WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin. No 1
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Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Public Lands
The Climate Report 2020: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Public Lands As the world works to respond to the dire regulations meant to protect the public and the warnings issued last fall by the United Nations environment from these exact decisions. New Environment Programme, the Trump policies have made it cheaper and easier for administration continues to open up as much fossil energy corporations to gain and hold of our shared public lands as possible to fossil control of public lands. And they have hidden fuel extraction.1 And while doing so, the federal from public view the implications of these government continues to keep the public (aka decisions for taxpayers and the planet. the owners of these resources) in the dark on This report seeks to pull the curtain back on the mounting greenhouse gas emissions that this situation and shed light on the range of would result from drilling on our public lands. potential climate consequences of these At the same time, we’ve seen this leasing decisions. administration water down policies and 1 UN. 26 Nov. 2019. stories/press-release/cut-global-emissions-76- https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and- percent-every-year-next-decade-meet-15degc Key Takeaways: The federal government cannot manage development of these leases could be as what it does not measure, yet the Trump high as 6.6 billion MT CO2e. administration is actively seeking to These leasing decisions have significant suppress disclosure of climate emissions and long-term ramifications for our climate from fossil energy leases on public lands. and our ability to stave off the worst The leases issued during the Trump impacts of global warming. -
GSA TODAY • Southeastern Section Meeting, P
Vol. 5, No. 1 January 1995 INSIDE • 1995 GeoVentures, p. 4 • Environmental Education, p. 9 GSA TODAY • Southeastern Section Meeting, p. 15 A Publication of the Geological Society of America • North-Central–South-Central Section Meeting, p. 18 Stability or Instability of Antarctic Ice Sheets During Warm Climates of the Pliocene? James P. Kennett Marine Science Institute and Department of Geological Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, CA 93106 David A. Hodell Department of Geology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 ABSTRACT to the south from warmer, less nutrient- rich Subantarctic surface water. Up- During the Pliocene between welling of deep water in the circum- ~5 and 3 Ma, polar ice sheets were Antarctic links the mean chemical restricted to Antarctica, and climate composition of ocean deep water with was at times significantly warmer the atmosphere through gas exchange than now. Debate on whether the (Toggweiler and Sarmiento, 1985). Antarctic ice sheets and climate sys- The evolution of the Antarctic cryo- tem withstood this warmth with sphere-ocean system has profoundly relatively little change (stability influenced global climate, sea-level his- hypothesis) or whether much of the tory, Earth’s heat budget, atmospheric ice sheet disappeared (deglaciation composition and circulation, thermo- hypothesis) is ongoing. Paleoclimatic haline circulation, and the develop- data from high-latitude deep-sea sed- ment of Antarctic biota. iments strongly support the stability Given current concern about possi- hypothesis. Oxygen isotopic data ble global greenhouse warming, under- indicate that average sea-surface standing the history of the Antarctic temperatures in the Southern Ocean ocean-cryosphere system is important could not have increased by more for assessing future response of the Figure 1. -
ALBEDO ENHANCEMENT by STRATOSPHERIC SULFUR INJECTIONS: a CONTRIBUTION to RESOLVE a POLICY DILEMMA? an Editorial Essay
ALBEDO ENHANCEMENT BY STRATOSPHERIC SULFUR INJECTIONS: A CONTRIBUTION TO RESOLVE A POLICY DILEMMA? An Editorial Essay Fossil fuel burning releases about 25 Pg of CO2 per year into the atmosphere, which leads to global warming (Prentice et al., 2001). However, it also emits 55 Tg S as SO2 per year (Stern, 2005), about half of which is converted to sub-micrometer size sulfate particles, the remainder being dry deposited. Recent research has shown that the warming of earth by the increasing concentrations of CO2 and other greenhouse gases is partially countered by some backscattering to space of solar radiation by the sulfate particles, which act as cloud condensation nuclei and thereby influ- ence the micro-physical and optical properties of clouds, affecting regional precip- itation patterns, and increasing cloud albedo (e.g., Rosenfeld, 2000; Ramanathan et al., 2001; Ramaswamy et al., 2001). Anthropogenically enhanced sulfate particle concentrations thus cool the planet, offsetting an uncertain fraction of the anthro- pogenic increase in greenhouse gas warming. However, this fortunate coincidence is “bought” at a substantial price. According to the World Health Organization, the pollution particles affect health and lead to more than 500,000 premature deaths per year worldwide (Nel, 2005). Through acid precipitation and deposition, SO2 and sulfates also cause various kinds of ecological damage. This creates a dilemma for environmental policy makers, because the required emission reductions of SO2, and also anthropogenic organics (except black carbon), as dictated by health and ecological considerations, add to global warming and associated negative conse- quences, such as sea level rise, caused by the greenhouse gases. -
