Online Bibliography

GUNPOWDER & GEOMETRY: BIBLIOGRAPHY This bibliography accompanies the printed biography Gunpowder & Geometry: The Life of Charles Hutton, Pit Boy, Mathematician and Scientific Rebel (London, 2019). It lists all the sources explicitly cited there, as well as further manuscript and printed sources used in the course of my research on Charles Hutton.

I. ARCHIVAL UK

BIRMINGHAM: ARCHIVES, HERITAGE AND PHOTOGRAPHY SERVICE MS 3597/103/1–2. Two printed memoirs of Charles Hutton. 1823. MS 3597/103/3–7. Some publishers’ advertisements of Charles Hutton’s works. MS 3597/103/8. Facsimile autograph of Charles Hutton. 1819. MS 3597/105/1. Genealogical details of the Hutton family, compiled by Mrs Catherine Hutton Beale. 1869. MS 3597/106/16A–J. Specimen letters, examples of handwriting, and other material concerning members of the Hutton family. MS 3597/55. Copies of letters and extracts from letters, written by Catherine Hutton, mainly concerning her visits to London. MS 3597/56, 58. Copies of letters and extracts from letters, written by Catherine Hutton, on miscellaneous subjects. MS 3597/73. Letter, Charles Hutton to Catherine Hutton. 18 October 1819. MS 3597/78/1–7. Miscellaneous notes and papers of Catherine Hutton.

CAMBRIDGE: CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY MS Add. 7886/117. Letter, Charles Hutton to William Frend. 21 May 1791.

NMM PBN4711, copy of Hutton, Tables of the products and powers of numbers (1781) with additional MS errata on initial leaf possibly in Hutton’s hand.

REG 9/37: 2. Notebook of accounts of Nevil Maskelyne, including at 83 items relating to Hutton.

RGO 4/187/11: 1–2. Letter, Charles Hutton to Nevil Maskelyne. 27 June 1785. RGO 4/187/18. Letter, Charles Hutton to Nevil Maskelyne. Woolwich, 19 December 1793. RGO 4/187/22: 1–2. Letter, Mr Rowed of the Globe Tavern, Fleet Street to Nevil Maskelyne. June 1795. RGO 4/187/26: 1. Letter, Charles Hutton to Nevil Maskelyne. 27 February 1796. RGO 4/325. Account book for Nautical Almanac computers and comparers 1766–1811, including Charles Hutton, 1777–9. RGO 4/326. Charles Hutton’s manuscript calculations for ‘New Divisions of the Circle’. RGO 14/3. Board of Longitude, rough minutes 1767–1820. RGO 14/5. Board of Longitude, confirmed minutes 1737–79. RGO 14/6. Board of Longitude, confirmed minutes 1780–1801. RGO 14/7. Board of Longitude, confirmed minutes 1802–23. BIBLIOGRAPHY

RGO 14/9. Board of Longitude, letter book 1782–1810. RGO 14/17: 337–339. Nevil Maskelyne, account with Charles Hutton, 1779–82. RGO 14/44: 120. Letter (copy), Charles Hutton to Dr Mackay. 5 April 1806. RGO 35/43. Letter (photostat), Nevil Maskelyne to Sir Joseph Banks. 16 April 1781. RGO 35/92. Letter (photocopy), Nevil Maskelyne to Charles Hutton. 20 June 179[ ]. RGO 35/106. Letter (photocopy?), David Kinnebrook to his father. 23 February 1795. RGO 35/108. Letter (photocopy), David Kinnebrook to his father. 26 March 1795. RGO 35/115. Letter (photocopy), David Kinnebrook to his father. 29 October 1795. (RGO MSS 35:1–96 are photostats of the Arnold-Forster letter collection: Nigel Arnold-Forster Esq., Basset Down, nr. Swindon, Wilts SN4 9QP.)

White b.8, a copy of the Proposals pasted to a letter of Charles Hutton to David Stephenson, 7 February 1795.

CAMBRIDGE: TRINITY COLLEGE LIBRARY R.1.59. Miscellaneous mathematical manuscripts by Charles Hutton and others.

CHATSWORTH: DEVONSHIRE COLLECTIONS Cavendish MSS New Correspondence: includes a letter of Charles Hutton to Henry Cavendish, 17 November 1798.

DURHAM: DURHAM UNIVERSITY LIBRARY DDR/EJ/MLA 1/1760/70/1 and 70A: Marriage licence and bond for Charles Hutton and Isabella Hutton. 7 April 1760.

DURHAM: DURHAM RECORD OFFICE D/Gr 461 [M 11]. Letter, Charles Hutton to [?]. 19 May 1783.

EDINBURGH: CITY ARCHIVES SL1/1/142 (Town Council Minutes vol. 142), pp. 139–41: Letter (copy), Charles Hutton to Edinburgh Town Council, 19 February 1805.

