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Seismic Wave Triggering of Nonvolcanic Tremor, Episodic Tremor and Slip, and Earthquakes on Vancouver Island Justin L

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Seismic Wave Triggering of Nonvolcanic Tremor, Episodic Tremor and Slip, and Earthquakes on Vancouver Island Justin L JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 114, B00A01, doi:10.1029/2008JB005875, 2009 Click Here for Full Article Seismic wave triggering of nonvolcanic tremor, episodic tremor and slip, and earthquakes on Vancouver Island Justin L. Rubinstein,1,2 Joan Gomberg,3 John E. Vidale,1 Aaron G. Wech,1 Honn Kao,4 Kenneth C. Creager,1 and Garry Rogers4 Received 16 June 2008; revised 14 October 2008; accepted 20 November 2008; published 19 February 2009. [1] We explore the physical conditions that enable triggering of nonvolcanic tremor and earthquakes by considering local seismic activity on Vancouver Island, British Columbia during and immediately after the arrival of large-amplitude seismic waves from 30 teleseismic and 17 regional or local earthquakes. We identify tremor triggered by four of the teleseismic earthquakes. The close temporal and spatial proximity of triggered tremor to ambient tremor and aseismic slip indicates that when a fault is close to or undergoing failure, it is particularly susceptible to triggering of further events. The amplitude of the triggering waves also influences the likelihood of triggering both tremor and earthquakes such that large amplitude waves triggered tremor in the absence of detectable aseismic slip or ambient tremor. Tremor and energy radiated from regional/local earthquakes share the same frequency passband so that tremor cannot be identified during these smaller, more frequent events. We confidently identify triggered local earthquakes following only one teleseism, that with the largest amplitude, and four regional or local events that generated vigorous aftershock sequences in their immediate vicinity. Earthquakes tend to be triggered in regions different from tremor and with high ambient seismicity rates. We also note an interesting possible correlation between large teleseismic events and episodic tremor and slip (ETS) episodes, whereby ETS events that are ‘‘late’’ and have built up more stress than normal are susceptible to triggering by the slight nudge of the shaking from a large, distant event, while ETS events that are ‘‘early’’ or ‘‘on time’’ are not. Citation: Rubinstein, J. L., J. Gomberg, J. E. Vidale, A. G. Wech, H. Kao, K. C. Creager, and G. Rogers (2009), Seismic wave triggering of nonvolcanic tremor, episodic tremor and slip, and earthquakes on Vancouver Island, J. Geophys. Res., 114, B00A01, doi:10.1029/2008JB005875. 1. Introduction more common than we previously thought and likely hold clues to the processes governing fault slip and failure. The [2] The growing number of observations of dynamically recent observations of tremor triggered by the 2002 M7.9 triggered tremor [Gomberg et al., 2008; Miyazawa and Denali, Alaska earthquake on Vancouver Island, British Brodsky, 2008; Miyazawa and Mori, 2005, 2006; Miyazawa Columbia [Rubinstein et al., 2007], the stable, high-quality et al., 2008; Peng et al., 2008; Peng and Chao, 2008; seismic network coverage there, and extensive work on Rubinstein et al., 2007; A. Ghosh et al., Complex nonvol- episodic tremor and slip (ETS) in the region make canic tremor near Parkfield triggered by the great M 9.2 W Vancouver Island an ideal place to test hypotheses about Sumatra earthquake in 2004, submitted to Journal of the relationship of triggered tremor with the driving Geophysical Research, 2008; Z. Peng et al., Remote deformations and local conditions, and with triggered triggering of tremor around the Parkfield section of the earthquakes (Figure 1). Theoretical models of frictional San Andreas fault, submitted to Journal of Geophysical fault slip predict both slow aseismic and rapid earthquake Research, 2008] and earthquakes [Hill and Prejean, 2007, slip depending on the frictional properties of the fault and its and references therein] indicates that these phenomena are environs [Liu and Rice, 2007, and references therein]. If tremor also reflects another flavor of frictional slip (e.g., 1Department of Earth and Space Science, University of Washington, such that stress drop or rupture velocities are limited to Seattle, Washington, USA. relatively low values) [Ide et al., 2007], or some secondary 2Now at U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California, USA. processes perhaps driven by changing fluid pressures, then 3 U.S. Geological Survey, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, earthquakes and tremor should occur in different locations. USA. 4Geological Survey of Canada, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada. Some studies suggest that this is true [Kao et al., 2005, 2006, 2007a; Nadeau and Dolenc, 2005; Shelly et al., Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union. 