ENERGYENERCY a Balancing Act
Educational Product Educators Grades 9–12 Investigating the Climate System ENERGYENERCY A Balancing Act PROBLEM-BASED CLASSROOM MODULES Responding to National Education Standards in: English Language Arts ◆ Geography ◆ Mathematics Science ◆ Social Studies Investigating the Climate System ENERGYENERGY A Balancing Act Authored by: CONTENTS Eric Barron, College of Earth and Mineral Science, Pennsylvania Grade Levels; Time Required; Objectives; State University, University Park, Disciplines Encompassed; Key Terms; Pennsylvania Prerequisite Knowledge . 2 Prepared by: Scenario. 5 Stacey Rudolph, Senior Science Education Specialist, Institute for Part 1: Understanding the absorption of energy Global Environmental Strategies at the surface of the Earth. (IGES), Arlington, Virginia Question: Does the type of the ground surface John Theon, Former Program influence its temperature? . 5 Scientist for NASA TRMM Part 2: How a change in water phase affects Editorial Assistance, Dan Stillman, surface temperatures. Science Communications Specialist, Institute for Global Environmental Question: How important is the evaporation of Strategies (IGES), Arlington, Virginia water in cooling a surface? . 6 Graphic Design by: Part 3: Determining what controls the temperature Susie Duckworth Graphic Design & of the land surface. Illustration, Falls Church, Virginia Question 1: If my town grows, will it impact the Funded by: area’s temperature? . 7 NASA TRMM Grant #NAG5-9641 Question 2: Why are the summer temperatures in the desert southwest so much higher than at the Give us your feedback: To provide feedback on the modules same latitude in the southeast? . 8 online, go to: Appendix A: Bibliography/Resources . 9 https://ehb2.gsfc.nasa.gov/edcats/ educational_product Appendix B: Answer Keys . 10 and click on “Investigating the Appendix C: National Education Standards. -
Subantarctic and Polar Fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and Southern 1 Ocean Heat and Freshwater Content Variability: a View from Argo*
MARCH 2016 G I G L I O A N D J O H N S O N 749 Subantarctic and Polar Fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and Southern 1 Ocean Heat and Freshwater Content Variability: A View from Argo*, DONATA GIGLIO Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington GREGORY C. JOHNSON NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington (Manuscript received 17 July 2015, in final form 6 November 2015) ABSTRACT Argo profiling floats initiated a revolution in observational physical oceanography by providing nu- merous, high-quality, global, year-round, in situ (0–2000 dbar) temperature and salinity observations. This study uses Argo’s unprecedented sampling of the Southern Ocean during 2006–13 to describe the position of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current’s Subantarctic and Polar Fronts, comparing and contrasting two different methods for locating fronts using the same dataset. The first method locates three fronts along dynamic height contours, each corresponding to a local maximum in vertically integrated shear. The second approach locates the fronts using specific features in the potential temperature field, following Orsi et al. Results from the analysis of Argo data are compared to those from Orsi et al. and other more recent studies. Argo spatial resolution is not adequate to resolve annual and interannual movements of the fronts on a circumpolar scale since they are on the order of 18 latitude (Kim and Orsi), which is smaller than the resolution of the gridded product analyzed. Argo’s four-dimensional coverage of the Southern Ocean equatorward of ;608S is used to quantify variations in heat and freshwater content there with respect to the time-mean front locations. -
Impacts of Climate Change on Antarctic Ecosystems
IP 56 ! ! ! ! "#$%&'!()$*+ ",-.!/01! -23!45'6 ! 37$8$%)$&!9:+ ";<- ! <7=#=%'>+ 2%#>=8? ! ! Impacts of Climate Change on Antarctic Ecosystems ! ! ! ! ! / IP 56 ! ! Impacts of Climate Change on Antarctic Ecosystems Information paper submitted by ASOC to the XXXI ATCM, Kiev, 2-14 June 2008 ATCM item 13 and CEP item 9a Summary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
New Zealand Subantarctic Islands Research Strategy