LONDON: BRITISH LIBRARY Add. MS 8098, fol. 385. Letter, Charles Hutton to Joseph Banks. Woolwich, 12 March 1797. Add. MS 28104, fol. 68. Letter, Francis Maseres to Charles Hutton. Inner Temple, 14 April 1801. Add. MS 33542 fol. 483. Letter, Charles Hutton to E. Collins. 1797. Add. MS 34536. Miscellaneous papers relating to C.B. Vignoles. Add. MS 35071. Journals of C.B. Vignoles, 1830–33. Add. MS 37182, fols 60–61. Charles Hutton, testimonial for Charles Babbage. 1816. Add. MS 37910, fol. 85. Letter, Charles Hutton to W. Windham. 1809. Add. MS 37915, fols 218, 220. Letter, Charles Hutton to W. Windham. 15 September 1802.

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Add. MS 58203–6. Diaries of C.B. Vignoles, 1824–51.

Loan 96 RLF 1/315/2. Letter, Patrick Kelly and Charles Hutton to the Committee of the Literary Fund. April 1814.

MS Facsimile *920 (1–3). Calendar of Vignoles correspondence held at Portsmouth City Records Office.

LONDON: LONDON METROPOLITAN ARCHIVE CLA/022/02/024. Appendices (printed) to a report to the Bridge House Estates Committee on the state of London Bridge. 1821. Including an Opinion of Dr Charles Hutton on effects of an enlargement of the waterway. 1819.

LONDON: THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES, KEW PRO 30/9/131, fols 20–22. Letter, Charles Hutton to Rennie. 10 February 1802.

PROB 11/1590/64: Will of Charles Earl Stanhope. 22 November 1805.

PROB 11/1666/375, fol. 297v. Will of Charles Hutton. 27 February 1823.

PROB 11/1944/164, fol. 155r. Will of Olinthus Gregory.

LONDON: THE ROYAL ARTILLERY MUSEUM (‘FIREPOWER’) MD/913. Miscellaneous papers of Charles Hutton and Olinthus Gregory.

LONDON: ROYAL SOCIETY LIBRARY AND ARCHIVE CMB/90/2. Minutes of Committee of Papers, 20 January 1780–17 January 1828.

CMO/6. Original Council minutes, 1769–78. CMO/7. Original Council minutes, 1778–90. CMO/8. Original Council minutes, 1791–1811. CMO/8A. Index to minutes of meetings of Council, volumes 1–8, 1663–1811. CMO/9. Original Council minutes, 1811–22. CMO/10. Original Council minutes, 1822–8.

EC/1774/18. Proposal of Hutton for Fellowship of the Royal Society, read 10 March 1774. EC/1780/07. Proposal of Isaac Milner for Fellowship of the Royal Society, read 9 March, 1780. EC/1780/19. Proposal of Thomas Davies for Fellowship of the Royal Society, read 7 December 1780. EC/1821/44. Proposal of George Rennie for Fellowship of the Royal Society, read 20 December 1821.

JBO/31. Original Journal Book, 1781–4. JBO/32. Original Journal Book, 1784–7. JBO/43. Original Journal Book, 1819–23.

3 BIBLIOGRAPHY

MC/3/150. Letter of Charles Blacker Vignoles to the Marquis of Northampton, 25 March 1841.

MM/1. Miscellaneous items relating to the Hutton affair. MM/15/4. Copy of notes on determining the heights of mountains by the barometer, by Nevil Maskelyne and Charles Hutton. MM/22/10. Letter, John J. Bennett to Robert Brown, describing the 1783–4 Hutton affair. 16 November 1839.

RSL/1. Letter book of the Royal Society, 1740–65. RSL/2. Letter book of the Royal Society, 1784–7.

LONDON: SENATE HOUSE LIBRARY [DeM] L.4 [Waring]. Copy of Edward Waring, On the Principles of Translating Algebraic Quantities into Probable Relations and Annuities, &c. (Cambridge, 1792), with letter, Charles Hutton to Francis Baily, 13 July [1808?], tipped in at rear.

MS 235. Manuscript translation from Niccolò Tartaglia, Quesiti, et inuentioni diverse (Venice, 1546), book 9, by Charles Hutton. c. 1800. MS 913B/3/1 (xiv). Letter, John Playfair to Charles Hutton. 12 December 1782. MS 913B/3/1 (xv). Letter, Sir John Leslie to Charles Hutton. 14 October 1795. MS 913B/3/3 (xv). Letter, Charles Hutton to Francis Bailey. 1821.

LONDON: UNIVERSITY COLLEGE ARCHIVES MS Galton 2/4/1/2/9. Letter of Charles Blacker Vignoles to Francis Galton, 17 Nov 1865, concerning Charles Hutton and other relatives.

MS Graves 23/3/5. Letter from Reuben Burrow to Charles Hutton, 24 September 1773.

LONDON: WELLCOME COLLECTION MS 5270. Includes letters of Banks to Hutton, Baily to Catherine Hutton, Matthew Robinson Boulton to Catherine Hutton, William Hamper to Catherine Hutton, Hutton to Catherine Hutton, John Nichols to William and Catherine Hutton, and Playfair to Hutton MS 7430 no. 38. Letter of John Playfair to Hutton. 21 April 1788.

NEWCASTLE: NEWCASTLE LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY N925/1. Copy of John Bruce, A Memoir of Charles Hutton (1823) with miscellaneous material relating to Charles Hutton tipped in at rear, including obituaries and manuscript letters.

