Windy Shingle Project Area Forest Health Protection, Coeur d’Alene Field Office CFO-TR-16-016

FHP Personnel Present: Christy Cleaver, Plant Pathologist, 208-765-7343; Lee Pederson, Forest Entomologist, 208-765-7430

Agency/Unit: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Nez Perce - Clearwater National Forest, Salmon River Ranger District

Local Contact: Joan Brown, Zone Silviculturist, Salmon River Ranger District, 208-983-4016

Others Present: Susan Harries, Forester, Salmon River Ranger District, 208-983-4067

Keywords: Ambrosia , Armillaria, Douglas-fir beetle, dwarf mistletoe, elytroderma needle cast, fir engraver beetle, western gall Rust, mountain beetle, pine engraver beetle, red turpentine beetle, root disease, western pine beetle, Windy Shingle project area, wood borers

Trip Date: August 1-5, 2016

Windy Shingle Project Location: West of Riggins Idaho, Nez Perce - Clearwater National Forest, on the west side of the Salmon River Ranger District referred to as “the island.” The project is within the Riggins-West area, which is designated as part of the Agriculture Act (Farm Bill) of 2014, Title VIII Section 8204. The area “includes tributaries to the Little Salmon River including the un-named creeks adjacent to Forest Development Roads (FDR) #487 and #517, Rough Creek, Shingle Creek, and several small named and un-named tributaries to the South and including Indian Creek” (Godfrey 2016). All proposed project units fall within the bounds of the Windy Shingle project area.

Size (acres): The Windy Shingle project area is over 23,000 acres. Total acres to be treated within the project area will not exceed 3,000 acres.

Primary Forest/Cover Type(s) by decreasing prevalence: grand fir, Douglas-fir, Engelmann , western larch, ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, subalpine fir

Project Objectives: Forest Health Protection was requested to confirm current risk of mortality from and disease agents within the Windy Shingle Project Area. Project objectives and background were provided by Joan from Godfrey (2016):

The project is to be developed to address forest health and hazardous fuel concerns in the project area. Based on observed existing conditions, as well as other supporting information (e.g. annual insect and disease aerial detection surveys, national insect and disease risk maps, community wildfire protection plan, input from local community members), there is a need to: - Reduce the risk or extent of, or increase resilience to, insect or disease infestation; - Reduce wildfire risk to the local communities and surrounding federal lands.

Vegetation management will be used to trend the project area towards desired future conditions. Treatments will be a combination of intermediate harvests that include commercial thinning and overstory removal, and regeneration harvest methods of clearcuts with reserves and shelterwood. Prescribed burning without timber harvesting will also be used to manage vegetation and reduce fuels.

Project Background and 2014 Farm Bill: The project area is within the Riggins-West area designated in accordance with the Agriculture Act (Farm Bill) of 2014 Title VIII Section 8204 and the proposed treatments will be developed under these authorities.

This area that was proposed for designation by Governor Butch Otter on March 31, 2014, is:

1. “Experiencing declining forest health, based on annual forest health surveys conducted by the Secretary; 2. At risk of experiencing substantially increased tree mortality over the next 15 years due to insect or disease infestation based on the most recent National Insect and Disease Risk Map published by the Forest Service; or 3. In an area in which the risk of hazard trees poses an imminent risk to public infrastructure, health or safety.”

The Windy Shingle project Purpose and Need has been specifically developed to be consistent with the Agriculture Act of 2014 Section 8204 that amended Title VI of the Healthy Forests Restoration Act of 2003 (HFRA) (16 U.S.C. 6591 et seq.) to add Sections 602 and 603. Section 603 establishes a categorical exclusion for qualifying insect and disease projects in designated areas on National Forest System lands. An insect and disease project that may be categorically excluded under this authority is a project that is designed to reduce the risk or extent of, or increase the resilience to, insect or disease infestation in the areas (HFRA Sections 602(d) and 603(a)). These actions can be excluded from documentation in an Environmental Assessment or Environmental Impact Statement. These are routine projects that we have conducted for decades and they do not, under typical circumstances, have significant impacts on the environment.

