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Quaestiones Mecfiiaevi Novae Quaestiones MecfiiAevi Novae vol. 13 +' 2008 PALATIUM, CASTLE, -RESIDENCE Fundacja Centrum Badari Historycmych SOCIETAS VlSTULANA - Warszawa 2008 QUAESTIONES MEDII AEVINOVAE (2008) WOJCIECH BARAN- KOZtOWSKI POZNAN - PIOTRKÖW TRYBUNALSKI CHRONICON BY MARIANUS SCOTUS 1 - BE1WEEN COMPUTISllC AND HISTORIOGRAPHY • WORLD CHRONICLES AND THE SEARCH FOR A SUITABLE CHRONOLOGY OF HISTORY ~ One of the foundations of historical writings were Early :. ~ Christian world chronicles, it is works which intended to present ....., ~?'\..~ the history of mankind from the creation of the world or the f ~. first man - Adam (later, from the birth of Christ) to the times .... of the chronicler, The essence of such a chronicle was a strictly chronological narration with particular emphasis on coordinating Biblical history with the tradition transmitted by classical authors', The early origin of this genre lies in the history of Christian Greco-Latin writings. Although Cbronograpbia written by Sextus Julius Africanus in 221 is regarded as the first Christian chronicle', it was Cbronographia by Eusebius of Caesarea (about 325)\ which became a model of a world chronicle imitated by consecutive generations in the whole of Latin Europe mainly thanks to Jerome of Stridon 1 This study was financed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyiszego) as part of research project no. 1 H01G 014 26. The article is a summary of the first stage of investigations; at present, the author is working on a monographic study about Chronicon, conceived as a more detailed presentation both of the problems discussed in the article and a number of further aspects. 2 See: A.A. Mosshammer, The Chronicle of Eusebius and Greek chronographic tradition, London 1979; B. Croke, The Origins of the Christian World Chronicle, in: History and Historians in Late Antiquity, Sydney-Oxford 1983, pp. 116-131. 3 See: H. Gelzer, Sextus lulius Africanus und die byzantinische Chronographic, I-lI, Leipzig 1880-1885;Julius Africanu« und die christliche Weltchronistik, ed. by M. Wallraff, Berlin 2006 (especially: U. Roberto, Julius Africanus und die Tradition der hellenistischen Uniuersalgeschicbte, pp.3-16). 4 Eusebii Chronicorum canonum quae supersunt, ed. by A. Schoene, Berlin 1866. 314 WOJCIECH BARAN-KOZI:.OWSKI (about 380)5, its translator into the Latin and continuator; at the same time, it proved to be the main source for learning about ancient history. Eusebius was emulated successively by such authors as Prosper of Aquitaine, Isidor of Seville, or Bede Venerabilis, to mention only the most outstanding. The popularity of this historiographie genre is evidenced by the fact that 180 world chronicles were written from the 3rd century to the early 16th century'', In a fundamental monographic work on the world chronicle as a historiographie genre from the 3rd century to the 1160s, Anna-Dorothee van den Brincken analysed 60 examples", Naturally, as it developed, the world chronicle underwent certain transformations. Some of the authors followed a well-trodden path by copying the scheme introduced by Eusebius-Jerome and their great continuers. This type of a chronicle, described by van den Brincken as series temporumi, dominated to the end of the 11th century and placed in the foreground a chronological arrangement, trying as precisely as possible not only to introduce order into the events but also to date them with the assistance of absolute chronology. The next variety of world chronicles, according to a typology proposed by this acclaimed expert on the genre, is the so-called mare bistoriarum, whose characteristic features include an annalistic account composed of larger narration fragments, preceded by an introduction, and divided into books and chapters. Excellent examples of such chronicles are Historiarum adversus paganos libri septem by Paulus Orosius? and Chronica siue Historia de duabus civitatibus by Otto of Freising". The third type is the so-called imago mundi, which assumed the form of an encyclopaedic work; its examples include Chronicon by Lambert of St. Omer!' and Didascalion by Hugo of St. Victor", A world chronicle served its author not only for transmitting a summa of knowledge about the history of mankind, but predominantly consisted of its 5 Die Chronik des Hieronymus, ed. by R. Helm, Berlin 1956; about the author see especially: ].N.D. Kelly, [erome. His Life, Writings and Controversies, London 1975. 6 P. Brezzi, Chroniques universelles du moyen age et bistoire du salut, in: L'historiographie medieuale en Europe, ed. by J.P. Genet, Paris 1991, p, 236 .. 7 A.D. von den Brincken, Studien zur lateinischen Weltchronistik bis in das Zeitalter Ottos von Freising, Düsseldorf 1957. 8 A.D. von den Brincken, Die lateinische Weltchronistik, in: Mensch und Weltgeschichte. Zur Geschichte der Universalgeschichtschreibung. 7. Forschungsgespräch des Internationalen Forschungszentrums für Grundfragen der Wissenschaften, ed. by A. Randa, Salzburg 1969, pp. 43-58. 9 Paul us Orosius, Historiarum adversus paganos libri septem, ed. by K. Zangemeister, Lipsiae 1888. 