NEWCASTLE: TYNE AND WEAR ARCHIVE 1845/DBC1. Accounts for Long Benton colliery, 1748–77.

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Although this item appears in older catalogues, Alyson Pigott of the Archives Enquiry Team at Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums states that it is no longer available at this location. Its current location is not known.

OXFORD: BODLEIAN LIBRARY MS Add. C. 89, fol. 167. Letter, Charles Hutton to Ralph Griffiths. 1 May 1802. MS Add. C. 89, fol. 196. Letter, John Leslie to Ralph Griffiths. 4 December 1794. MS Add. C. 89, fol. 197. Letter, John Leslie to Ralph Griffiths. 23 December 1794.

MS Eng. misc. b. 190, fols. 1–2. Articles of agreement between Charles Hutton and George and John Robinson for the publication of the Course. MS Eng. misc. d. 160, fols. 181–2. Letter, Mark Noble to Rev. Mark Noble. 5 July 1809. MS Eng. Misc. e 146, treatise ‘On the mathematical principles of gunnery’ by William Lambton, c. 1781–2.

MS Montagu d. 7, fols 560–62. Letter, Charles Hutton to Messrs. Kent. 16 November ?1807.

OXFORD: MUSEUM OF THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE MS Evans 31. Drafts of letters from Lewis Evans to Charles Hutton, 1782–94.

MS Museum 41, item 1. Letter of Abraham Robertson to Charles Hutton, 16 December 1796.

PLYMOUTH: PLYMOUTH AND WEST DEVON RECORD OFFICE 105/164. Letter of Charles Hutton to R. Benson Esquire, 18 June 1792.

PORTSMOUTH: PORTSMOUTH HISTORY CENTRE Correspondence and papers of C.B. Vignoles. c. 1813–73.

SANDHURST: SANDHURST COLLECTION WO 150/1. Letter book of Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. 1787–9.

WOODHORN: NORTHUMBERLAND COLLECTIONS SERVICE EP 86/461. ‘Collections relative to the church of Saint Nicholas in Newcastle upon Tyne and its Library’, compiled by John Bell, Land Surveyor, c. 1820. Includes at 137–44 a manuscript copy of ‘The Book of the Burying Places within St Nicholas Church Measured in the year 1769 by Charles Hutton Newcastle upon Tyne’.

SANT/BEQ/26/1/7/77. Thomas Wilson, notes on Mr Kirkley’s reminiscences of Charles Hutton. 28 March 1822. SANT/BEQ/26/1/7/98/a. Thomas Wilson, notes including information about Charles Hutton. 11 July 1824. SANT/BEQ/26/1/8/584. Letter, S. Barrass to Thomas Wilson including George Parkin’s reminiscences of Charles Hutton. 1825.

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USA

ANN ARBOR, MI: UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Mich. Ms. 276 (UF 144.H49). ‘Expériences de pyrotechnie d’Hutton’: French translation of Hutton’s ‘New Experiments in Artillery . . .’ from Tracts, Mathematical and Philosophical (London, 1786). 1791 or 1792.

AUSTIN, TX: UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, HARRY RANSOM CENTER Herschel Family Papers 30.19 (formerly M0286). Letter, Charles Hutton to John Frederick William Herschel, 3 September 1822.

CAMBRIDGE, MA: HARVARD UNIVERSITY MS Eng 1414 F(29). Letter, William Herschel to Charles Hutton, 1784.

CINCINNATI, OH: UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI Q121.H93 1786. Memorandum of agreement between Charles Hutton and Jos. Johnson. 20 May 1786.

NEW HAVEN, CT: YALE UNIVERSITY, LEWIS WALPOLE LIBRARY LWL Mss Vol. 54 (2 vols). Catalogue of Charles Hutton’s library. 1816.

WASHINGTON, DC: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION MSS 000411 A. Papers of Sir Humphry Davy including an engraved notification form about elections to the Royal Society addressed to Charles Hutton. November 1821. MSS 000752 A. Letter, Edme-Sébastien Jeaurat to the Huttons. 20 October 1781.

II. PRESS Obituaries and attributed book reviews are listed with printed sources, below; advertisements, anonymous reviews and other notices are not.

The British Critic The British Review The Caledonian Mercury The Critical Review The Edinburgh Review The English Review The General Evening Post The Gentleman’s Diary The Gentleman’s Magazine The Imperial Review

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Le Journal encyclopédique The Ladies’ Diary The Leeds Intelligencer The Literary Chronicle The Literary Journal The London Chronicle The London Evening Post The London Review The Mathematical Repository Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society The Monthly Magazine The Monthly Review The Monthly Visitor The Morning Chronicle and London Advertiser The New Annual Register The New London Review The New Review The Newcastle Chronicle The Newcastle Courant The Newcastle Magazine Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (annual lists of fellows of the Royal Society) The Public Advertiser The Quarterly Review. St. James’s Chronicle The Statesman Supplement to the Ladies’ Diary The Morning Post The Town and Country Magazine The Weekly Magazine

III. PRINTED SOURCES Ackerberg-Hastings, Amy, ‘John Playfair on British Decline in Mathematics’, BSHM Bulletin: Journal of the British Society for the History of Mathematics 23 (2008), 81–95. Albree, Joe and Scott H. Brown, ‘“A Valuable Monument of Mathematical Genius”: The Ladies’ Diary (1704– 1840)’, Historia Mathematica 36 (2009), 10–47. Allibone, T.E., ‘The Diaries of John Byrom, M.A., F.R.S., and their relation to the pre-history of the Royal Society Club’, Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 20 (1965), 162–83. Anderson, Misty G., Imagining Methodism in Eighteenth-century Britain: enthusiasm, belief, and the borders of the self (Baltimore and London, 2012).

