 for his services in conveying 'these articles

to London. Ashmole relates "how the Lesser George was preserved after the same battle. 3 In his work on the Order of the Garter he .also figure e e ensignwholth th s e f d Ordehabito th ean s f o rs wory b n Charle . 202(p ) . sII afte Restoratione th r . James, Duke of York, second son of Charles II., was elected Com- panioe e GarterOrdeth th f f d investeno o r an , e 20t t th Yorda hn o k April 1642. His installation was dispensed with on the 2nd March 1645. e ascendeH - d Februar h the'thron6t e th y n 1685James o ea , s VII. There is no difficulty in arriving at the conclusion that the Collar and George now in the Crown Eoom were those worn by James VII. The evidence of the St Andrew of the Order -of the Thistle, which accom- panied them through all their wanderings, points unquestionably to this, for, as will be afterwards shown, that jewel contains a miniature of the 1 Ashmole's Order of the Garter, p. 220. 2 The Parliamentary or Constitutional History of England, London, 1763, vol. xx. . 50 , 45 . pp 3 '' Amon s Attendant hi rese f gth to s then disperst, Colone whole Blaguon , s ewa taking shelter at Blore-pipe House (within two miles of Eccleshall in Staffordshire), r GeorgwherM e eeon Barlow then dwelt, delivere s Wifdhi e this Georg secureo t e . Within a week after Mr Barlow himself carried it to Robert Milward, Esquire, he being the nPrisonea Parliamente th o t r Garrisoe means th hi s n i ,y Stafforf b swa n o d an ; d it happily preserved and restored : for not long after he delivered it to Mr Isaac Walton to be given to Colonel Blague then Prisoner in the To*wer ; who considering it had already past so many dangers, was perawaded it could yet secure one hazardous attempt of his own, and thereupon leaving the Tower without leave taking, hasted e presentatioth e t presen-ti th o f no t Soveraign's hand " (Ashmole's e Orderth f o Garter, . 228)p . . PROCEEDING 2 13 SOCIETYE TH F O S , DECEMBER 9, 1889.

Princess Clementina Maria Sobieski o whot , m Prince James Francis Edward Stewart f Jameo n so s, VIL marries wa , n 1719di . That they oldee b y r "thama e tim nth Jamef eo s VIIpossibles i . r .thesfo , e ensigns, accordancn i e wit e statute he Orderth th f so , were frequently returned; thed y havan yma e been again use t thad bu • t they wer e ensignth e s worn by Charles II. cannot be proved. e pattere garterTh th e d • colla sizd f knotth an o ne an e s f ar ro s almost exactly the same; but the George differs both in size and in some of its details to an extent which, although slight, is sufficient to indicatGeorge th t Charlef eo eno s thai . t II si t e circumstanceTh • s attendin e abdicatiog th e flighth f Jameo d t an n s VII. in 1688 rendered it exceedingly unlikely that he would think of returnin e ensigngth f tho n snaturai e o Orders d l successioan , n from frod n toan mso grandso n fatheso o t e rColla th nd Georg an r e passed, until frobrothes mhi r Prince Charles Edward Stewart, Cardinal York l received them, and by him they were bequeathed to George III., and were ultimately in 1830, shortly after the accession of William IV., deposite e Crowth n i dn Koo n Edinburgmi h Castle besid e .otheth e r article e Eegaliath f so .

T ANDRES E THP TH WO E E THISTLEORDETH F O R . The St Andrew (Plate V.) is oval in form, engrailed on the outer edge,' and measures 1^| inches long by If inches broad. In the centre of the