2006]. Another key observation relevant to understanding 0148-0227/09/2008JB005875$09.00 tremor generation comes from a study examining the B00A01 1of22 B00A01 RUBINSTEIN ET AL.: TRIGGERING TREMOR, ETS, AND EARTHQUAKES B00A01 Figure 1. Map of Vancouver Island and surrounding area. Dashed contours show the depth beneath sea level to the plate interface (intervals in km noted; from McCrory et al. [2003]). Seismic stations (black, filled triangles) and GPS stations (inverted open triangles) that provided data for this study are labeled, and dots show epicenters of all earthquakes during 15 February 1996–2007 from the GSC online catalog. Stars indicate the locations of triggered tremor, with the corresponding triggering teleseism noted. broader region of Cascadia that shows that all slow slip stable component of a broadband instrument that was in large enough to be detected using GPS data always have operation over the 11-year study interval. associated tremor [Szeliga et al., 2008], suggesting that [5] We also examine regional and local earthquakes in slow slip facilitates or is required for tremor generation. Our this same time period to determine whether they also might study attempts to test the hypothesis that this is also the case trigger tremor and/or earthquakes. For the regional/local for triggered tremor. events, we examined all 17 M 6.0 earthquakes within [3] The Denali-triggered tremor documented by Rubinstein 1000 km of the center of Vancouver Island for the same et al. [2007] motivates our first hypothesis, that the ampli- 11-year time period. The majority of these regional/local tude of the triggering waves is the dominant control on events impart smaller peak velocities at PHC than the tele- whether tremor and earthquakes will be triggered. However, seismic events we consider (Figure 2), although for the events studies of triggered earthquakes indicate that amplitude closest to Vancouver Island the values shown undoubtedly alone may not determine the probability of triggering underestimate the velocities at sites closer than PHC. We also [Brodsky and Prejean, 2005; Daniel et al., 2008]. We include these local/regional events to explore whether their explore this hypothesis by examining the local tremor and higher frequency content might trigger more effectively. earthquake activity on Vancouver Island for 4 h following [6] Our second hypothesis proposes that very specific, the arrival of waves from 30 teleseismic earthquakes of localized conditions must be satisfied for triggering tremor Mw 7.0 (Table 1). We selected these triggering earthquakes or earthquakes. Previous observations show that for a with the goal of including the largest dynamic deformations particular triggering wave train, which often has very long that have affected Vancouver Island in the 11 years following wavelengths and thus should be uniform over many kilo- 15 February 1996, which marked the conversion of the local meters, tremor or earthquakes will be triggered in only one network to digital recording. The ability to detect weak or a few isolated, much smaller crustal volumes [Gomberg triggered tremor and earthquakes undoubtedly improves over et al., 2008; Hill and Prejean, 2007, and references therein]. the 11 years we study as the number of digital channels grew By noting where and when triggering occurs on Vancouver from 9 to 39. However, this variable completeness should not Island we assess whether there are unique attributes of the affect our interpretations. locations where it does occur and whether relevant con- [4] ‘‘Largest’’ motions may be defined in many ways. We ditions are permanent features or temporally varying. For employed the simple metric of peak velocity as a general example, others have suggested that triggered earthquakes proxy for size (Figure 2). We searched the global catalog tend to occur where ambient seismicity rates are relatively (U.S. Geological Survey, NEIC) for the largest earthquakes high [Toda et al., 2005; Hill and Prejean, 2007]. Also, as and measured the peak velocity from vertical component the aforementioned association of slow slip with tremor seismograms recorded at station PHC because this is the most suggests, a sensible hypothesis proposes that triggered 2of22 B00A01 RUBINSTEIN ET AL.: TRIGGERING TREMOR, ETS, AND EARTHQUAKES B00A01 Table 1. Source Information for the 30 Teleseismic and 17 Local/Regional Earthquakes Studieda Latitude Longitude Depth PGV Back Azimuth Location Date Origin Time (deg) (deg) (km) Mw (mm/s) From PHC (deg) Teleseisms Irian Jaya, Indonesia 17 Feb 1996 0559:30.55 À0.89 136.95 33 8.2 0.18 274 Guerrero, Mexico 25 Feb 1996 0308:15.87 15.98 À98.07 21 7.1 0.12 135 Andreanof Islands, Aleutians 10 Jun 1996 0403:35.48 51.56 À177.63 33 7.9 0.39 291 Andreanof Islands, Aleutians 10 Jun 1996 1524:56 51.48 À176.85 26 7.3 0.16 291 Santa Cruz Islands 21 Apr 1997 1202:26.43 À12.58 166.68 33 7.8 0.18 243 Kamchatka coast 5 Dec
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