Primary Damage Agents Observed – Tree Species Affected:

1) Western larch dwarf mistletoe (Aceuthobium campylopodum) – western larch 2) Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium douglasii) – Douglas-fir 3) Armillaria root disease (Armillaria sp.) – Douglas-fir 4) Fir broom rust (Melampsorella caryophyllacearum) – grand fir 5) Western gall rust (Endocronartium harknessii) – ponderosa pine 6) Elytroderma needle cast (Elytroderma deformans) – ponderosa pine 7) Western pine beetle (WPB) ( brevicomis) – ponderosa pine 8) Mountain pine beetle (MPB) (Dendroctonus ponderosae) – ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine 9) Red turpentine beetle (RTB) (Dendroctonus valens) – ponderosa pine 10) Wood borers (Cermabycidae and Buprestidae) – across all observed conifers 11) Ambrosia (Scolytinae and/or Platypodinae) – grand fir, Douglas-fir 12) Fir engraver beetle (Scolytus ventralis) – grand fir 13) Pine engraver beetle (Ips pini) – ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine

2 Observations:

Dwarf Mistletoe Dwarf mistletoe was widespread throughout the portion of the project area we observed, but ranged in severity between proposed units. We observed some western larch dwarf mistletoe (Figure 1, left) in proposed unit 5, ranging from moderate to high severity (dwarf mistletoe rating (DMR) = 3-4) (Hawksworth 1977). Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe occurred within multiple proposed units of the project area (we observed it in proposed units 4, 5, and 6D) with severity ranging from low to severe levels (DMR = 0 to 6), but most were DMR = 5 and 6 (Hawksworth 1977) (Figure 1, center and right). Some stands, particularly in proposed unit 6, were cut previously, but dwarf mistletoe-infected Douglas-fir were left (Figure 1, right).

Figure 1. Severe dwarf mistletoe infections in western larch (left) and Douglas-fir (center and right).

Root Disease Root disease was likely more extensive in the proposed units than what we were able to observe. In proposed unit 4, mycelial fans of Armillaria root disease were observed in a dead Douglas-fir and the stringy, somewhat laminate decay of Armillaria was detected in a nearby Douglas-fir tip-up. Some trees, observed from a distance, displayed thin crowns possibly due to root disease. Since our observations were limited to areas close to roads and we did not view every proposed unit, we have included an analysis of root disease hazard using VMAP spatial data (see page 9) to aid in management decisions.

Insects

Current and recent insect activity Current ground-assessed insect conditions across the northwest portion of the project area consist of scattered, single tree and pockets of dead and dying mixed conifers by a host of native bark beetles and wood borers as described in “agents observed.” No current or recent defoliator activity was detected. Recent grand fir mortality from the fir engraver beetle was quite noticeable throughout. Under normal moisture conditions, fir engraver activity is frequently associated with trees weakened by root disease. However, dry conditions will also produce stress and weakness in grand fir to render them susceptible to fir engraver beetle attack. Recent moisture deficiencies in northern Idaho, especially in 2015, likely

3 attributed to the increased fir engraver beetle-caused mortality seen across the Windy Shingle project area this year.

Preliminary aerial detection survey findings for this year show polygons of mountain pine beetle infestation from the west side of the Squaw Creek drainage down to the vicinity of the Seven Devils Guard Station and west side of the South Shingle Creek drainage (Figure 2). Most of these polygons are within the project boundary and are in close proximity to the proposed project units. Two proposed project units, 6A and 10A, have 12 and 23 acres respectively, of recorded group and scattered mountain pine beetle-caused mortality. A Google Earth Pro image dated 30 July of this year supports these findings, and reveals and even wider range of infestation across the upper slopes of the project area drainages. In proposed project unit five, 10 acres in the northern portion of the unit falls within a polygon of Douglas-fir beetle scattered mortality. Using Google Earth Pro, several more pockets of mortality were observed in the central and western portion of proposed project unit 5.

Figure 2. Preliminary 2016 ADS detection, northwest portion of the Windy Shingle project area. Yellow indicates proposed unit boundaries, blue indicates mountain pine beetle, and red indicates Douglas-fir beetle.