1 Henry Benedict Stewart (better known in history under the name of Cardinal York) •the younge Jamef o n s so r Francis Edwar Marcf o dh hStewart6t e borth s n nwa o , tooe 1725promineno H n k . s brother't hi par n i t s expeditio Britaio t n 1745n ni , 1747n i d , an when only twenty-two year f age o decidee s h , tako dt e - ordersre d an , ceived a cardinal's hat from Benedict XIV., by whom he was also created Bishop of Frascati. On the death of his brother, in 1788, he succeeded to the representation of e Housth f Stewarteo t too bu furtheo , kn r step o assers t e Britisclais th hi t o mt h throne than by having a medal struck with the-following inscription:—:HENKICUS ix ANGLIC REX DEI GRATIA SED NON VOLITNTATE HOMINUM. His later years were darkene calamityy db Frence Th . h Revolutio Napoleon'd nan s invasio Italf no - yde prived him of his income, and he was living in great poverty when George III. settled a pension of £4000 per annum for life upon him. In gratitude, it is said, for thi e bequeatheh s d -the Colla Georged t AndrewS ran e th , , ane Rubdth y Rino gt ' .. ' . George III.

TECHNICAL DESCRIPTIO E REGALITH F F SCOTLANDNO AO 3 13 .

obverse (PI. V. No. 1) is an oval chalcedony—If inches long by -J-| inch broad—cut with a cameo of St Andrew with his cross, showing figure groune th whitth n i e d n bluisdi ean h grey. Immediately below the figure is a Scottish thistle. A narrow gold edge surrounds the cameo around an , d this ther twelve ear e large rose diamonds,1 principally oval in form, and of considerable thickness in proportion ta their area. A rose diamond, rather larger than those in the border, is set in the loop by which the jewel is suspended. All the diamonds are set in silver grain settings. garterA , inlaid with blue enamel, bearin mottthe g goloin d " NEMO ME IMPUNE LACBSSIT," encircle e outeth s e reverser th .ri f mo . Within this garter is a small oval compartment covered by a lid, jointed and hingetope th t ,d a whic h contain , painte3) . n miniatursa dNo i . V L e(P water colours on ivory, of the Princess Clementina Maria Sobieski, who was marrie Princo dt e James Francis Edward Stewart Jamef o n sso , VII., enamelles i d li 1719n e outsidi e Th th d .f wit eo hScota s thistle (PI. V. No. 2) and leaves. The blow of the thistle is in pink, the leaves in e groun th greena bluis d f o dan ,h coloured enamel, whic s slightli h y chippe t severada l places. For grace and beauty the St Andrew is not inferior to any article of Regaliae s workmanshith it n I . t pi differ n mani s y respects froe mth George. The diamonds are cut in the best styles in which roses were eve re appearanc cutth havd l an , eal f beineo d Englisol g t stonescu h . Their settings are of silver, while those in the George are of gold. The came s exquisiteli o e choicy th d balanccut e colourd an eth an , f f eo so the enamel are chaste and effective, although, technically speaking, the enamelling falls shorGeorgee th f tha o tn o t . It is certain that the George and the St Andrew are not the work of goldsmiths of the same nationality. While the workmanship of tho George point foreiga o t s n origin, tha thf t o Andrete S w point Engo st - land, and with the exception of the cutting of the cameo it very probably emanated fro e hand mth Londoa f so n goldsmith.

t necessarno s i t enteI o yt r inte disputeth o d e Ordeorigith f f o o rn Th1 o cutting of these diamonds is not uniform. Most of them are Holland and semi-Holland roses. 134 .' PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER. 9, 1889.

the Thistle," If it existed at all before the sixteenth century, its origin, is certainly shrouded in mystery.1 But it was revived-^or as some say instituted—-by James, V. in 1540.. Already he had received in 1534 e OrdeGoldee th th f o r n Fleece fro Emperoe mth r Charles V", n 1535i ; , that of St Michael from Francis I., King of France, and that of the Garter from _Henry VIII., Kin f Englandgo . To commemorate these,

