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CONTENTS (Detailed) CONTENTS (detailed) Introduction 1 A. The Teaching of the Buddha 9 AA. The Buddha (ca. 560-480 b.c.e.) 11 AB. The proclamation of the Buddha 13 ABA. The sermon of Benares (Dharmacakrapravartanasutra) 13 ABB. The Buddhist path of liberation 16 ABB.l. From the Kandaraka Sutta (Majjhima Nikciya 51) 17 AC. Questions that the Buddha did not answer 21 ACA. Ananda [Samyutta Nikaya 44,10] 21 ACB. The Discourse of Vatsagotra and the Fire (Aggivacchagottasuttanta) [Majjhima Nikaya 72] 22 ACC. The Discourse of the Bearer of the Burden (Bharaharasutra) 28 AD. The tenet of dependent origination 30 ADA. The Account of Enlightenment (Bodhikatha; Mahavagga 1,1) 32 ADB. The Great Discourse of the Foundations of Origination (Mahanidanasuttanta; Dlgha Nikaya 15) 34 ADC. The Discourse of Dependent Origination (Pratityasamutpadasutra) 42 ADD. From Vasubandhu's "Commentary to the Discourse of Dependent Origination" (Pratttyasamutpadavyakhya) 46 ADE. The Discourse of the Young Rice Plant alistambasiitra) 52 http://d-nb.info/1025073894 The Philosophy of Buddhism The Scholasticism (Abhidharma) of the Way of Hearers (Sravakayana) 63 BA. The rise of the Buddhist schools 65 BB. The principal philosophical doctrines of the Sarvastivada .... 67 BBA. The principal philosophical thoughts 68 BBA.l. The denial of a soul, of a self 68 BBA.1.1. From "The Questions of Menandros" (Milindapanha) : 72 BBA.1.2. Vasubandhu the Younger (ca. 400-480 c.e.) 81 BBA.1.2.1. A soul does not exist {Abhidharmakoia III, vv. 18-24) 82 BBA.1.2.2. From "Refutation of the Person" (Pudgalapratisedhaprakarana) 91 BBA.2. General views associated with the doctrine of the denial of a soul 101 BBA.2.1. First general view: Ail entities lack a solid, permanent core 101 BBA.2.1.1. (A) Discussion of this first general view in the field of material elements 102 BBA.2.1.2. (B) Discussion of this first general view in the field of psychology 104 BBA.2.1.3. A substance does not exist (Abhidharmakosa III, ad v. 100) 106 BBA.2.2. Second general view: The momentari- ness of all entities 107 BBA.2.2.1. The momentariness of entities (Abhidharmakosa IV, vv. 2-3) Ill BBB. The fundamental concepts 115 BBB.l. The scholasticism of the Sarvastivada 115 BBB.1.1. From the "Treatise on the Five Aggregates" (Pancaskandhaka) 118 Contents xxvii BBB.2. The scholasticism of the Sautrantika 126 BBB.2.1. The seemingly and the truly real (.Abhidharmakoia VI, v. 4) 129 BBB.2.2. The nature of acquisition (Abhidharmakoia II, v. 36) 131 BBC. The doctrine of liberation of the Sravakayana 134 BBC.l. Suppression through knowledge (Abhidharmakoia I, v. 6) 138 BBC.2. Nirvana as non-existence (Abhidharmakosa II, v. 55) 140 BBC.3. From "Establishment of the Truth" (Tattvasiddhi) 144 C. The Schools of the Great Way (Mahayana) 151 CA. Main elements in the development of the Mahayana 153 CAA. The new goal of liberation 153 CAB. The philosophical doctrine of an ultimate state of being and of the unreality of the phenomenal world 154 CAC. The new buddhology 155 CB. The beginnings of the Mahayana 156 CC. The oldest literary documentation of the Mahayana 157 CCA. The Prajfiaparamitd literature and its philosophical doctrines 158 CCA.l. Central philosophical thought: the idea of an ultimate state of being 159 CCA.2. The unreality of the phenomenal world and its relationship to the ultimate state of being 161 CCA.3. From the "Perfection of Insight in Eight Thousand Lines" (Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita) 163 CCB. From the "Jewel Heap" (Ratnakuta) 175 xxviii The Philosophy of Buddhism CD. The Madhyamaka school 181 CDA. Nagarjuna (ca. 200 c.e.) 181 CDA.l. The works of Nagarjuna 181 CDA.2. The philosophical system of Nagarjuna 182 CDA.2.1. The unreality of the external world 182 CDA.2.1.1. The phenomenal world as dependent origination 183 CDA.2.1.2. The relativity of opposing terms and the middle way 183 CDA.2.1.3. Nagarjuna's concept of intrinsic nature and the emptiness of the phenomenal world 185 CDA.2.1.4. The highest and the restricted truth 186 CDA.2.1.5. The nature of the phenomenal world is diversity (prapanca) 186 CDA.2.2. The highest reality 187 CDA.2.2.1. Distinction from the phenomenal world: free from diversity, extinction, peace, etc 187 CDA.2.2.2. Identity in nature of the phenomenal world and nirvana ... 