The Extent and Patterns of Usage of Agent Orange and Other Herbicides in Vietnam
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2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid IUPAC (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid name 2,4-D Other hedonal names trinoxol Identifiers CAS [94-75-7] number SMILES OC(COC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl)=O ChemSpider 1441 ID Properties Molecular C H Cl O formula 8 6 2 3 Molar mass 221.04 g mol−1 Appearance white to yellow powder Melting point 140.5 °C (413.5 K) Boiling 160 °C (0.4 mm Hg) point Solubility in 900 mg/L (25 °C) water Related compounds Related 2,4,5-T, Dichlorprop compounds Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a common systemic herbicide used in the control of broadleaf weeds. It is the most widely used herbicide in the world, and the third most commonly used in North America.[1] 2,4-D is also an important synthetic auxin, often used in laboratories for plant research and as a supplement in plant cell culture media such as MS medium. History 2,4-D was developed during World War II by a British team at Rothamsted Experimental Station, under the leadership of Judah Hirsch Quastel, aiming to increase crop yields for a nation at war.[citation needed] When it was commercially released in 1946, it became the first successful selective herbicide and allowed for greatly enhanced weed control in wheat, maize (corn), rice, and similar cereal grass crop, because it only kills dicots, leaving behind monocots. Mechanism of herbicide action 2,4-D is a synthetic auxin, which is a class of plant growth regulators. -
IN the SUPREME COURT of the UNITED STATES No
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES _______________ No. 18A1066 ROBERT WILKIE, SECRETARY OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, APPLICANT v. ALFRED PROCOPIO, JR. _______________ APPLICATION FOR A FURTHER EXTENSION OF TIME WITHIN WHICH TO FILE A PETITION FOR A WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FEDERAL CIRCUIT _____________ Pursuant to Rules 13.5 and 30.2 of the Rules of this Court, the Solicitor General, on behalf of Robert Wilkie, Secretary of Veterans Affairs, respectfully requests a further 30-day extension of time, to and including June 28, 2019, within which to file a petition for a writ of certiorari to review the judgment of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in this case. The opinion of the en banc court of appeals (App., infra, 1a-50a) is reported at 913 F.3d 1371. The court of appeals entered its judgment on January 29, 2019. On April 22, 2019, the Chief Justice extended the time within which to file a petition for a writ of certiorari to and including May 29, 2019. The jurisdiction of this Court would be invoked under 28 U.S.C. 1254(1). 2 1. Under the Agent Orange Act of 1991 (Agent Orange Act), Pub. L. No. 102-4, 105 Stat. 11, veterans who “served in the Republic of Vietnam” during the period when the United States used the herbicide Agent Orange (January 9, 1962 to May 7, 1975), were presumptively exposed to that herbicide, 38 U.S.C. 1116(f), and are presumptively entitled to disability benefits if they develop specified diseases, 38 U.S.C. -
Agent Orange News Clips, May 6 - June 29, 1982
4943 item n Number ° D N0t scanned Author CorOOratB Author Veterans Administration, Office of Public and Consumer RflDOrt/ArtiClB TltlB VA in tne News: Agent Orange News Clips, May 6 - June 29, 1982 Journal/Book Title Year °000 Month/Day Color n Number of Images ° DBSCrlOtOn NOtBS Photocopies of newspaper clippings. Also included are a VA bumper sticker, and a VA brochure entitled "Agent Orange: Meeting Veterans' Concerns" from November 1985. Friday, February 22, 2002 Page 4943 of 5115 Veterans Administration November 1985 AGENT ORANGE Meeting Veterans' Concerns SOUTH A COMMITMENT TO SERVING VIETNAM VETERANS CONCERNED ABOUT AGENT ORANGE AGENT ORANGE The Veterans Administration (VA) has been directly involved in the conduct and monitor- ing of a wide variety of research and other ac- tivities related to the many and complex pieces of the Agent Orange puzzle. A number of these major efforts are discussed on the following pages. Additional information is available from the Agent Orange Projects Of- fice (10X2), Veterans Administration Central Office, Washington, DC, and the environmen- tal physician at the nearest VA Medical Center or Outpatient Clinic, MEETING VETERANS1 CONCERNS RESEARCH mm JSP*! Vietnam Veterans Mortality Study This effort is designed to assess mortality pat- terns among U.S. Army and Marine Corps veterans who served during the Vietnam era. A sample of 75,000 veteran deaths has been ran- domly selected from VA files. For each of these veterans, military service and cause of death in- formation is being collected and coded. The two types of data will be merged and analyzed to compare the mortality experience of veterans who served in Vietnam with veterans who served elsewhere during the Vietnam era. -
The Amounts Used Are Varying for Several