Jame . kepV s t open courd solemnisean t e severalth d , feast. s ;St of Andrew, the Golden Fleece, St Michael, and St George,, and in addition cause he carvebe dto d abov gatewa ethe palac the Linlithgoof at ye w e armth f thesso e prince sencircle. y theib d r respective orders, together with the Order of the Thistle. The St Andrew there shown pendent to the collar'differs materially from that now preserved. In the principle of s desigit t resembleni s .the Great Georg Gartere Ordee th th f f r eo ro fo ; t showi figurt e AndreS sth f o e w (unsurrounde gartey an borderr y o rd b ) foue tieth r wriste o s crosdt armth anklehi d t f sa san s o cords y sb . The.sudden death of James V. in 1541, the rebellion against Queen Mary, and the troubles which ensued in Scotland, nearly extinguished the Order, which appear o havst e been almost entirely neglected untie th l reign of James VII. Ashmole, who published his work on the Order, of the Garter in 1672, wherein he also describes the Order of the Thistle, s altogethei r silen n mano t y points, whic e certainlh y would have Ordee th referre d r beeha o activdn t ni e existenc perioe th t ea d when he; wrote, and he even qualifies much of the information which he does give. t AndrewS e Th - whic figuree h than i s t work differs both from that carve t Linlithgoda w Palac preservethad w ean no t thn di e Crown Eoom. e figurt AndreS Th f o e ws representei d standing behind the, cross,d ,an encircle bordea y db r bearin e mottth g o " NEM IMPUNB OM K LACESSIT." e alsH o figure d describean s e ordinarth s r commoo y n ensign which corresponde Lessee th o d t t r Andre S George e th ws a , correspondee th o dt Great Georg e Garterth f eo . On the 29th- May 168.7, James VII. issued his warrant for letters patent to be made out and passed under the for,

" 1 Fabulous accounts of its early institution will be found-in Bisbop Lesley^s De Rebus Gestis Scalar., . v. 1771 .p , Edit. Roma?.,. 158 ; 8Ashmole' s flrder f theo Garter, pp. 98, 99 ; and Favin's Theat. (fHonneur, 1. v. c. 3. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE KEGALIA OF SCOTLAND. 135

reviving and renewing the Order of the Thistle, and at the same time be promulgate boda d f statuteyo d ordinancean s s regulationit r fo s n I . consequenc f thio e s revival, eighknightw ne t s were e electedth d an , Order continued, to flourish. All that we know of the history of the St Andrew in the Crown Room, with bot e evidenchth f whiceo h itself bears witness whicd an , h gathen weca r from other sources, point t havini o st g beend madan r efo worn by James VII. The description of the St Andrew in the statutes promulgated in 1687 corroborates this. While they describe it as being wrought in gold and enamel, with the gown of the apostle in green, the surcoat purple, and the cross enamelled white, they add that if of diamonds they shall consist just of the number thirteen, symbolical of Christ and the Twelve Apostles, which gives more tha mera n e decorative significance to the thirteen diamonds (twelve in the border and one in the loop) which enrich the existing St Andrew. Moreover, although the badge of the ordinary knights might be of gold and enamel, the statutes prescribed that the Sovereign should have such other distinctions for differences as he should think fit to appoint, and hence may have arisen the circumstances of his St Andrew being garnished with diamonds. AndreSt reversThe the w of eals o correspond descriptiothe to s n given in the same statutes of the jewel which it was ordained should hav e bacth e k n " o thereof n enameli , a blu n eo , ground a thistl, f o e gold and green, the flower reddish; with a motto written round it NEM IMPUNE OM E LACESSIT." • Additional and weighty evidence in support of the theory that it belonged to James VII. is obtained from the miniature which it con- tains. Hithert bees ha n t oi describe d as representing Ann Denmarkf eo , queen of James VI., but Mr J. M. Gray, of the Scottish National Portrait Gallery, pronounces it unhesitatingly to be the Princess Clementina Maria Sobieski, who was married in 1719 to Prince James Francis Edward Stewart, son of James VII.1

. Grayr J.M 'M , Curato e Scottisth f o r h National Portrait Gallery, mada e 1 careful examinatio e miniatureth f o n d reportan , s s followupoa t i n s :—"The miniatur s painteei vvatereolourn di thia n nso table f ivoryo t , backe cardboary db d 136 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 9, 1889.