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In 2015, aerial detection survey maps only show several small pockets of mostly Douglas-fir and fir engraver beetle mortality in the Shingle Creek, South Fork of the Shingle Creek and Papoose Creek drainages, and drainages east of White Bird Ridge. However, just to the northwest and slightly outside of the project area in the Rough Creek drainage towards Bald Mountain, nearly a quarter section is shown to be infested with mountain pine beetle. The polygon recorded by ADS indicates approximately 30 dead trees per acre.

Aerial detection survey years 2013 and 2014 show more notable insect pest activity with larger polygons containing higher numbers of dead trees. Douglas-fir beetle impacts dominated landscapes within the project area in 2013, while overall insect activity somewhat diminished in 2014. The 2014 map showed more impacts to grand fir with some subalpine fir mortality. About a quarter section of subalpine fir mortality was recorded on the west end of Shingle Creek, although numbers were low at three dead trees per acre.

Due to time constraints, the southeast portion of the project area was not ground-assessed. However, the 2016 preliminary aerial detection survey results and the recent Google Earth Pro image from 30 July shows forest insect pests infesting much of the area. Aerial detection recorded only Douglas-fir beetle- caused mortality over approximately 240 acres of scattered and group-killed Douglas- fir across all units in the southeast portion except 11, 13B and 14B (Figure 3). Google Earth Pro shows notable current and recent mortality of presumably mixed tree species across all units except unit nine. Much of the damage is likely attributable to bark beetles, although the possibility of defoliators cannot be ruled out. It is also important to note much of this project area falls into the moderate to severe Douglas-fir beetle hazard rating (Figure 4).

Figure 3. Preliminary 2016 ADS bark beetle detection, southeast portion of the Windy Shingle project area. Yellow indicates proposed unit boundaries and red indicates Douglas-fir beetle.

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Hazard and susceptibility ratings Based on field observations, vegetation conditions within the project area are likely susceptible to future insect pest activity. To assist in assessing susceptible areas within subwatersheds, bark beetle hazard ratings for Douglas-fir beetle and mountain pine beetle have been developed (Krist et al. 2014), (Figures 4 and 5). Information provided by these ratings can assist with estimating 1) level of susceptible beetle habitat within landscape surrounding treatment areas; 2) potential for severe outbreak occurrence in this greater landscape; and 3) estimates for anticipated mortality levels during the next landscape-scale outbreak event. A hazard rating for fir engraver beetle has not been developed.

At the stand level, characteristics for Douglas-fir and lodgepole pine have been described for high susceptibility to beetle attack. Susceptible Douglas-fir stand characteristics include: average age greater than 120 years, average tree diameter at breast height greater than 14 inches, stocking more than 250 square feet per acre, and more than 50 percent susceptible Douglas-fir (Kegley 2004). Susceptible lodgepole pine stands vulnerable to mountain pine beetle attack include the following characteristics: average age greater than 80 years, average tree diameter at breast height greater than eight inches, and a basal area greater than 100 square feet per acre (Gibson et al. 2009, Steele et al. 1996). Reducing these characteristics through stand manipulation practices can help mitigate the impacts of future Douglas-fir beetle and mountain pine beetle activity and potential resource damage. However, disturbance from practices such as commercial thinning could also exacerbate root disease problems in residual Douglas-fir. Please refer to root disease guidelines for further information.

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Figure 4. Douglas-fir beetle hazard rating.

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Figure 5. Mountain pine beetle hazard rating.

8 Other Damage Agents Other damage agents were minor and included fir broom rust on grand fir, observed in proposed unit 4, western gall rust on ponderosa pine in proposed unit 5, and elytroderma needle cast on ponderosa pine scattered throughout the project area. Fir broom rust requires an alternate host (usually chickweeds) for life cycle completion and causes yellow witches’ brooms in affected trees. Mortality rarely occurs from fir broom rust, but large brooms that use tree resources shed their photosynthetic needles and can cause growth loss. Western gall rust causes globose swellings that can restrict water conductivity (Wolken et al. 2010) and girdle branches or stems, especially when galls are attacked by . Weak pathogens and secondary fungi can kill water-stressed branches distal to galls. Trees with a high proportion of branches with infections may be predisposed to attack by bark beetles (Hoffman and Hagle 2011). Elytroderma needle cast is a disease that can persist in infected twigs and small branches for many years. Symptoms of Elytroderma are most dramatic in the spring, when infected needles on upswept branches in dense brooms turn reddish, resulting in characteristic “flagging.” Mortality from Elytroderma needle cast is rare, but infection can cause growth loss and predispose trees to bark beetle attack (Hoffman 2004).

