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Permanent Flooding in a River-Bottom Timber Ares

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Permanent Flooding in a River-Bottom Timber Ares BULLETIN of the ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY HARLOW B. MILLS, Chief Effect of Permanent Flooding in a River-Bottom Timber Ares LEE E. YEAGER Printed by Authority of the STATE OF ILLINOIS ADLAI E. STEVENSON, Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION NOBLE J. PUFFER, Dirtcfor S T A T E OF ILLINOIS Adi.ai E. Stevenson, Governor BEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION Noble J. Puffer, Director NATURAL HISTORY S U R \' E Y DIVISION Harlow B. Mills. Chief Volume 25 BULLETIN Article 2 Effea of Permanent Flooding in a River-Bottom Timber Area LEE E. YEAGER Printed by Aulhority of thr State of Illinois URBANA, ILLINOIS August 1949 STATE OF ILLINOIS Adlai E. Stevenson, Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION Noble J. Puffer, Director BOARD OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION Noble J. Puffer, Chairman A. E. Emerson, Ph.D., Biology George D. Stoddard, Ph.D., Litt.D., L.H.D L. H. Tiffany, Ph.D., Forestry LL.D., President of the University oj Illino L R. HowsoN, B.S.C.E., C.E., Walter H. Newhouse, Ph.D., Geology Engineering Roger Adams, Ph.D., D.Sc, Chemistry NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION Urbana, Illinois Scientific and Technical Staff Harlow B. Mills, Ph.D., Chief Bessie B. Henderson, M.S., Assistant to the Chief Section of Economic Entomology Section of Applied Botany and Plant Pa thology George C. Decker, Ph.D., Entomologist and Head Leo R. Tehon, Ph.D., Botanist and Head Entomologist Cedric Carter, Ph.D., Plant Pathologist J. H. Bigger, M.S., J. L. L. English, Ph.D., Entomologist J. L. FoRSBERG, M.S., Associate Plant Pathoh Entomologist gist C. J. Weinman, Ph.D., S. C. Chandler, B.S., Associate Entomologist G. H. Boewe, M.S., Assistant Plant Pathologi Willis N. Bruce, M.A., Assistant Entomologist Robert A. Evers, M.S., Assistant Botanist John M. Wright, M.A., Assistant Entomologist Joan H. Laube, B.S., B.M., Technical Assista' H. B. Petty, M.A., Associate in Entomology Section of Game Research and Manage Extension ment Section of Faunistic Surveys and Insect Ralph E. Yeatter, Ph.D., Gaine Specialist Identification Frank C. Bellrose, B.S., Associate Game .?/>. H. H. Ross, Ph.D., Systematic Entomologist cialist and Head Harold C. Hanson, M.S., Assistant Game Sp, Milton W. Sanderson, Ph.D., Associate Tax- cialist onomist James S. Jordan, M.F., Assistant Game Tect nician Lewis J. Stannard, Jr., M.S., Assistant Tax- onomist William Nuess, Laboratory Assistant Leonora K. Gloyd, M.S., Laboratory Assistant Cooperative Wildlife Research Philip W. Smith, B.S., Laboratory Assistant (Lllinois Department of Conservation and V.. Technical Library Fish and Wildlife Service, Cooperating) Marguerite Si.mmons, M.A., M.S., Technical Paul J. Moore, B.S., Project Leader Librarian George C. Arthur, B.S., Project Leader Lysle R. Pietsch, M.F., Project Leader Section of Publications and Public Rela- John C. Calhoun, B.S., Assistant Proje- tions Leader Ja.mes S. Ayars, B.S., Technical Editor and William J. Harth, M.S., Project Leader Head of Blanche P. Young, B.A., Assistant Technical Section Aquatic Biology Editor George W. Bennett, Ph.D., Aquatic Biologi. Charles L. Scott, B.S., Assistant Technical and Head Photographer William C. Starrett, Ph.D., Associate Aqua, ic Biologist Section of Forestry D. F. Hansen, Ph.D., Assistant Aquatic B> Willet N. Wandell, M.F., Forester and Head ologist Lawson B. Culver, B.S., Associate in Forestry R. Weldon Larimore, M.S., Research Assisi Extension ant Robert K. Stubbs, B.S., Research Assistant Daniel Avery, Field Assistant Consultant in Herpetology: Hobart M. Smith, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Zoology, University o Illinois, This paper is a contribution from the Section of Forestry- (77567—4M— 4-49) CONTENTS Acknowledgments 33 \rea Studied 34 ?TUDV Procedure 35 FiMBER Types 37 A'ater Levels 39 Free Mortality 41 Trees Standing in Water 41 Trees Standing in Mud 43 Trees Standing on Land 46 Discussion 47 Pree Fall 51 Rate and Manner of Falling 51 Fate of Fallen Trees 52 ^ost-Floodixg Succession 54 Plants 54 A'lammals 57 I Birds 61 UMMARV 63 ITERATURE Cited 65 .>,^i^ '^^tei4*^.'