This is an "Agent Orange" page I formatted for Paul Sutton, who was then President of the New Jersey State Council of the Vietnam Veterans of America, and Chairman of the VVA's national Agent Orange and Dioxin Committee. This information has never, to my knowledge, appeared in any VVA publication, nor has it been publicly published elsewhere. Mr. Sutton has since resigned his positions in the New Jersey VVA. This document is not an official publication of the Vietnam Veterans of America, but was formatted by me to appear as if it was -- in the hopes that we could push the VVA to publish the data. Seems this info is still a political hot potato. Andrew Wilson UtVet.com editor and publisher Former Director, Utah VVA Chapter 924 The amounts used are varying for several reasons-- some only include air spraying-- others do not include repeated spray over the same area-- and some include the other locations that were not in Nam--see attached-- when you add all the variables it does total over 22 mil gallons ===================================== EXECUTIVE SUMMARY THE HERBICIDAL WARFARE PROGRAM IN VIETNAM, 1961 - 1971 Operations Trail Dust/Ranch Hand H. Lindsey Arison III [email protected] Prefatory Notes: The military use of herbicides in Vietnam began in 1961, was expanded during 1965 and 1966, and reached a peak from 1967 to 1969. Herbicides were used extensively in Vietnam by the U.S. Air Force's Operation RANCH HAND to defoliate inland hardwood forests, coastal mangrove forests, and cultivated land, by aerial spraying from C-123 cargo/transport aircraft and helicopters. -
History of Seed in the U.S. the Untold American Revolution 660 Pennsylvania Ave SE Suite 302 Washington, D.C
History of Seed in the U.S. The Untold American Revolution 660 Pennsylvania Ave SE Suite 302 Washington, D.C. 20003 P (202) 547-9359 F (202) 547-9429 www.centerforfoodsafety.org Save Our Seeds An exhibition at the National Archives in Washington, D.C., What’s Cooking Uncle Sam?, traces the history of U.S. agriculture from “the horse and plow (SOS) to today’s mechanized farm.” While the exhibition contains humorous elements, including a corporate campaign to win the War Food A program of the Administration’s endorsement of its Vitamin Donuts—“For pep and vigor… Center for Food Safety Vitamin Donuts!”—it also chronicles a sobering story of American farming and how the effects of U.S. food and agricultural policies reach far beyond the borders of Uncle Sam. Throughout, it is clear that the path of agriculture begins with the seed. Over the past 40 years, the U.S. has led a radical shift toward commercialization, consolidation, and control of seed. Prior to the advent of industrial agriculture, there were thousands of seed companies and public breeding institutions. At present, the top 10 seed and chemical companies, with the majority stake owned by U.S. corporations, control 73 1 Debbie Barker percent of the global market. International Program Today, fewer than 2 percent of Americans are farmers,2 whereas 90 percent 3 Director of our citizens lived on farms in 1810. This represents perhaps a more transformative revolution than even the Revolutionary War recorded in our history books. August 2012 This report will provide a summary of U.S. -
Thejewish Thejewish
THE JEWISH VETERAN Volume 71 • Number 4 • 2017 JWV and Lack of Accountability at the Department of the VA Veterans Affairs Leaves Veterans Flabbergasted Page 14 By Lance Wang, Editor I had the opportunity to interact with limitation of their system, and share my NAZIS ARE NOT the Veterans’ Administration while in frustration. I don’t blame them. WELCOME IN AMERICA! uniform, much more so since retiring Why is it so difficult to bring the from the Army. As with any large or- problems in the VA to solution stages? Commentary By ganization I’ve encountered good and For years the VA has been neither fish PNC Dr. Robert Pickard bad. Certainly the good is the dedicated nor fowl – it did not have the account- functionaries who I encounter, many of ability nor true profit motive that civil- Page 4 whom are themselves veterans. I also ian medical agencies have, nor did it have been particularly pleased with the have the discipline to which a military service of a nearby VA Community- agency was subjected. It was designed Register Now! Based Outreach Clinic which provides to replace a 19th century system which responsiveness that I’ve never encoun- largely put the onus on charitable or- tered from a big city VA facility. They ganizations and local communities to have provided more continuity of care care for veterans. It was never fully re- than I encountered in the military or the sourced to perform its mission, result- The workload for the VA has only civilian world. However the “bad” side ing in fraud and scandals like we saw increased since the editorial was writ- has certainly made itself known. -
A Chemical War Without End: Agent Orange in Vietnam