We investigated a blowdown in proposed unit 6C and found lodgepole pine, subalpine fir, and Engelmann spruce, which had all fallen in the same direction. The tip-ups had intact fine root systems without decay, leading us to confirm that the blowdown was a result of a wind event (Figure 6).

Figure 6. A blowdown caused by a wind event in proposed unit 6C, with trees having fallen in the same direction.

Subalpine Fir Mortality Subalpine fir mortality was observed in several proposed units. We did not investigate specific damage agents during this visit, but multiple insect and disease agents have been described as contributing to subalpine fir mortality and the tree-killing agents seem to vary in any given year and geographical and/or elevational location. Balsam woolly adelgid, Adelges piceae, a non-native invasive insect;

9 western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus; Cytospora canker, caused by Cytospora abietis; root disease, and climate factors have all been listed as contributing to subalpine fir mortality.

Root Disease Hazard Using VMAP Spatial Data

A root disease hazard tool was recently developed by Lockman et al. (2016) to estimate root disease hazard based on existing and potential vegetation classes. This tool is based on root disease severity ratings, VMAP and FIA data and is useful for planning at the broad and mid-scale levels. The root disease hazard map does not provide precise spatial information on where root disease is located. Instead, this tool provides a description of the relative root disease hazard across a large area, such as a Forest or District, or an analysis area within a District.

Root disease hazard rating for the Windy Shingle proposed units was clipped from the Regional VMap Root Disease Hazard Map and is displayed in Figure 7. Details on how root disease hazard was determined and how the ratings were assigned can be found in Lockman et al. (2016). A hazard rating of low, moderate, or high indicates the degree of probability that root diseases exist on the site, and the impacts to susceptible species that might occur.

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Figure 7. Root disease hazard within the proposed units of the Windy Shingle Project Area, Nez Perce – Clearwater National Forest.

Percent of acres in the low, moderate, and high root disease hazard rating for the proposed units within the Windy Shingle project area is higher, particularly for low and moderate root disease hazard rating, than the percent of acres for the Nez Perce National Forest (Table 1). The proposed units within the

11 Windy Shingle project area have 163 acres with high root disease hazard (Table 2; Figure 8). These high hazard acres are concentrated in proposed units 1A, 6A, 6B, 6C, 8A, 8C, and 10A (Table 2; Figures 7 and 8). High root disease hazard in the proposed units occurs mainly on the abla3 potential vegetation type (PVT) and minimal acres also occur on the abla4 PVT (Table 3; Figure 9). Although not all acres within the high hazard classes will have root disease, these are the classes with the greatest potential for severe root disease to occur on the ground, and where root disease is most likely to have significant impact when it does occur (Lockman et al. 2016). These areas should be taken into consideration during management decisions with the possibility that root disease may have long term consequences on these sites.

Table 1. Percent of acres of root disease hazard on national forest lands within the Nez Perce portion of the Nez Perce – Clearwater National Forest (NF).

Root Disease Hazard VMap Percent of None Low Moderate High Acres (NF lands only) Nez Perce NF 62.7 25.5 11.1 0.7 Windy Shingle Proposed Units 5.5 41.2 48.9 4.4

Most of the proposed units within the Windy Shingle project area have moderate root disease hazard (1,809 acres; Table 2; Figure 8), which indicates the potential for root disease to be an agent of change within the proposed units. Over 1,500 acres of the proposed units have low root disease hazard, indicating that root disease may occur on the ground in these areas, but at low severity levels (Table 2; Figure 8). No root disease hazard occurs on 204 acres of the proposed units which indicates a very low likelihood of root disease on the ground (Table 2; Figure 8). Seventy-two acres were mapped as non- forest in this analysis.

Table 2. Acres of root disease hazard by VMap coverage and by proposed units with proposed prescription descriptions within the Windy Shingle project area, Nez Perce – Clearwater National Forest.