Originall havy ma e t ycontainei e miniaturth d f Maro e f Modenayo , quee Jamef no s VII., whe revivee nh e Orderdth . James VII. abdicate s fligh hi appeare h n 1688n i tdi d havo st an , e taken with him the St Andrew, as well as the Collar and George of the Garter. statutee t prescribThistle e OrdeTh no th th f d f o rso e returdi eth n of the ensigns on the death of the knight, as in the case of the Order of the Garter. This provision was not added till the reign of Queen Anne. Annaturas dwa st oi l that this jewel shouldeate th Jamef n hdo o s VII. of about twice its own thickness—the two together measuring along with the glass *f$ inch in thickness. It is secured round the edge with a thin film of skin or parch- ment. The hair of the lady is of a brown colour, made dim or greyish with a dash of powder. Her eyebrows are brown, and are clearly defined : the lips bright red : the eyes, of a clear, dark definite brown, are delicately and expressively painted. The hair is the least excellent part of the miniature, being distinctly formal in touch. No earrings are worn. The is crimson, with a corner of ermine visible at her left shoulder. The dress is white, low-breasted, and square-cut, with lace at its lower edge, where, in the centre, is fixed a brooch set with a ruby-coloured stone in the centre, surrounded with clear stones like diamonds. The background is of a dark brown, and is expressed by a stippled touch. " The miniature represents the Princess Clementina Maria Sobieski, granddaughter of John III., king of Poland (who married in 1719 Prince James Francis Edward Stewart Chevaliee ,th t George)t AnnS no e Denmark f rd ed o an hitherts , ha s a , o been affirmed. Probabl originae yth thif o l s general typ portraitf eo Princese th e f so th s si picture painte Davidy db t Romea s engraved an ,. DrevetP y db . Her figure eth s ei seen to below the waist, and her left hand is raised touching a curl, the right being a table lain o d , upon which lie a scrown e fac s Th r turnei elef . ou t o (thdt e revers miniature)e th f eo shora d tan , plum feathersf eo , fastene strina y d b pearlsf go , haire th ,n i whic t se arranges hs i i freen di r curls than appeae miniatureth n ri . "The print published by Duchange, inscribed 'Trivisani (sic) liomae, pinxt 0. Dupuis, sculpt,' similas i e prin th o t r after Davids t show bu ,figure sth ee onlth o yt waist. " The engraving published by Coghlan in 1773, marked 'Carolus Marsigli, de.lt., Alexius Giardout, sculpt.' s similai prine th o tt rafte r Davids, except that booke sar substituted for the crown on the table, a rose is placed in her raised left hand, and the face is turned to our right, as in the miniature. This bears the closest resemblance e miniaturtoth prin y an I knotf e hai o e th s arrangew ri : similarla n di y formal manner, but the plume and string of pearls are retained. A markedly different type of portraits of the Princess, representing her at a more advanced age, appears in such works as the print marked ' Jao. Freij ad vivum del. et sculp. Ro™' and that marke . TrivisanF ' d i Romaj, pinxt., . FabeJ r Londini, fecit,'lattee th r beine gth •same portrait mezzotintethas wa t Milley db r (And. Miller, Londini, fecit 1737.)" TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE KEGALIA OF SCOTLAND. 137