New Zealand Subantarctic Islands Research Strategy SOUTHLAND CONSERVANCY New Zealand Subantarctic Islands Research Strategy Carol West MAY 2005 Cover photo: Recording and conservation treatment of Butterfield Point fingerpost, Enderby Island, Auckland Islands Published by Department of Conservation PO Box 743 Invercargill, New Zealand. CONTENTS Foreword 5 1.0 Introduction 6 1.1 Setting 6 1.2 Legal status 8 1.3 Management 8 2.0 Purpose of this research strategy 11 2.1 Links to other strategies 12 2.2 Monitoring 12 2.3 Bibliographic database 13 3.0 Research evaluation and conditions 14 3.1 Research of benefit to management of the Subantarctic islands 14 3.2 Framework for evaluation of research proposals 15 3.2.1 Research criteria 15 3.2.2 Risk Assessment 15 3.2.3 Additional points to consider 16 3.2.4 Process for proposal evaluation 16 3.3 Obligations of researchers 17 4.0 Research themes 18 4.1 Theme 1 – Natural ecosystems 18 4.1.1 Key research topics 19 4.1.1.1 Ecosystem dynamics 19 4.1.1.2 Population ecology 20 4.1.1.3 Disease 20 4.1.1.4 Systematics 21 4.1.1.5 Biogeography 21 4.1.1.6 Physiology 21 4.1.1.7 Pedology 21 4.2 Theme 2 – Effects of introduced biota 22 4.2.1 Key research topics 22 4.2.1.1 Effects of introduced animals 22 4.2.1.2 Effects of introduced plants 23 4.2.1.3 Exotic biota as agents of disease transmission 23 4.2.1.4 Eradication of introduced biota 23 4.3 Theme 3 – Human impacts and social interaction 23 4.3.1 Key research topics 24 4.3.1.1 History and archaeology 24 4.3.1.2 Human interactions with wildlife 25 4.3.1.3 -
Methodology for Afforestation And
METHODOLOGY FOR THE QUANTIFICATION, MONITORING, REPORTING AND VERIFICATION OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS AND REMOVALS FROM AFFORESTATION AND REFORESTATION OF DEGRADED LAND VERSION 1.2 May 2017 METHODOLOGY FOR THE QUANTIFICATION, MONITORING, REPORTING AND VERIFICATION OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS AND REMOVALS FROM AFFORESTATION AND REFORESTATION OF DEGRADED LAND VERSION 1.2 May 2017 American Carbon Registry® WASHINGTON DC OFFICE c/o Winrock International 2451 Crystal Drive, Suite 700 Arlington, Virginia 22202 USA ph +1 703 302 6500 [email protected] americancarbonregistry.org ABOUT AMERICAN CARBON REGISTRY® (ACR) A leading carbon offset program founded in 1996 as the first private voluntary GHG registry in the world, ACR operates in the voluntary and regulated carbon markets. ACR has unparalleled experience in the development of environmentally rigorous, science-based offset methodolo- gies as well as operational experience in the oversight of offset project verification, registration, offset issuance and retirement reporting through its online registry system. © 2017 American Carbon Registry at Winrock International. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be repro- duced, displayed, modified or distributed without express written permission of the American Carbon Registry. The sole permitted use of the publication is for the registration of projects on the American Carbon Registry. For requests to license the publication or any part thereof for a different use, write to the Washington DC address listed above. -
Plastic & Climate
EXECUTIVE SummarY Plastic & Climate THE HIDDEN COsts OF A PLAstIC PLANET Plastic Proliferation Threatens the Climate on a Global Scale he plastic pollution crisis that overwhelms our oceans is also a FIGURFIGUREE 1 significant and growing threat to the Earth’s climate. At current Annual Plastic Emissions to 2050 Tlevels, greenhouse gas emissions from the plastic lifecycle threaten the ability of the global community to keep global temperature rise below 3.0 billion metric tons 1.5°C. With the petrochemical and plastic industries planning a massive expansion in production, the problem is on track to get much worse. By 2050, annual emissions could grow to more than 2.5 2.75 billion metric tons Greenhouse gas emissions from the plastic lifecycle of CO2e from plastic threaten the ability of the global community to keep production and incineration. global temperature rise below 1.5°C. By 2050, the 2.0 greenhouse gas emissions from plastic could reach Annual emissions from incineration over 56 gigatons—10-13 percent of the entire 1.5 remaining carbon budget. If plastic production and use grow as currently planned, by 2030, these 1.0 emissions could reach 1.34 gigatons per year—equivalent to the emissions released by more than 295 new 500-megawatt coal-fired power plants. Annual emissions from By 2050, the cumulation of these greenhouse gas emissions from plastic 0.5 resin and fiber production could reach over 56 gigatons—10–13 percent of the entire remaining carbon budget. Nearly every piece of plastic begins as a fossil fuel, and greenhouse gases 0 are emitted at each of each stage of the plastic lifecycle: 1) fossil fuel 2015 2020 2030 2040 2050 extraction and transport, 2) plastic refining and manufacture, 3) managing plastic waste, and 4) plastic’s ongoing impact once it reaches our oceans, Source: CIEL waterways, and landscape. -
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Cultivation of Plants Used for Biofuel Production in Poland