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Anderson, P.J., letter in Notes and Queries, series 11, vol. 2 (1910), 347. Anon., An Abstract of the Course of Education, Taught at the Royal Military and Marine Academy, at Belmont on Summer-Hill, Dublin (Dublin, 1784). Anon., An Appeal to the Fellows of the Royal Society (London, 1784).

Anon., Astronomical Observations, made at the Royal Observatory . . . from MDCCLXXV to MDCCLXXXVI (London, 1787). Anon., A Bibliography of the Works of Sir Isaac Newton: together with a list of books illustrating his works with notes by George J. Gray (Cambridge, 1907). Anon., ‘Biographical Anecdotes of Charles Hutton, L.L.D. F.R.S.’, The Philosophical Magazine 21 (February 1805), 62–7. Anon., ‘Biographical Sketch of the life of Sir Joseph Banks . . .’, Agricultural Magazine 9 (1811), 333–41. Anon., Catalogue of a Collection of Scientific and Historical Manuscripts [a portion of the collection of James Orchard Halliwell] [London, 1840]. Anon., Catalogue of a Miscellaneous Collection of Books: being the valuable and scientific library of the late Dr. Olinthus Gregory . . . which will be sold by auction by Messrs. Southgate and Son . . . on Thursday, March the 17th, 1842 and following day [London, 1842]. Anon., Catalogue of Books in the Library of the Military Academy (United States Military Academy, 1822). Anon., A Catalogue of Books, on the Sciences: astronomy, mathematics, natural philosophy, &c. with some added that are curious and miscellaneous, chiefly from the libraries of Rev. Nevil Maskelyne . . . Bishop Horsley . . . Dr. Charles Hutton . . . William Phillips . . . and Richard Heber . . . On sale, by John Weale . . . 59, High Holborn, London [London, 1835] (originally issued with London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine, series 3, no. 6, April 1835). Anon., A Catalogue of the Curious Mathematical, &c Books of the Late Mr. Edw. Rollinson [London, 1775]. Anon., A Catalogue of the Entire, Extensive and Very Rare Mathematical Library of Charles Hutton, L.L.D. [London, 1816]. Anon., A Catalogue of the Graduates in the Faculties of Arts, Divinity, and Law, of the University of Edinburgh since its foundation (Edinburgh, 1858). Anon., A Catalogue of the Scientific Manuscripts in the Possession of J.O. Halliwell [n.p., n.d.]. Anon., ‘Charles Hutton, LL.D. F.R.S.’, in Thomas Leybourn (ed.), New series of the Mathematical Repository, vol. 5 (London, 1830), 187–96. Anon., ‘Charles Hutton’ in DNB 28 (1891), 351–3. Anon., ‘Charles Hutton’ in Public Characters (10 vols, London, 1799–1809), vol. 2, pp. 97–123. Anon., ‘Charles Hutton’s Descendants’, Notes and Queries 147 (1924), 53. Anon., The Colliers’ Rant (Newcastle, 1740). Anon., The Compleat Collier (Newcastle, 1730). Anon., An History of the Instances of Exclusion from the [R]oyal Society (London, 1784). Anon., ‘Hutton, Charlotte’ in W.M. Johnson and Thomas Exley, The New Imperial Encyclopaedia (London, n.d.), vol. 3, 60–61. Anon., ‘Lieut.-Gen. Hutton’, The Gentleman’s Magazine (December 1827), 561–2.