substitutesons o pashi wh lo st miniature th dcontaine w th no r t ei fo s on t eoriginalli ys grandso hadthehi d o an n,t n Prince Charles Edward Stewart (commonly known as the young ), from whom Henry Benedict Stewart, Cardinal York, his brother, received it. Although we know nothing of the history of the jewel while in the possession of lattere th circumstancee th , lifs hi e f woulso d s poinhavinit o t t g made several narrow escapes from destruction s handswhilhi n ei . Whee th n French Eevolutio nAbbeyss deprivehi f Napoleon'o d ,an m dhi s invasion of Italy in 1796 stripped him of his episcopal revenues, he sold his family jewels to aid Pope Pius VI. in paying the indemnity demanded by the French after the capture of Eome. There he resided till 1798, in which year the revolutionary troops plundered his palace, scattering his fine library and collection of antiquities. He had to fly for his life, first to Padua; and he was living in great poverty in Venice when his condition became know o Georgt n t eonca III.o e ,instructewh d Lord Minto Britise th , h ambassado delicats t Viennaa a r n i a eo offe t m , hi r manner as possible a pension of £4000 per annum. The prince accepted the offer in the spirit in which it was made, and on his death in 1807 it was found that in gratitude for this he had bequeathed this St Andrew, with the Collar and George of the Garter and a Euby and Diamond Eing, to George III. interestine b y ma t noto I gt e that another relic connected wite hth reviva e ThistlOrdee th th f f Jamey o ro lb e s VII .s stili existencen i l . Mantle e OrderTh th f eo which belonge Jameso dt , fourth Ear f Pertho l , originae th f o e l knighton whs owa s create t thada t time stils i , l preserved (fig. 38).2 The Earl of Perth held the high office of Chancellor of Scotland from 1684 tile Eevolutioth l f 1688o n , after which evene h t was imprisone n Stirlindi gliberatios hi Castle n O 169n .ni wene 3h t Eomeo t t subsequentlybu , joine exiles dhi d maste t GermainsS t a r d an , was created by the latter Duke of Perth. He died at St Germains on buries Scote th 1716lltwa y sn di d h CollegMa an , t Parisea . Neither Prince James Francis Edward Stewart nor Prince Charles Edward 1 Stewart were Knight eithef so OrdeGartee e ThistleOrdee e th th r th th f f r o r o ro . 3 The Mantle is figured in Scottish National Memorials, p. 284, and by the kindness of Messrs T. & A. Constable, that illustration is here reproduced.

TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE REGALIA OF SCOTLAND. 139

THE RUBY . . Along with the ensigns of the Orders of the Garter and the Thistle, Cardinal York bequeathed to George IIL a Ruby and Diamond Finger Ring (fig. 39). In its centre there is a large ruby. (| inch long by ^ inch wide) of an oblong oval form. The ruby is very thin, and the table is accordingly large or spread. The upper portion of the stone between the edge or girdle antable dth facetteds ei s colouIt .s veri r y palet i ; is foiled behind, and it is probable that it would

look even pale f removei r d fro settinge mth . j,. 39 Froilt of e tablth en therO s engravei e a dcros s humette Rubth y r .aneo d couped e grounth , f whico d h withi e outlinnth e -is slightly sunk and polished. Around the ruby, and close to the girdle, there are set in silver 26 small diamonds^ cut "for 'the "most'part in the style known as table cutting. Man f theo y m are, however o irregularlo s bafflt , s a e t cu y classification of description by any recognised term. These diamonds t clos foiled se arl ean eal d behind. e rine hea th mads gi Th f do f polisheeo d gold qualita f o , y apparently ad abou linin ha ban carate 8 s 1 t Th beeha gs d . addeha n d o itt dan , afterwards repaired with a commoner quality of gold. The back of the cup in which the ruby and diamonds are set is orna-: e menteedgth en o dneares e diamondth t s with engraved scroll-work (tig. .e shoulder40)Th . f o s rine th g are also engraved. rine s madi Th g e wit hpeculiaa r arrangemento ,s that it might suit fingers of all sizes. It is jointed likexceptionalln a braceletea s ha d an , y long spring to the snap, with a number of. notches in it, so that r> Fig. 40. Back of the it migh size fixee th eb t t desiredda enlarge o s d an , d i;uby and Diamond or contracted at pleasure. Finger Ring (actual Tradition has described this ring particularly as the Coronation Eing of Charles I, and generally as that of the Stewarts. Minut detailed ean d description f bot so e coronatio hth f Charleno . sI 0 14 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , DECEMBE , 18899 R .

at Holyroodx and of Charles II. at Scone are preserved, but in neither of the mans i y mention mad coronatioa f eo n ring. 1 Neither is there any trace of it to be found in any of the published inventories of the royal jewels. It is unsatisfactory, on the one hand, in a measure to dispel the tradi- tion whic bees h ha long o ns attacher , fo and t i o othe,de t o nth r hando ,t be unable to supply a more circumstantial account. But all that can be said with definite certainty about presenta , it t s thai , s constructioit t n show e purpose th s mads r wa thafo e t si t a oceremonialf d thaan , t along wit ensigne e e ThistlOrdere hth Garteth th th d f f t o sso i an e r formed part of the bequest of Cardinal York. It is possible that it may have descende fros grandfathem mhi hi o t d r James VII I cling. , however e belieth o t ,f that somethin e ascertainedb g t definitye y ma e5 about it.