187 CDA.2.3. Doctrine of liberation 188 CDA.3. Introduction to sections of the Madhyamakakarika 188 CDA.3.1. Chapter I: Examination of causes (pratyayapariksa) 188 CDA.3.1.1. From the "Mnemonic Verses of the Middle Doctrine" (Madhyamakakarika) 191 CDA.3.2. Chapter XV: Examination of intrinsic nature (svabhavaparlksa) 193 CDA.3.3. Chapter XVIII: Examination of the self (atmapariksa) 196 CDA.3.4. Chapter XXIV: Examination of the noble truths (aryasatyaparlksa) 200 CDA.3.5. Chapter XXV: Examination of nirvana (nirvanaparlksa) 206 Contents xxix CDA.4. Introduction to sections of the Vigrahavyavartam 211 CDA.5. From the "Averting of Quarrels" (Vigrahavyavartam) 213 CDA.6. Introduction to the sections of the Ratniivali 216 CDA.7. From the "Garland of Jewels" (Ratnavall) 221 CDB. Aryadeva (beginning of third century c.e.) 230 CDB.l. Introduction to the sample from the Catuh£ataka 230 CDB.2. From the "Treatise in Four Hundred Stanzas" (Catuhiataka) 232 CDC. Buddhapalita (ca. fifth century c.e.) 234 CDC.l. Introduction to the sample from the Mulamadhyamakavrtti 234 CDC.2. From the "Commentary to the Mnemonic Verses of the Middle Doctrine" (Mulamadhyamakavrtti) 235 CDD. Bhavaviveka (middle of sixth century c.e.) 237 CDD.l. Introduction to the sample from the Prajfiapradipa 238 CDD.2. From the "Shining Light of Insight" (Prajfiapradipa) 240 CDD.3. From the "Jewel in the Hand" (Tchang tchen) 246 CDE. Candrakirti (seventh century c.e.) 255 CDE.l. The works of Candrakirti. 255 CDE.2. Introduction to the sample from the Prasannapada 256 CDE.3. From the "Clearly Worded" (Prasannapada) 257 CDE.4. Introduction to the sample from the Madhyamakavalara 261 CDE.5. From the "Introduction to the Madhyamaka Doctrine" (MadhyamakSvatara) 264 xxx The Philosophy of Buddhism CE. The school of Saramati 271 CEA. Saramati (ca. 250 c.e.) 271 CEA.l. From the "Elucidation of the Germ of the (Three) Jewels" (Ratnagotravibhaga) 274 CF. The Yogacara school 280 CFA. The beginnings of the Yogacara school: the Y ogacarabhumiiastra 281 CFA.l. The divisions of reality (sections 1-8) : 282 CFA.2. The determination of the nature of reality: non-duality & the middle way & the constitution of the nature of reality (sections 9-13) 283 CFA.3. The proof of the unreality of the phenomenal world (section 14) 285 CFA.4. The two proofs of the unreality of the designations (sections 15-16) 286 CFA.5. The two errors & the false and correct view of reality (sections 17-19) 287 CFA.6. From the "Stage of the Bodhisattva" (Bodhisattvabhumi) 288 CFB. The Samdhinirmocanasutra 296 CFB.l. The doctrine of the threefold nature of things in chapter VI 297 CFB.2. The doctrine of the threefold essencelessness of things in chapter VII and its relation to the doctrine of the Prajflaparamita and of the Madhyamikas 299 CFB.3. From the "Elucidation of the Secret Meaning" (Samdhinirmocanasutra) 302 CFC. Maitreyanatha (ca. 300 c.e.) 313 CFC.l. The works of Maitreyanatha 314 CFC.2. The first philosophical system of the Yogacara: the doctrine of Maitreyanatha 315 CFC.2.1. The ultimate state of being as the center of the system 316 Contents xxxi CFC.2.2. The ultimate state of being and the phenomenal world 316 CFC.2.3. The false conception and the deception of the phenomenal world, etc 317 CFC.2.4. The doctrine of liberation 319 CFC.2.4.1. Nonconceptual knowledge and liberation 319 CFC.2.4.2. Buddhology and the ultimate state of being 320 CFC.2.5. The doctrine of Maitreyanatha and the Madhyamaka doctrine 321 CFC.3. Introduction to the samples from the Mahayanasutralamkara 322 CFC.3.1. From the "Ornament of the Discourses of the Mahayana" (Mahayanasutralamkara) 328 CFC.4. Introduction to samples from the Madhyantavibhaga 338 CFC.5. From the "Elucidation of the Middle and of the Extremes" (Madhyantavibhaga) 343 CFD. Asanga (ca. 315-390 c.e.) 346 CFD.l. The works of Asanga 347 CFD.2. The philosophical system of Asanga 347 CFD.2.1. Adoption of old concepts and develop­ ment of new psychological concepts 347 CFD.2.2. The appearance of the phenomenal world: the doctrine of the three characteristics 349 CFD.2.2.1. The dependent characteristic 349 CFD.2.2.2. The imagined and the perfect characteristic 351 CFD.2.3. The doctrine of liberation 352 CFD.2.4. Asanga's buddhology 354 CFD.3. Introduction to the translated sections of the MaMySnasaifigraha 354 CFD.4. From the "Summary of the Mahayana" (Mahayanasarngraha) 358 xxxii The Philosophy of Buddhism CFE. Vasubandhu 374 CFE.1. The works 374 CFE.2. Synopsis of the doctrines of the "Twenty Verses" and "Thirty Verses" 375 CFE.2.1. The mental complex as three transformations of cognition 376 CFE.2.2. The mental complex and the seeds of permeation 378 CFE.2.3. The mental complex in relation to the phenomenal world, highest reality, and other beings 379 CFE.2.4. The doctrine of liberation 380 CFE.3. Introduction to the Vimtiatika Vijnaptimatratasiddhi. 381 CFE.3.1. Chapter one: Doctrine of the unreality of the external world and answers to objections based on reasoning (w. 1-7) 381 CFE.3.2. Chapter two: Answers to objections based on scripture (vv.
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