A Chemical War without End: Agent Orange in Vietnam Marie-Hélène Lavallard* The Vietnam War (1961-1975) is known for the massive bombings of North Vietnam. More insidious, however, yet less well-known to the general public, was the chemical war waged from 1961 to 1971against South Vietnam. An immense environmental disaster and a human catastrophe taking numerous forms: health, economic, socio-cultural …, it had dramatic consequences which are still felt today. The American government and the chemical companies involved have eluded their responsibilities. For years, a conspiracy of silence has obscured the toxicity of the defoliants used. Those responsible have the effrontery to continue denying it today. Humanitarian aid is incommensurate with the needs. It is at the government level that support for Vietnam must be organized and the demand for just reparations must be made. During the Vietnam War, from 1961 to 1971, American aviation sprayed defoliants over Southern Vietnam to chase from the jungle the combatants taking shelter there, to cut the Ho Chi Minh trail by which weapons, supplies and medication came down from the North, to facilitate surveillance of roads, coastlines and waterways and to destroy the rice paddies, forcing villagers into "strategic hamlets" and thus depriving the guerillas of food and aid1. More than 77 million2 liters of defoliants were released by plane (95%), by helicopter, by boat, by tanker truck, and by men with backpack sprayers. More than 2,500,000 hectares were contaminated by these defoliants, the best known of which is Agent Orange. It contains dioxin, one of the most violent and most indestructible poisons known. -
Congener Patterns of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-P-Dioxins
Science of the Total Environment 746 (2020) 141098 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Science of the Total Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/scitotenv Review Congener patterns of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls as a useful aid to source identification during a contamination incident in the food chain Ron L.A.P. Hoogenboom a,⁎, Rainer Malisch b, Stefan P.J. van Leeuwen a, Huig Vanderperren c, Helge Hove d, Alwyn Fernandes f, Alexander Schächtele b, Martin Rose e,g a Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, the Netherlands b EURL for POPs, CVUA, Bissierstraße 5, 79114 Freiburg, Germany c FLVV, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium d NIFES, Strandgaten 229, 5004 Bergen, Norway e FERA Science Ltd, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK f School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK g Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK HIGHLIGHTS GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT • Congener patterns are important tools for source identification. • TEQ contribution may be preferred over contribution to total sum. • Only PCDDs point to clay or chlorophenols, only PCDFs to PCB sources. • Mixed patterns point to minerals or burning processes. • Simple patterns indicate certain pesti- cides or herbicides. article info abstract Article history: Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and biphenyls (PCBs) are still consid- Received 7 May 2020 ered among the most important groups of contaminants in the food chain. Self-control by food producers Received in revised form 13 July 2020 and official control by authorities are important activities that allow contaminant sources to be traced Accepted 18 July 2020 and promote further reduction in food and feed levels. -
Agent Orange Understand the VA Claims Process
The American Legion FILING A VA CLAIM CONTACT INFORMATION The American Legion offers a free Claims Coach • The American Legion National Headquarters, app that helps veterans and their surviving spouses 202-861-2700 (Washington Office) legion.org Agent Orange understand the VA claims process. The app’s step- • Department of Veterans Affairs VA Benefits Call by-step process allows users to find a service officer Center, 800-827-1000 Benefits&Programs nearby, create a checklist, set appointment remind- • VA Health Care, 877-222-8387 ers and manage claims. To download the app, visit A guide for those who served in Vietnam, legion.org/mobileapps. • Agent Orange updates and information Korea and Thailand, and their families va.gov/agentorange The Claims Coach can also be accessed via computer by going to legion.org/mobileapps and clicking on “use the SPINA BIFIDA CONTACTS Claims Coach on your desktop.” • Veterans Health Administration (VHA) 800-733-8387 To locate an accredited American Legion Department Service Officer, go to legion.org/serviceofficer. • Shriners Hospital for Children 800-237-5055 or shrinershq.org ELIGIBILITY FOR AGENT ORANGE RELATED JOIN THE LEGION HEALTH CARE A Vietnam-era herbicide-exposed veteran does not have At about 2 million strong, The American Legion is the largest veterans service organization in the world. to be rated service-connected to be eligible for Agent Every day, The American Legion works for veterans, Orange related health care. A Vietnam-era herbicide-ex- their families and the communities in which they live. posed veteran is eligible notwithstanding that there is in- To join The American Legion, please visit legion.org/join. -
The United States' Chemical Defoliant Use During the Vietnam War and Its