Thus far I have dealt more particularly with the existing articles of the Regalia. But records are still preserved of orders and jewels- which once filled the treasure chests of the Stewarts. Their history and their fate can in many cases be traced, and an account of them might have formed an interesting and an appropriate supplement to the present paper. If done at all, it would have required to have been done accurately, and if possible exhaustively; but the limits of a leisure, already much curtailed, have proved insufficient for its accomplishment. In concluding, I desire to return my best thanks to the Council of the Societprivilegthe yfor writineof g this paper • .Althoug h onerouhas sit bee ncongeniaa n investigatioa s li task d an , n thas proveha t d fruitful ia discovery beyond my anticipations. My only regret is -that the prescribed leisurlimity m f seo have prevente makine dm t gbetteri . o manT y individuals o numerouto , o mentiont s e thanky du m , e ar s for many suggestions and much assistance. Mention should be made at A detailed account of the Coronation of Charles I. at Holyrood will be found in the1 Annals of Sir James Balfour, Lyon at the time; and a contemporary accoun Coronatioe th f o t f Charle no t Scon a . esII wil foune pamphleta b l n i d - en , titled " TheForme Orderd an Coronatione oth f of Charles Second,e th King of Scotland, England, France, Ireland,d an Aberdene, Imprinte Jamey db s Brown, 1651." Both these are also described in The Scottish Review, vol. x. Nos. xix. and xx. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTIO E REGALITH F F SCOTLANDO NAO 1 14 .

least of three. To Mr J. M. Gray, Curator of the Scottish National Portrait Gallery indebtem e informatioa th I r , fo d n regardine th g miniature in the St Andrew; from the Lyon King of Arms, Mr J. Balfour Paul, I have received the description of the blazon of Pope scabbare Sworth e Juliuth n o f f State o o dd . fro d sII r Josepan m;D h Anderson, who has manifested the greatest interest throughout the enquiry I hav, e received such great assistance acknowledgmenthay an t t makn ca eI seems utterly inadequat o exprest e indebtednesy m s o t s him.

MONDAY, 13th January 1890. SIR ARTHUR MITCHELL, K.C.B., M.D, LL.D., Vice- President in the Chair. A Ballot having been taken, the following Gentlemen were duly elected Fellows :— Rev. GEOFFRY HILL, M.A., 22 Rutland Square. JAMES H. W. LAING, M.A., B.Sc., M.B., C.M., 29 Lutton Place. DAVID MATTHEW WATSON, Bullionfleld, Dundee. The following Donations to the Museum and Library were laid on e table th thankd an , s e Donorvoteth o dt s :—•

(1) By E. N. INCHES (of HAMILTON & INCHES, Jewellers, 88 Princes Street). Small Bras se Canongate— th Sea f o l a Stag's Head wit a hCros s betwee e Antlers—sinth c ITV ASTRAD RA .

Eevy B ) . GEOBG(2 B WILSON, Glenluce, Corr. Mem. S.A. Scot. Spoon of Horn, 16| inches in length, with ornamentation of impressed line f squarisso h markings roun e inside bowldth th f eo .

{3) By A. SHOLTO DOUGLAS, F.S.A. Scot. Bal f Sandstoneo l 3 inche, s diameter, irregularly rounded, with smooth surface, found at Birkhill, Muckart. • 2 14 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , JANUAR , 189013 Y .