Root Disease Hazard (acres) Proposed Unit Proposed Prescription None Low Moderate High Non-Forest 1A Regeneration 2 42 89 8 2 1B Slash, RX, Burn, Plant 18 25 1C Regeneration 17 37 2 Intermediate 40 48 48 3A Regeneration 33 74 1 3B Intermediate 21 25 2 4 Intermediate 17 57 1 5 Intermediate 14 61 26 2 6A Intermediate 16 22 29 8 6B Regeneration 3 9 13 4 6C Intermediate 1 48 130 9 6D Regeneration 9 92 167 4 6E Intermediate 24 17 7 Intermediate 17 12 2 8A Intermediate 2 65 39 12 12

12 8B Regeneration 6 33 12 8C Regeneration 5 14 4 8D Regeneration 2 9 29 8E Intermediate 21 35 8F Regeneration 54 99 9 Regeneration 47 42 10A Intermediate 77 126 129 116 13 10B Regeneration 5 24 1 1 11 Intermediate / Burn 10 22 3 12A Intermediate 53 75 12B Regeneration 70 53 1 12C PCT 30 11 12D PCT 8 5 13A Intermediate 75 32 3 13B Regeneration 1 7 14A Regeneration 2 48 60 2 14B Intermediate 1 117 155 2 B2 Intermediate / Burn 29 203 131 11 B5 Intermediate / Burn 75 83 10 Total 204 1523 1809 163 72

Figure 8. VMap acres of root disease hazard within proposed units of the Windy Shingle project area, Nez Perce – Clearwater National Forest, as determined by calculating hazard from root disease severity collected on FIA plots, then applying to unique combinations of Bailey’s ecoregion, DomMid40 cover type and PVT across the area.

13 Table 3. Acres of root disease hazard by PVT within the proposed units of the Windy Shingle project area, Nez Perce – Clearwater National Forest.

GIS VMap Acres of Root Disease Hazard by Potential Vegetation Type (PVT) PVT None Low Moderate High abgr1 376 258 abgr2 194 137 abgr3 195 479 abla1 9 1 abla2 22 61 114 abla3 12 68 157 abla4 2 28 6 pial 2 pipo 49 60 9 psme1 44 16 3 psme2 539 677 psme3 78 41 63 Total 204 1523 1809 163

Figure 9. VMap acres of root disease hazard by potential vegetation type (PVT) within the proposed units of the Windy Shingle project area, Nez Perce – Clearwater National Forest, as determined by calculating hazard from root disease severity collected on FIA plots, then applying to unique combinations of Bailey’s ecoregion, DomMid40 cover type and PVT across the area.

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Recommendations:

Factors Likely to Affect Future Stand Health

Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe, root diseases, mountain pine beetle and Douglas-fir beetle are the primary forest health issues currently affecting the proposed units within the project area. Some Armillaria root disease was detected, but the project area is extensive and root disease likely more widespread and should be considered in management decisions with the aid of the root disease hazard map. Where root disease is a concern, focusing on regeneration harvests and promoting more root disease-tolerant species ( and western larch) will lessen future impacts. The current mountain pine beetle infestation in lodgepole pine, the Douglas-fir beetle infestation and a potential increase in fir engraver beetle activity could further degrade current vegetation conditions if active management is not applied. A combination of regeneration harvests and intermediate treatments across the project area will create a mosaic of size and age classes that are more resilient to major insects and disease agents over time and space.

No-Management Option

Without management, dwarf mistletoe will continue to spread to susceptible species, growth of infected trees will continue to decline, and trees will eventually die. Rapid spread occurs in multi-storied stand conditions where mistletoe seeds “rain down” onto susceptible understory trees, and in even-aged stands of the same susceptible species. Once trees are severely infected (DMR = 5 and 6), expect mortality in about 10 years (Hoffman 2004). Infected trees are also susceptible to attack by other pathogens and/or insects.

Root diseases will continue to weaken and reduce productivity of standing susceptible trees. Root diseases are considered diseases of the site, because once established, the pathogens are essentially permanent. Root diseases will continue to infect highly susceptible species (grand fir and Douglas-fir). Root disease-infected trees may be more susceptible to bark beetle attack (Hagle 2004). Such attacks or increases in insect populations and mortality may be even more likely if there are other environmental stressors such as drought, windthrow, or defoliation. Gaps from dead trees will allow natural regeneration, mostly of the same root disease-susceptible species already present. Expect stand productivity, average tree age and tree heights to slowly decline over time. Areas already declining from root disease will continue to be the most prone to continued opening of the stand through a combination of root disease and windthrow.