10 Ottoni episcopi Frisingensis Chronica siue Historia de duabus ciuitatibus, ed. by W. Lammers, Berlin 1960. 11 Lambert; Audomariensis Chronica, ed. by G.H. Pertz, in: Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Scriptores (henceforth: MGH SS), V, Hannoverae 1844, pp. 65-66. 12 Didascalion de studio legendi, ed. by Ch.H. Buttimer, Washington 1939. CHRONICON BY MARIANUS SCOTIJS _ BETWEEN COMPlITlSTIC AND HISTORIOGRAPHY... 315 appropriate placing in time. Chronology, both relative (a synchronistic arrangement of the history of contemporary monarchies, ancient history, or the history of the empire and the papacy) and absolute, was the very essence of this current in historiography. The majority of the authors, however, did not introduce a revolutionary breakthrough and limited themselves to the scheme of history proposed by Eusebius-Jerome. Others made smaller or further-going corrections, and shifted the moment of the creation of the world or/and the date of the birth of Christ. One of those revolutionaries was Marianus Scotus (1028-1082) an Iro-Scottish monk working on the Continent (chiefly in Fulda and Mainz). The period in which the Mainz-based chronicler witnessed computist discussions inspired by the approaching conclusion of the Easter table created several centuries earlier by Dionysius Exiguus and continued by Felix and Bede Venerabilis. The tables ended with the so-called great paschal cycle in 1063, the second cycle from the time of Christ. The need to conduct further calculations inclined certain chroniclers to delve into a problem - known already from the time of Bede but in practice "tactfully overlooked" , of the contradictions between the calculations made by Dionysius and the historical data conveyed by the Evangelists. The first to establish the imprecision and embark upon his own calculations was Abbon of Fleury, one of the greatest scholars of the period, who having created a new paschal table for the years 1064-1595, shifted the year of the Crucifixion of Christ to the 13th year in the Dionysian era 13. As a result, the date of the Nativity of the Saviour, and thus the beginning of our era, was placed in 21 B.C. The second scholar who considered this problem already in the 10th century was Heriger, the abbot of Lobbes Abbey in Belgium, who proposed to shift the dates of the birth and death of Christ by only 7 years!", Unfortunately, we know nothing about the details of his calculations, since the only extant source is a single letter containing very general views. Independently of the monk from Lobbes, the same datation of 13 In circulos beat; Cyrilli et Dionysii Romani ac Bedae studiosi cujusdam praefatio, in: Patrologia Latina (henceforth: PL), CXXXIX, Paris 1853, col. 573-577. About the author and his calculations see especially: A. van de Vyver, Les oeuvres inedites d'Abbon de Fleury, "Revue Benedictine" XLVII (1935), p. 150 ff; A. Cordiolani, Abbon de Fleury, Heriger de Lobbes et Gerland de Besanfon sur l'ere de l'lncamation de Denys le Petit, "Revue d'Histoire Ecclesiastique" XLIV (1949), p. 474 H.; J. Naumowicz, Geneza chrzesciianskiei rachuby lat, Tyniec 2000, p. 199 H.; compare with the most recent biography by P. Riche, Abbon de Fleury, Turnhout 2004 and a collection of articles: Abbon de Fleury. Philosophie, sciences et comput. Autor de l'an mil, ed. by B. Obrist, Paris 2006. 14 Herigeri abbatis Lobiensis epistola ad quemdam Hugonem monachum, in: PL, CXXXIX, col. 1129-1136; see: A. van de Vyver, op.cit., p. 158 ff.; A. Cordiolani, op.cit., p. 480 ff. (here also an edition of the text) and the newest biography by P. Verbist: Heriger van Lobbes (ea. 942 - t 1007) een laat-karolinger of een vroeg-scholasticus? Een historisch onderzoek naar de religieus-culturele wereid van Luik en Lobbes in de late tiende eeuw, http://www.ethesip.netlherigerlheriger_inhoud.htm. 316 WOJCIECH BARAN-KOZI:.OWSKI the birth of Christ was formulated almost 100 years later by Gerland of Besan~on, who in 1088 wrote that 1 081 years had passed from the Nativity of the Lord", These proposals went unnoticed by their contemporaries. The impact of the fourth polemist - Marianus Scotus - proved to be much greater. With the same premises as those of his predecessors as his point of departure, Marianus did not restrict himself to writing a small polemical work about the calculation of the date of Easter, but carried out a thorough computistic and historical analysis based on a meticulous approach to the whole heretofore Latin tradition, and created his own extremely cohesive chronological system, in which he transferred both the accepted date of the creation of the world and the date of the birth of Christ. The effect was an almost hundred fifty-pages long world chronicle, which in an annalistic arrangement listed events from the first day of the creation of the world to the times of the author. The point of departure was an era devised according to data from the Gospel (secundum evangelicam veritatem), and known as the evangelical era, which situated the birth of Christ 22 years earlier than the date proposed by Dionysius.
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