(4) By'ED WARD LOVETT, Crbydon. Round-nosed Scraper of Flint, If inch in length by 1J inch in breadth, mounted in a wooden handle 4J inches in length, and copied from an example in use in Terra del Fuego, by the Ovas. .Mr Lovett give followine sth g explanatio e model:—"Amongsth f no t e objectth s recently show connection ni n wit exhibition ha Fuegianf no s at the Koyal Aquarium in London, are several arrows tipped with obsidian and even .common bottle glass, which are said to have been made by these natives. The arrows are beautifully made and the obsidia glasd nan s exquisitely chippe flaked dan d int e mosoth t delicate forms. Amongst them I observe implemenn da f vero t y different form, namel yscrapera , made woodealsa f glasso ot o tied n an no d, handln i e suc evidentls manneha wa t i e yr thaus draw n i t n ove skie th rn towards operatorthe , instea beindof g pushed plane-fashio the cas the of e in nas ivory-hafted scrapers of the Eskimo tribes. I was much struck with this implement, which was very crudely made and evidently intended for use in dressing the Guanaco skins which were almost the only cover-! ing these natives possessed r somFo e. tim eI hav e been much interested in the • Neolithic flint implement generally known-as the "scraper," whico abundans s i h t not-only ovee Britisth r h Islands t almosbu , t wherever stone implements are found, including even New Zealand, Japan Soutd an , h Africascrapee Th . r use Eskimy b d o tribes, mounted handla n i f Walrueo s ivor pushed yan d plane-fashion ove stretchee th r d skin, to clean it for drying and for use as clothing, &c., seemed ,to be the key, so to speak, by which we were able to understand the use to which the Neolithic implement was put, and the method of halting an t therd Bu e undoubtedlusinear . git y objection d difficultiean s n i s adopting this view generally, for most of our British scrapers are too rough and-bulky at the end of the flint furthest from 'the cutting edge, wherea Eskime sth o stone e trimmesar d flakeddan l over al ; e uppeth ' r e restorw e typicaf i th esurface t lBu Neolithi. c scraper- upoe th n model of the Fuegian specimen (as I have done), we find that the roughnes e basth ef o sof'th e a positivflin s i t e advantage,-and thaa t most serviceable and useful implement for dressing skins is very easily made. This form of scraper -is in reality also known to the Eskimos, DONATION SOCIETYE TH O T S . '143

for in my collection is a sort of oblong hollow bowl of Walrus ivory possessin gkeea n edg t eitheea r end this-id ,an s use dreso dt s skins, being also drawn toward e operatoth s r unti e holloth l s fillewi d wite th h scraped-off fat.. Ther a specime s i e n exactly similae th o mint r n i e Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art, Chambers Street. I consider thabrokee th t n scraper o oftet wits me nh suppor viewy therm r t fo , e is considerable leverag usinn ei scrapega exhibitede on re sucth d s an h,a the broken specimens we find quite correspond to such a fracture as would result from the too rough usage of a skin dresser mounted in this way."

(5) By CHARLES BROWNING, Prestwick, through WILLIAM STEVEN- SON. Small Spear-head of Bronze, 3f inches in length, with oval-shaped blade 1J inc o n lengti h tw d 1-j d -an h incha n breadths i h ha t I . e sockeloop th brokew n o sno t smala n offd lan , hols beeha en pierced e socke sidth e of non eo t belo loopse wth portioA . f woono d remains e socket e spear-heath Th n i . s foun wa t dClayyarda d e Islanth n i ,d of Arran. Old Iron Key, 111- inches in length, found in the Churchyard of Ayr. Small Phial of Glass found at Ayr.

(6) By "W. LAMONT, Conlach, Killiecrankie. Old Highland Horse-bit found on Ben-y-gloe, in Athole, .

(7) By Rev. THOMAS MACKENZIE, F.C. Manse, Taynuilt, Argyle- shire. Upper portion of a Cross of a bluish slatey stone, 32 inches in length by 24 inches in breadth, and 2J inches in thickness. The shaft of the cross is 11J inches in breadth and the arms 9f inches in width. The crucified figure is relieved by cutting in from the surface of the stone for some distance round'the outlines. The feet, which have been crossed and fastened with one nail, in. the manner of the period, are broken off, and the length of the figure as it now remains is 21 inches. The attitud e late th r 15th s o tha i red f 16t o an t- h -century represent- 4 14 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , JANUARY 13, 1890.