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Anon., List of Officers of the Royal Regiment of Artillery from the Year 1716 to the present date (Woolwich, 1869). Anon., ‘A Memoir of Charles Hutton’, Newcastle Magazine, June 1823, 298–311. Anon., ‘Memoir of Mr. Thomas Bewick’, The Gentleman’s Magazine (January 1829), 17–20. Anon., ‘Memoir of the late Dr. Hutton’, The Gentleman’s Magazine (March 1823), 228–32. Anon., ‘Memoir of the Right Hon. John Scott, Earl of Eldon’, Imperial Magazine (July 1827), 593–600. Anon., ‘Naamlyst van de tegenwoordige heeren Leden, naar orde van het inkomen’, Verhandelingen, uitgegeeven door de Hollandsche Maatschappye der Weetenschappen, te Haarlem 29 (1793). Anon., Obituary of Charles Hutton in The Edinburgh Annual Register 16 (December 1823), 328–31. Anon., Obituary of Charles Hutton in the Literary Gazette (1 February 1823), 75–6. Anon., Obituary of Charlotte Hutton in The Gentleman’s Magazine (October 1794), 960–61. Anon., Obituary of Charlotte Hutton in the Hibernian magazine (1794), 477–8. Anon., Obituary of Henry Hutton in The Gentleman’s Magazine (December 1827), 561–2. Anon., Obituary of Charles Hutton in London Magazine 7 (March 1823), 368. Anon., Obituary of Charles Hutton in Monthly Magazine 55 (March 1823), 137–42. Anon., Obituary of Charles Hutton in The Edinburgh Annual Register 16 (December 1823), 328–31. Anon., Obituary of Charles Hutton in The European Magazine (June 1823), 483–7. Anon., Obituary of Charles Hutton in The Literary Chronicle 5 (1 February 1823). Anon., Obituary of Charles Hutton in the Literary Gazette (1 February 1823), 75–6. Anon., Obituary of Charles Hutton in the London Courier (February 1823). Anon., Obituary of Charles Hutton in The Morning Post, 28 January 1823. Anon., Original Letters, Manuscripts, and State Papers, Collected by William Upcott ([London], 1836). Anon., ‘Presentation to the Royal Society’, Science, New Series, vol. 96 (4 September 1942), 224–5. Anon., Proposals for Publishing a Mathematical and Philosophical Dictionary [London, n.d.]. Anon., Prospectus of a New Abridgement of the Philosophical Transactions (London, 1803) Anon., Prospectus of an Abridgment of the Philosophical Transactions (London, Bunney and Gold, 1802). Anon., Prospectus of the New Abridgement of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (London, 1806) Anon., ‘Sir Joseph Banks’, New Times (14 July 1820). Anon., Summary Catalogue of the Advocates’ Manuscripts (Edinburgh, 1971). Anon., Supplement to the Appeal to the Fellows of the Royal Society [London, 1784]. Anon., Tribute of Respect to Charles Hutton, LL.D. F.R.S. &c. &c. [London, 1822]. Anon., ‘Woolwich’ (unpaginated) in The Copper-Plate Magazine (London, 1792–1802). Archibald, Raymond Clare, ‘Notes on Some Minor English Mathematical Serials’, The Mathematical Gazette 14 (1929), 379–400. Ashworth, William J., ‘The Calculating Eye: Baily, Herschel, Babbage and the business of astronomy’, The British Journal for the History of Science 27 (1994), 409–41. Aubin, David, ‘Ballistics, Fluid Mechanics, and Air Resistance at Gâvre, 1829–1915: doctrine, virtues, and the scientific method in a military context’, Archive for History of Exact Sciences 71 (2017), 509–42. Babbage, Charles, The Exposition of 1851 (London, 1851).

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Baily, Francis, ‘Experiments with the Torsion Rod for Determining the Mean Density of the Earth’, Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society 14 (1843), 1–130 and i–cclviii. Baker, H.A., ‘Hutton’s Experiments at Woolwich, 1783–1791’, Journal of the Arms & Armour Society 11 (1985), 257–98. Banson, William, The Schoolmaster and Scholar’s Mutual Assistant (London and Newcastle, 1760). Barkla, H.M., ‘Benjamin Robins and the Resistance of Air’, Annals of Science 30 (1973), 107–22. Baron, Margaret, ‘Charles Hutton’ in Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography vol. 6 (Detroit, 2008), 576–7. Barrow, John, Sketches of the Royal Society, and Royal Society Club (London, 1849). Blumhardt, J.F., Catalogue of the Library of the India Office, vol. 2, part 5: Marathi and Gujarati books (London, 1908). The Book of Common Prayer (London, edition of 1794). Boyle, J.R., Vestiges of Old Newcastle and Gateshead (Newcastle, 1890). Brewer, John, The Sinews of Power: war, money and the English state, 1688–1783 (London, 1989). Bruce, John, A Memoir of Charles Hutton (Newcastle, 1823). Bryan, Margaret, A Compendious System of Astronomy (London, 1797). Burrow, Reuben, A Companion to the Ladies Diary (London, 1781). Burrow, Reuben, The Lady’s and Gentleman’s Diary (1776). Burrow, Reuben, A Restitution of the Geometrical Treatise of Apollonius Pergæus on Inclinations, also the theory of gunnery (London, 1779). Cajori, Florian, ‘Discussion of Fluxions: from Berkeley to Woodhouse’, The American Mathematical Monthly 24 (1917), 145–54. Cannon, John, ‘George III (1738–1820), king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and king of Hanover’ in ODNB. Cannon, John, ‘Percy [formerly Smithson], Hugh, first duke of Northumberland (bap. 1712, d. 1786), politician’ in ODNB. Carman, W.Y. and Michael Roffe, The Royal Artillery (Reading, 1973). Carter, Harold B., Sir Joseph Banks, 1743–1820 (London, 1988). Cavendish, Henry, ‘Experiments to Determine the Density of the Earth’, Philosophical Transactions 88 (1798), 469–526. Cecchi, Alberto, ‘The “Arch of Equilibration” of Charles Hutton (1772)’, Meccanica 45 (2010), 829–33. Chambers, Neil, ed., Scientific Correspondence of Sir Joseph Banks, 1795–1820 (London, 2007). Chanter, H.P., ‘Charles Hutton’s Descendants’, Notes and Queries 146 (June 1924), 471. Chicken, Edward, The Collier’s Wedding (Newcastle, 1764). Clarke, Henry, A Dissertation on the Summation of Infinite Converging Series with Algebraic Divisors (London, 1779). Clarke, Samuel, The Diarian Repository; or, Mathematical Register (London, 1774). Close, C.F., The Early Years of the Ordnance Survey (London, 1926). Colley, Linda, Britons: forging the nation (London, 2003). Commission for Inquiring into the Employment and Condition of Children in Mines and Manufactories, First Report of the Commissioners (London, 1842)