The recent increase in mountain pine beetle activity near and within several proposed units in the northwest portion of the project area could continue encroachment into the remaining proposed project units. Dense stands with susceptible Douglas-fir and grand fir, especially in the southeast portion, will likely continue to attract Douglas-fir beetle and fir engraver beetle. Damage by these causal agents will result in timber volume loss and add to standing and ground fuels.

Expect Elytroderma infections to persist. Plan on losses of western gall rust-infected branches within a few years and losses of occasional entire trees, if severely infected. Trees killed by rust acting with other pathogens or pests, or by mechanical girdling to reduce basal area may be valuable as “hard snags” that

15 are beneficial for wildlife due to their long persistence after tree death. Brooms of trees with fir broom rust may also offer benefit to wildlife if retained.

Regeneration Harvests

The most effective dwarf mistletoe management results from temporarily eliminating dwarf mistletoe hosts across a given area. Regeneration harvests to reduce the impacts of Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe and root disease will also reduce host susceptibility to bark beetles. Regeneration harvests should extend into non-infested stands or utilize barriers (e.g. roads, meadows, natural openings, species type changes) (Hoffman 2004). If shelterwood or seed tree operations are desired, leave non-infected trees. If this is not possible, retain only trees with a DMR of 3 or less, as long as they are removed or girdled before the regeneration is 3 feet tall or 10 years old (Hoffman 2004). Non-susceptible species may also be favored.

Regeneration harvest to convert to species more tolerant of root diseases, such as pines and western larch, will promote forest health. Any trees left on site as part of shelterwood or as seed trees should be species more tolerant of root disease (pines or western larch). Not only will this reduce the possible mortality from root disease, but will also increase the regeneration of these less susceptible species. Grand fir or Douglas-fir overstory trees that are retained could succumb quickly to root disease and associated bark beetle activity. Seedlings should be planted 6 to 10 feet from stumps that harbor Armillaria root disease, or as far as is practicable to reduce potential seedling mortality. Logs could be used in place of stumps to create microsites of shade and protection from trampling. As these seedlings grow into saplings, natural resistance to root disease should develop.

Thinning

Sanitation treatment of dwarf mistletoe-infected trees during precommercial thinning is practical when less than 40% of the trees of the susceptible species are infected and the average stand DMR is 3 or less. (Hoffman 2004). Reexamination of treated areas 5 years after any sanitation treatment is also recommended, as additional sanitation treatments will likely be needed at that time when latent infections manifest.

Thinning is an acceptable management strategy in stands without root disease and in stands with low root disease activity containing abundant species more tolerant of root disease (pines and larch). Areas considered for thinning should be evaluated closely and with consideration for the root disease hazard rating. Thinning is not recommended in mature stands of susceptible tree species affected by root disease as it can result in an increase in infections and bark beetle activity, resulting in the rapid death of remaining trees (Hagle 2004; Hagle 2008). Stumps and roots are rapidly colonized after infected trees are cut and nearby trees are prone to infection. Precommercial thinning should retain root disease- tolerant species.

As mentioned in the Susceptibility Ratings section, reducing the susceptibility characteristics in stands by thinning the lodgepole pine and Douglas-fir across the project area will potentially reduce the expansion and damage caused by the current insect pest outbreaks. However, it is well worth repeating, when considering thinning in Douglas-fir where root disease has been detected, caution is highly advised (see previous paragraph).

16 If desired, trees infected with fir broom rust, western gall rust, or elytroderma may be removed during thinning (Schwandt 2005). An open stand spacing that increases airflow and speeds needle drying will minimize Elytroderma infection.

References: Gibson, K.; Kegley, S.; Bentz, B. 2009. Mountain Pine Beetle. USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, Forest Insect and Disease Leaflet 2. 12 p. Mountain Pine Beetle Forest Insect and Disease Leaflet 2

Godfrey, S. 2016. Project Initiation Letter – Windy Shingle Project to Interdisciplinary Team Leader and Team Members. USDA Forest Service, Salmon River Ranger District, Nez Perce – Clearwater National Forest. File code 1950. 8 p.