- " J5 -a .s o -a o c Bji U Effect of Permanent Flooding in a River -Bottom Timber Area LEE E. YEAGER* WATER impoundments, varying having a strong probability of increasing from simple fish ponds to the in importance. vast programs now being spon- The objective of the study on whicii sored by the United States Corps of En- the present report is based was to deter- gineers and the Bureau of Reclamation, in- mine the rate of flooding mortality in var- vohe many changes in the American land- ious Mississippi River \alley tree species scape. Practically every major stream and and the rate and effect of tree fall ; in hundreds of smaller ones ha\e been or, the course of the stud\ , brief consideration if present proposals are consummated, will was given to plant and animal succession be affected by dams erected for power de- following the death of timber stands. The velopment, channel improvement, flood report covers principally the period begin- and erosion control, and other purposes. ning in September, 1939, and ending in The environmental eftects inherent in this October, 1946. nation-wide program are potentially of great importance to wildlife, inland fisher- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ies, bottomland forests, and agriculture. during One of the problems associated with My obligations for assistance 1 indebted, stream damming and resultant impound- this investigation are many. am first of all, to the late Dr. Theodore H. ments is that of flooded timberland. On of the Illinois Nat- many projects, especially where public Frison, former Chief proposed the funds are involved, the areas to be ural History Survey, who Tehon, during flooded are cleared of trees and brush. On study. To Dr. Leo R. Chief of others, clearing may be done only partly part of the study period. Acting Natural History Survey, and to Dr. or not at all, because of shortage of funds, the the or because of bad weather, high water, or Gustav A. Swanson, formerly with and Wildlife Service, I owe thanks other reasons. Flood-killed timber is gen- Fish erally considered by the public as un- for the co-operative arrangement wherein I permitted to complete field obser- sightly, and complaints concerning it may was in planning the be strong. Dead trees that reach navigable vations. Dr. Tehon aided also streams after falling offer certain hazards in\estigation and Mr. G. H. Boewe, with initial to shipping, commercial fisliing, and of the Survey staff, assisted other enterprises associated with inland field work. Dr. Cornelius H. MuUer, waterways. Therefore, whether from the while with the Natural History Survey standpoint of aesthetics or economics, as a botanist, made the detailed vegetation whicli later work was based. For flood-killed timber is a problem, and one map on data used in preparing fig. 5, I am in- * Formerly Forester, Illinois Natural History Survey, debted to the St. Louis District, Corps of Urbana, Illinois. Since May, 1945, with the United States Fisli and Wildlife Service; present station, l.c.idcr. Colo- Engineers, Department of the Army, Sev- rado Co-operative Wildlife Research Unit, Colorado Agri- specialists of the Natural cultural and Meclianical College. Fort Collins. Colorado. eral wildlife The major portion of the investigation on which the History Survey or co-operating organiza- present paper is based was made while lh« author was employed by the Natural History Survey. Completion tions gave valuable help: Mr. Charles S, of the study was accomplished through a co-operative Spooner, Jr., was of much assistance in arrangement between the Survey and the Fish and Wild- life Service, mapping; Mr. Frank C, Bellrose, Dr. [33] 34 Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin Vol. 25, Art. 2 Ralph E. Yeatter, Mr. Harry G. Ander- Point was formed by the confluence of thf son, Mr. Charles McGraw, and Mr. Wil- Mississippi and Illinois rivers. let N. Wandell provided numerous rec- At other than flood periods, previous ords and were helpful in other ways; and to 1938, the 2,200-acre Pere MarquetU Mr. Robert G. Rennels made careful anal- area, roughly 1 by 4 miles, was character- \sis of food-habits material. Mr. Carl ized by numerous wooded ridges, flats Pohlman, a resident of Calhoun County, and wet-weather sloughs, several small gathered valuable records on the fur take. lakes, a number of small marshes, and the Mr. James S. Ayars, Mr. Robert E. Hes- margins of two large rivers. In June, selschwerdt, and Dr. H. H. Ross, editor, 1938, gates of the recently completed Al- photographer, and systematic entomolo- ton Dam, 20 miles downstream on the; gist, respectively, of the Illinois Natural Mississippi River, were closed for the first History Survey, are responsible for most time. This closure resulted in flooding sev- of the photographs used here as illustra- eral hundred acres of the area, normally tions. Mr. Ayars' assistance with editorial land. Although the gates were opened problems is gratefully acknowledged. a few times after June, 1938, the higher than normal water level that prevailed AREA STUDIED through much of the 1938 growing sea- son, fig. 5, was sufficient to affect plant Detailed work forming the background species sensitive to flooding. for the present report was done on the By the summer of 1939, 600 acres (27 Pere Marquette Wildlife Experimental per cent) of the area were permanently Area, locally known as Calhoun Point, in inundated; 1,600 acres (73 per cent) lay Calhoun County, Illinois, fig. 1. Calhoun above pool level, which was 15.3 feet ILLINOIS STATE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY PERE MARQUETTE WILDLIFE EXPERIMENTAL AREA AND MIGRATORY WATERFOWL REFUGE Fig.
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