ABSTRACT OATSVALL, NEIL SHAFER. War on Nature, War on Bodies: The United States’ Chemical Defoliant Use During the Vietnam War and Its Consequences. (Under the direction of Matthew Morse Booker.) During most of the Vietnam War, from 1961-1971, the United States military sprayed chemical defoliants on a significant part of the Vietnamese environment in order to gain a military advantage. US forces used these chemicals in an attempt to substitute technology and financial resources for manpower to triumph over a relatively technologically deficient enemy. This effort, dubbed “Operation Ranch Hand,” wrought incredible destruction not only on Vietnam’s natural setting, but also on everyone involved; Vietnamese and American, civilian and soldier. This work examines the consequences of defoliation, and aims to show that those outcomes proved more severe in both scale and efficacy than any anticipated results. It differs from previous studies by combining environmental, military, medical, and cultural factors and considering them as interrelated. Whenever possible this study also tries to bring in a Vietnamese perspective, though that is often impossible due to a lack of available evidence in English. In this war, the United States treated not only the Vietnamese Communists as enemies but also assaulted the natural environment as foe. The interconnections forged during this complicated interpretation of nature and enemy are essential to the study of Operation Ranch Hand and chemical defoliation operations. Nature mattered to both sides, and an -
Fact Sheet 8: the Use of Defoliants – Agent Orange
Fact Sheet 8: The use of defoliants – Agent Orange A highly controversial aspect of the Vietnam War was the widespread use of herbicides by the United States military. These chemicals caused the leaves of trees in the jungle to die. This made it easier to detect enemy positions and activities, especially from the air. Crops were also sprayed to deprive the enemy of food. These chemicals included the ‘Rainbow Herbicides’ – Agent Pink, Agent Green, Agent Purple, Agent Blue, Agent White and, most famously, Agent Orange. The US Air Force sprayed approximately 75 million litres (of which Agent Orange accounted for about 45 million litres) of concentrated herbicides, affecting an estimated 13% of South Vietnam's land. Humans exposed to Agent Orange were at risk of poisoning. Some estimates suggest that there were as many as 4 million victims of dioxin poisoning in Vietnam. Veterans of the war observed an increased risk of various types of cancer, while birth defects among their children were cited as evidence of the long-term harm caused by Agent Orange. The US government denied any conclusive scientific links between Agent Orange and health problems experienced by those exposed. In 1984 US veterans obtained a $180 million settlement from companies which produced Agent Orange. A small trust fund for New Zealanders who had been exposed was established as part of this settlement, but the fund was exhausted before the health problems of many veterans became apparent. The New Zealand government initially stated that no New Zealanders were deployed in areas where defoliants were used. A 2001 report found no evidence that exposure to defoliants had affected the health of veterans' children, although it did bring new evidence of exposure. -
Agent Orange Review
Agent Orange Review Vol. 9, N0. 3 Information for Veterans Who Served in Vietnam September 1992 National Academy of Sciences Project Secretary Edward J. Derwinski Advances on the Agent Orange Issue: VA was cast as the enemy of the veteran. VA had absolutely no credibility on this issue. The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is making Finally, in recent months, substantial progress on the Agent Orange project undertaken on we began to defuse much of the behalf of VA early this year. NAS officials have been gathering criticism and suspicion by herbicide literature from VA (including VA's 18-volume granting service connection for literature review) and other sources, making contact with conditions science tells us may scientists and other interested parties throughout the country, have been caused by exposure to and assembling a committee of experts to complete the project Agent Orange--such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and soft envisaged by Congress in Public Law 102-4, the "Agent tissue sarcomas. Orange Act of 1991." We're still being criticized by some who think we haven't gone far enough, and by some who feel there's not sufficient scientific proof for the decisions we have made. The public reaction~and the general lessening of Initial Committee Meeting tensions~seems to indicate we're right. This may be an important lesson for VA... The NAS Institute of Medicine's Committee to Review Committee Membership the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides held its first meeting on June 26, in Washington, DC. The Committee is chaired by Harold Fallon, M.D., Chair The morning session, which was opened to invited guests and of the Department of Medicine of the Medical College of speakers, was devoted to providing Committee members with Virginia in Richmond, Virginia.