atmosphere Article Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Cultivation of Plants Used for Biofuel Production in Poland Paweł Wi´sniewski* and Mariusz Kistowski Department of Landscape Research and Environmental Management, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdansk, Ba˙zy´nskiego4, 80309 Gda´nsk,Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 29 February 2020; Accepted: 14 April 2020; Published: 16 April 2020 Abstract: A reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as well as an increase in the share of renewable energy are the main objectives of EU energy policy. In Poland, biofuels play an important role in the structure of obtaining energy from renewable sources. In the case of biofuels obtained from agricultural raw materials, one of the significant components of emissions generated in their full life cycle is emissions from the cultivation stage. The aim of the study is to estimate and recognize the structure of GHG emission from biomass production in selected farms in Poland. For this purpose, the methodology that was recommended by the Polish certification system of sustainable biofuels and bioliquids production, as approved by the European Commission, was used. The calculated emission values vary between 41.5 kg CO2eq/t and 147.2 kg CO2eq/t dry matter. The highest average emissions were obtained for wheat (103.6 kg CO2eq/t), followed by maize (100.5 kg CO2eq/t), triticale (95.4 kg CO2eq/t), and rye (72.5 kg CO2eq/t). The greatest impact on the total GHG emissions from biomass production is caused by field emissions of nitrous oxide and emissions from the production and transport of fertilizers and agrochemicals. -
Climate and Deep Water Formation Regions
Cenozoic High Latitude Paleoceanography: New Perspectives from the Arctic and Subantarctic Pacific by Lindsey M. Waddell A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Oceanography: Marine Geology and Geochemistry) in The University of Michigan 2009 Doctoral Committee: Assistant Professor Ingrid L. Hendy, Chair Professor Mary Anne Carroll Professor Lynn M. Walter Associate Professor Christopher J. Poulsen Table of Contents List of Figures................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ......................................................................................................................v List of Appendices............................................................................................................ vi Abstract............................................................................................................................ vii Chapter 1. Introduction....................................................................................................................1 2. Ventilation of the Abyssal Southern Ocean During the Late Neogene: A New Perspective from the Subantarctic Pacific ......................................................21 3. Global Overturning Circulation During the Late Neogene: New Insights from Hiatuses in the Subantarctic Pacific ...........................................55 4. Salinity of the Eocene Arctic Ocean from Oxygen Isotope -
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: a Synthesis of the Fourth Assessment Report Harvey Stern* Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: A Synthesis of the Fourth Assessment Report Harvey Stern* Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Vic., Australia 1. Introduction The World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The IPCC’s primary goal was to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant for the understanding of climate change, its potential impact and options for adaptation and mitigation. The purpose of the current paper is to provide a synthesis of the IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report, which was released early in 2007. Much of the material presented is drawn directly from the summaries for policy makers prepared by the IPCC’s three Working Groups, namely: I. The Physical Science Basis (released February 2007); II. Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability (released April 2007); and, Fig A.1 The Rising Cost of Protection III. Mitigation (released May 2007). ___________________________________________ *Corresponding author address: Box 1636, Melbourne, Vic., 3001, Australia; email: [email protected] Dr Harvey Stern is a meteorologist with the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, holds a Ph. D. from the University of Melbourne (Earth Sciences), and currently heads the Climate Services Centre of the Bureau's Victorian Regional Office. Dr Stern's research into climate change includes evaluating costs associated with climate change and managing associated risks (Stern, 1992, 2005, 2006) – Fig A.1, and analysis of climate trends (Stern, 1980, 2000; Stern et al, 2004, 2005) – Fig A.2. His work has received praise in the Fig A.2 Trend in Melbourne’s annual extreme Victorian State Parliament (Hansard, Legislative minimum temperature (strong upward trend) Council, pp 1940-1941, 16 Nov., 2005).