atioiis, the body attenuated, the head inclined to the right, and the drapery reduced to a cincture,' The face is beardless, the hair long and falling behind the shoulders, and the head crowned with the crown of .thorns. This cros s saii s o havt d e stooa hilloc n o d k adjoining ti\&-

Top of Stone Cross from Taynuilt (32 inches in length.)

present railway statio f Taynuilto n d betweean , e e statioth th n d an n present Post Office. The hillock, which is still called Tom-na-crois, has been partiall t througe railwaycu yth e crosy b hTh s saii s. o t d have remained standing till som eearle timth ylase n ei par th t f centuryto , s broke wa whed subsequentl t an ni n y lost sigh f untio t l recently recovere Eeve r Mackenzieth M . y db .

(8) By Miss DBUMMOND, 1 Royal Crescent. Old Door Knocker from Blackfriars smalo Wyndtw ld Note-bookan , s with jottings and pencil-sketches of antiquities, by the late 'James Drummond, E.S.A., F.S.A. Scot. 5 14 DONATION SOCIETYE TH O T S .

. FINDLAYE . J y Aberlourf B o , ) (9 , Vice-President. Flint-flake Knife from near Benrinnes, Aberlour, Banffshire.

(10) By EDWIN BROCKHOLST LIVINGSTON, F.S.A. Scot., the Author. The Livingstons of Callander and their principal Cadets. A Family History. Privately printed. 4 to, 1889.

(11 ALEXANDEy B ) R WALKER, F.S.A. Scot. Authore th , . Mary Quee f Scotsno a Narrativ: Defenced e an Elden a th f y o rb , Church of Scotland. 8vo, Aberdeen, 1889.

(12) By T. WATSON-GREIG, of Glencarse, F.S.A. Scot. Catalogue of Antique and Historical Shoes, collected and exhibited Josepy b h Box. Old-fashioned Shoes—Supplement. Oblong folio, Edinburgh, 1889.

(13) By the MASTER OF THE EOLLS. Chronica Eoger Hovedene d i , vol. iii.; Chronicon Henrici Knighton; Calendar of the Proceedings of the Committee for Compounding, &c., 1643-1660, part 1; Ada? Murimuth, Continuatio Chronicarum; Year- Books of Edward III., Years XIV. and XV.

(14) By JAMBS CRUIKSHANK BOOER, F.S.A. Scot., the Author. Celticis mMytha . Second Edition, 1889.

(15Eevy B ) . GEORG . HENDRIEES , M.A. e Author,th . e ParisTh f Dalmellingtonho s Historyit ; , Antiquities . 12mo&c , , Ayr, 1889.

(16) By W. J. KNOWLES, the Author. On some Eecent Finds in County Antrim. Eeprint from the Journal of the Eoyal Historical and Archaeological Society of Ireland. VOL. XXIV. K 146 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, JANUAEY 13, 1890.

There were exhibited :—

HUGy B ) H (1 W. YOUNG f Burgheado , , F.S.A. Scot. Drawing, by Billings, of the ancient Bath at Burghead. Bronze Spear-head, 8J inches in length, imperfect at the point. Ax f Ironeo , 6J inche lengtn si inche 4 y hb breadthn si , with circular haft-hole. Large Bea f Variegatedo d Glass. Two Beads of Dark-blue Glass with Yellow Spirals. Greek Imperial Coin of Nero struck at Corinth, found at Burghead.

(2) By J. BAKER, Rosemount, Ledbury. Quadrangular Bell of Iron, coated with bronze, and riveted up the side, from Bishampton, Worcestershire. It retains the tongue, but the handl s beeha e n brokef wooo f e andof non d substituted, whics i h fastened by two large nails put through the top of the bell. Mr Baker says :—" I discovered the bell a few miles from here, at Bosbury, at a farm-house where it had been thrown by for a long time. The owner told me that it was formerly used as ' the parson's bell' at the parish churc f Bishamptonho , Worcestershire, wher s famile hi resided ha y r dfo ovew rno sevents i oveyears0 e 20 rH y. yearunderstooe h f aged so an , d from his father that the bell came into his possession through his being churchwarden."

followine Th g Communications were read :—