Hagle, S.K. 2004. Management guide for root diseases. Forest Health Protection and State Forestry Organizations. 11.0 Root Disease Management Guide

Hagle, S.K. 2008. Management guide for armillaria root disease, Armillaria ostoyae (Romagnesi) Herink. Forest Health Protection and State Forestry Organizations. 11.1 Armillaria Root Disease Management Guide

Kegley, S. 2004. Management guide for Douglas-fir beetle. Forest Health Protection and State Organizations. 4.5. 9 p. Douglas-fir Management Guide

Hawksworth, F.G. 1977. The 6-Class Dwarf Mistletoe Rating System. GTR-RM-48. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 7 p.

Hoffman, J.T. 2004. Management guide for dwarf mistletoe, Arceuthobium spp. Forest Health Protection and State Forestry Organizations. 12.0 Dwarf Mistletoe Management Guide

Hoffman, J.T. 2004. Management guide for elytroderma needle cast, Elytroderma deformans (Weir) Darker. Forest Health Protection and State Forestry Organizations. 15.4 Elytroderma Needle Cast Management Guide

Hoffman, J.; Hagle, S. 2011. Management guide for western gall rust. Forest Health Protection and State Forestry Organizations. Western Gall Rust Management Guide

Krist, F.J.; Ellenwood, J.R.; Woods, M.E.; McMahan, A.J.; Cowardin, J.P.; Ryerson, D.E.; Sapio, F.J.; Zweifler, M.O.; Romero, S.A. 2014. 2013-2027 National Insect and Disease Forest Risk Assessment, FHTET-14-01; USDA Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, 199 p.

Lockman, B; Bush, R.; Barber, J. 2016. Assessing Root Disease Presence, Severity and Hazard in Northern Idaho and Western Montana Using Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Plots and the USFS Northern Region VMap Database. Report No. 16-07. Missoula, MT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region, State and Private Forestry, Forest Health Protection. 26 p. Assessing Root Disease Presence, Severity and Hazard in Northern Idaho and Western Montana

Schwandt, J. 2005. Management guide for fir broom rust, Melampsorella caryophyllacearum Schroet. Forest Health Protection and State Forestry Organizations. 15.8 Fir Broom Rust Management Guide

17 Steele, R.; Williams, R.; Weatherby, J.C.; Reinhardt, E.D.; Hoffman, J.T.; Their, R.W. 1996. Stand Hazard Rating for Central Idaho Forests. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-332. 27 p. Stand Hazard Ratings for Central Idaho Forests

Wolken, J.M.; Blenis, P.V. 2011. Effect of galls induced by Endocronartium harknessii on stem hydraulic conductivity and growth of lodgepole pine. For. Path. 41: pp. 22-30.

Appendix: Locations of Observations:

Proposed Waypoint Coordinates Observations Unit Dead grand fir with evidence of fir engraver beetle and wood borers Dead Douglas-fir with old Armillaria fans, next 4 305 N45.39382 W116.41789 to tip-up with Armillaria decay Fir broom rust on grand fir Dwarf mistletoe on some Douglas-fir Dwarf mistletoe on western larch (DMR 3-4) Dwarf mistletoe on Douglas-fir (DMR 0-6, but many are 5-6) Live Douglas-fir with dwarf mistletoe (DMR 5) 5 306 N45.39119 W116.41438 and pole beetle Ponderosa pine with western gall rust Pocket of ~15-20 dead ponderosa pine with western pine beetle, pine engraver beetle, red turpentine beetle and a ponderous borer Dead grand fir and Douglas-fir from fire N/A 307 N45.38597 W116.43652 Evidence of fir engraver beetle, wood borers and Douglas-fir beetle Open area with down lodgepole pine, subalpine fir, Engelmann spruce all fallen in the same 6C 308 N45.38408 W116.45704 direction. Tip-ups had intact roots. Evidence of wood borers Dwarf mistletoe on Douglas-fir (many are DMR 309 N45.37695 W116.45128 6) 6D Patch of dead Douglas-fir above and below road 310 N45.37983 W116.44658 due to Douglas-fir beetle

18 Map of Observations:

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