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Costa, Shelley, ‘The “Ladies’ Diary”: gender, mathematics, and civil society in early-eighteenth-century England’, Osiris 17 (2002), 49–73. Costa, Shelley, ‘The Ladies’ Diary: society, gender and mathematics in England, 1704–1754’ (Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University, 2000). Crabbe, George, The Borough (London, 1810). Craik, Alex D.D., ‘Mathematical Analysis and Physical Astronomy in Great Britain and Ireland, 1790–1831: some new light on the French connection’, Revue d’histoire des mathématiques 22 (2016), 223–94. Craik, Henry, English Prose (New York and London, 1893–6), s.v. Horsley. Croarken, Mary, ‘Astronomical Labourers: Maskelyne’s assistants at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, 1765– 1811’, Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 57 (2003), 285–98. Croarken, Mary, ‘Mary Edwards: computing for a living in 18th-century England’, Annals of the History of Computing (2003) Croarken, Mary, ‘Providing Longitude for All: the eighteenth century computers of the Nautical Almanac’, Journal of Maritime Research (October 2002). Croarken, Mary, ‘Tabulating the Heavens: computing the nautical almanac in 18th-century England’, Annals of the History of Computing (2003). Crookston, Peter, The Pitmen’s Requiem (Newcastle, 2010). Crosland, Maurice and Crosbie Smith, ‘The Transmission of Physics from France to Britain: 1800–1840’, Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 9 (1978), 1–61. David, Saul, All the King’s Men: the British redcoat in the era of sword and musket (London, 2012). Davies, Rupert E., Methodism (London, 1976). Davy, Humphrey, Discourse of the President . . . on the Award of the Copley Medal to John Pond, Esq (London, 1823). Dawson, Warren (ed.), The Banks Letters: a calendar of the manuscript correspondence of Sir Joseph Banks preserved in the British Museum, British Museum (Natural History) and other collections in Great Britain (London, 1958). Dawson, Warren R., Supplementary Letters of Sir Joseph Banks (London, 1962). de Beer, Sir Gavin and R.M. Turton, ‘John Turton, FRS, 1735–1806’, Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 12 (1956–7), 77–97. de Laplace, P.S., letter to Charles Hutton, 11 September 1820, printed (in English) in the Philosophical Magazine, ser. 1, 56 (November 1820), 321–2. de Laplace, P.S., ‘Sur la densité moyenne de la terre’, Journal de Physique, de chimie, et de l’Histoire Naturelle 91 (1821), 146–50, also printed in the Connaissance des tems pour l’an 1823 (Paris, 1820), 328–31, and in English in the Philosophical Magazine, ser. 1, no. 56 (November 1820), 322–6. de Laplace, P.S., ‘Sur la figure de la Terre, et la loi de la pesanteur à sa surface’, Connaissance des Tems (1821), 326–31. Denniss, John, Figuring it Out: children’s arithmetical manuscripts, 1680–1880 (Oxford, 2012). Despiau, L., Select Amusements in Philosophy and Mathematics (London, Edinburgh and Glasgow, 1801). Donovan, Arthur and Joseph Prentiss, ‘James Hutton’s Medical Dissertation’, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 70 (1980), 3–57.

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Graham, C.A.L. The Story of the Royal Regiment of Artillery (Woolwich, 1928, 4th ed 1983). Gregory, Olinthus, ‘Brief Memoir of the Life and Writings of Charles Hutton’, Imperial Magazine 5 (March 1823 [obituary dated 1 February]), 201–27. [Gregory, Olinthus], ‘A Review of Some Leading Points in the Official Character and Proceedings of the Late President of the Royal Society’, Philosophical Magazine series 1, no. 56 (1820), 161–74, 241–57. Gregory, Olinthus, ‘Vindication of the Attack on Don Rodriguez’s paper in the Philosophical Transactions’, Annals of Philosophy 3 (1814), 282–4 (and editorial comment at 285). Grierson, H.J.C., D. Cook and W.M. Parker, Letters of Sir Walter Scott (London, 1932–7). Guggisberg, F.G., ‘The Shop’: the story of the Royal Military Academy (London, 1900). Guicciardini, Niccolò, The Development of Newtonian Calculus in Britain 1700–1800 (Cambridge, 1989). Guicciardini, Niccolò, ‘Dot-Age: Newton’s mathematical legacy in the eighteenth century’, Early Science and Medicine 9 (2004), 218–56. Guicciardini, Niccolò, ‘Hutton, Charles’ (incorporating ‘George Henry Hutton’) in ODNB. Guyton de Morveau, Louis-Bernard, ‘Notes’, appended to J.B.J. Delambre, ‘Notice sur la vie et les ouvrages de M. Malus, et de M. le Comte Lagrange’, Mémoires de la classe des sciences mathématiques et physiques de l’institut impérial de France. Année 1812. Première partie (Paris, 1814), lxxviii–lxxx. Hair, Thomas, A Series of Views of the Collieries in the Counties of Northumberland and Durham (1844). Hall-Patch, Anthony, ‘Charles Blacker Vignoles, F.R.S.’, Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 47 (1993), 233–42. Hans, N.A., New Trends in Education in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1951). Harris, J.R., ‘Skills, Coal and British Industry in the Eighteenth Century’, The Journal of the Historical Association 61 (1976). Hatcher, John, et al., The History of the British Coal Industry (5 vols, Oxford, 1984–93). Heilbron, John, ‘A Mathematicians’ Mutiny with Morals’, in Paul Horwich (ed.), World Change:. Thomas Kuhn and the Nature of Science (Cambridge, MA, 1993), 81–129. Herbiniaux, George, Traité sur divers accouchemens laborieux (Brussels, 1782). Higgitt, Rebekah, ‘Why I don’t FRS my Tail: Augustus De Morgan and the Royal Society’, Notes and Records of the Royal Society 60 (2006), 253–9. Higgitt, Rebekah, ed., Maskelyne: Astronomer Royal (London, 2014). Hogg, O.F.G., Artillery: its origin, heyday and decline (London, 1970). Hogg, O.F.G., The Royal Arsenal: its background, origin, and subsequent history (London and New York, 1963). Hole, Robert, ‘Horsley, Samuel (1733–1806), bishop of St Asaph’ in ODNB. Horrell, Sara and Jane Humphries, ‘“The Exploitation of Little Children”: children’s work and the family economy in the British industrial revolution’, Explorations in Economic History 32 (1995), 485–516. Horrell, Sara and Jane Humphries, ‘Old Questions, New Data, and Alternative Perspectives: the standard of living of families in the industrial revolution’, Journal of Economic History 52 (1992), 849–80. Horsley, P.M., Eighteenth-Century Newcastle (Newcastle, 1971). Howse, Derek, Nevil Maskelyne: the seaman’s astronomer (Cambridge, 1989). Howson, A.G., ‘Charles Hutton’, in A History of Mathematics Education in England (Cambridge, 1982), 59–74.

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Hughes, B.P., British Smooth-Bore Artillery: the muzzle loading artillery of the 18th and 19th centuries (London, 1969). Hutton, Catherine, Reminiscences of a Gentlewoman of the Last Century (Birmingham, 1891). Hutton, Charles, ‘Abstract of Experiments Made to Determine the True Resistance of the Air to the Surfaces of Bodies, of Various Figures, and Moved Through It with Different Degrees of Velocity’, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 2 (1790), 29–36. Hutton, Charles, ‘An Account of the Calculations Made from the Survey and Measures Taken at Schehallien, in Order to Ascertain the Mean Density of the Earth’, Philosophical Transactions 68 (1778), 689–788. Hutton, Charles, ‘Calculations to Determine at What Point in the Side of a Hill its Attraction Will Be the Greatest, &c.: in a letter to Nevil Maskelyne, D.D. F.R.S. and Astronomer Royal’, Philosophical transactions 70 (1779), 1–14. Hutton, Charles, The Compendious Measurer: being a brief, yet comprehensive, treatise on mensuration and practical geometry (London, 1786 and subsequent editions). Hutton, Charles, A Course of Mathematics, in two volumes: composed, and more especially designed, for the use of the gentlemen cadets in the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich (2 vols: London, 1798 and many subsequent editions). Hutton, Charles, ‘A Demonstration of Two Theorems Mentioned in Art. XXV. of the Philosophical Transactions for the Year 1775. In a letter from Charles Hutton, Esq. F.R.S. to the Rev. Dr. Horsley, Sec. R. S.’, Philosophical Transactions 66 (1776), 600–603. Hutton, Charles, ed., The Diarian Miscellany (5 vols: London, 1775). Hutton, Charles, ‘Dr. Hutton’s Computation of the Length of the Sine of a Circular Arc of One Minute of a Degree’ in Maseres, Scriptores, vol. 6, 457–74. Hutton, Charles, ‘Dr. Hutton’s Explanation of the . . . Method of Squaring the Circle’ in Maseres, Scriptores, vol. 3, 165–8. Hutton, Charles, Elements of Conic Sections; with select exercises in various branches of mathematics and philosophy (London, 1787). Hutton, Charles, Endorsement in C.A. Busby, ‘Hydraulic Orrery’, Transactions of the Society, Instituted at London, for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce 40 (1822), 98–104 at 104. Hutton, Charles, ‘Enumeration of the Houses in Newcastle’, Newcastle Magazine vol. 3 no. 11 (1824), 537–8. Hutton, Charles, ‘Experiments on the Expansive Force of Freezing Water, made by Major Edward Williams of the Royal Artillery, at Quebec in Canada . . . Communicated in a letter from Charles Hutton . . . to Professor John Robison, General Secretary of the Royal Society of Edinburgh’, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 2 (1790), 23–8. Reprinted in The Literary Magazine and British Review 6 (January 1791), 20–22. Hutton, Charles, ‘The Force of Fired Gun-Powder, and the Initial Velocities of Cannon Balls, Determined by Experiments’, Philosophical Transactions 68 (1778), 50–85. Hutton, Charles, A Key to Hutton’s Arithmetic (London 1786 and subsequent editions). Hutton, Charles, ‘A Letter from Dr. Hutton to the Marquis De Laplace, on several Astronomical and Philosophical Subjects’, Philosophical Magazine, 1/55 (February 1820), 81–85. Also printed in French as ‘Lettre à M.

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le Marquis de Laplace sur différents sujets astronomiques et physiques’, Journal de Physique, de chimie, et de l’Histoire Naturelle 90 (April 1820), 307–312. Hutton, Charles, ‘A Local Curiosity of Some Importance’, Newcastle Magazine (October 1823), 525–8. Hutton, Charles, A Mathematical and Philosophical Dictionary containing an explanation of the terms, and an account of the several subjects, comprized under the heads mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy both natural and experimental (2 vols: London 1795–6, 1815). Hutton, Charles, Mathematical Tables: containing common, hyperbolic, and logistic logarithms. Also sines, tangents, secants, and versed-sines, both Natural and Logarithmic. Together with several other tables useful in Mathematical Calculations. To which is prefixed, a large and original History of the Discoveries and Writings relating to those subjects. With the compleat description and Use of the Tables (London, 1785 and several subsequent editions). Hutton, Charles, ed., Miscellanea Mathematica (London, 1775). Hutton, Charles, ‘A New and General Method of Finding Simple and Quickly-Converging Series; by which the proportion of the diameter of a circle to its circumference may easily be computed to a great number of places of figures’, Philosophical Transactions 66 (1776), 476–92. Hutton, Charles, ‘Note on the Divining Rod’, Philosophical Magazine 55/266 (June 1820), 465–8. Reprinted as ‘Letter to the Editor’, Monthly Magazine (July 1820), 515–17, attributed to ‘Vindex’ of Blackheath; reprinted as ‘Note on the Divining Rod’, The National Recorder (9 September 1820), 161–2, and attributed to Hutton; reprinted in ‘The Divining Rod’, Newcastle Magazine 2 (January 1823), 48–50, and attributed to Hutton. Hutton, Charles, Nouvelles expériences d’artillerie, tr. Pierre-Laurent de Villantroys and ‘Olry Terquem’ (Paris, 1802, 1826). Hutton, Charles, ‘Of Cubic Equations and Infinite Series. By Charles Hutton, LL.D. F.R.S.’, Philosophical Transactions 70 (1780), 387–450. Hutton, Charles, ‘On the Calculations for Ascertaining the Mean density of the Earth’, Philosophical Magazine 38 (1811), 112–16. Hutton, Charles, ‘On the Mean Density of the Earth’, Philosophical Transactions 111 (1821), 276–92. Reprinted in Philosophical Magazine 58/279 (1821), 3–13. Hutton, Charles, A Plan of Newcastle Upon Tyne and Gateshead, taken from an accurate survey, finished in the Year 1770 (Newastle, 1770, 1772). Hutton, Charles, The Principles of Bridges: containing the mathematical demonstrations of the properties of the arches, the thickness of the piers, the force of the water against them, &c. (Newcastle, London and Edinburgh 1772; London 1801). Hutton, Charles, ‘Project for a New Division of the Quadrant. By Charles Hutton, LL.D. F.R.S. In a letter to the Rev. Dr. Maskelyne, F.R.S. and Astronomer Royal’, Philosophical Transactions 74 (1784), 21–34. Hutton, Charles, Proposals for Publishing a Mathematical and Philosophical Dictionary . . . [London, 1794] Hutton, Charles, Proposals for Publishing, Periodically, a Collection of Mathematical and Philosophical Tracts and Selections [London, 1799]

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IV. DIGITAL RESOURCES American Academy of Arts and Sciences: Academy Members 1780–present www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterH.pdf. Ancestry ancestry.co.uk

20 GUNPOWDER & GEOMETRY

Clergy of the Church of England Database theclergydatabase.org.uk Early Modern Letters online emlo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk Family Search familysearch.org Find My Past findmypast.com Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1783–2002 (C.D. Waterston and A. Macmillan Shearer: Edinburgh, 2006) www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf FreeREG freereg.org.uk List of Fellows of the Royal Society 1660–2007 royalsociety.org/~/media/Royal_Society. . ./fellowship/Fellows1660-2007.pdf The National Portrait Gallery www.npg.org.uk ‘Newcastle, Hanover Square, Unitarian Chapel’, in ‘Sitelines: Tyne and Wear’s historic environment record’ www.twsitelines.info/smr/7688. Newcastle Unitarian Church www.ukunitarians.org.uk/newcastleupontyne/history.htm ODNB (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography) www.oxforddnb.com The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Archive Resource royalsociety.org/library/collections/biographical-records Royal Arsenal History www.royal-arsenal-history.com/royal-arsenal-timeline.html The Royal Astronomical Society www.ras.org.uk The Wellesley Index to Victorian Periodicals wellesley.chadwyck.com. The William Blake Archive blakearchive.org

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