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Agriculture, Population and Economic Development in China and Europe

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Agriculture, Population and Economic Development in China and Europe Rolf Peter Sieferle Helga Breuninger (Eds.) $JULFXOWXUH SRSXODWLRQ DQG HFRQRPLF GHYHORSPHQW LQ &KLQD DQG (XURSH ZLWK FRQWULEXWLRQV E\ 0DUWLQD (JODXHU -UJ +HOEOLQJ 5DLPXQG ROE 3HWHU 3HUGXH 5ROI 3HWHU 6LHIHUOH Europe´s Special Course A program of the Breuninger Stiftung Volume 10 Stuttgart 2003 ¿(XURSHV 6SHFLDO &RXUVH¾ A program of the Breuninger Stiftung GmbH, Stuttgart Editors: Rolf Peter Sieferle, Helga Breuninger The following volumes have been published (only in German except this volume). Available from the Breuninger Stiftung (internet and adress see below): %DQG 'HU (XURSlLVFKH 6RQGHUZHJ 8UVDFKHQ XQG )DNWRUHQ Rolf Peter Sieferle %DQG 'HU VR]LDOH 0HWDEROLVPXV GHU YRULQGXVWULHOOHQ /DQGZLUWVFKDIW LQ (XURSD Verena Winiwarter, Christoph Sonnlechner %DQG 5HNRQVWUXNWLRQ GHU (QWZLFNOXQJ YRQ 0DWHULDOIOVVHQ LP =XJH GHU ,QGXVWULDOLVLHUXQJ 9HUlQGHUXQJHQ LP VR]LR|NRQRPLVFKHQ %LRPDVVHQPHWDEROLVPXV LQ gVWHUUHLFK YRQ ELV Fridolin Krausmann %DQG (LQH KLVWRULVFKH $QDO\VH GHV PDWHULHOOHQ XQG HQHUJHWLVFKHQ +LQWHUJUXQGHV GHU EULWLVFKHQ gNRQRPLH VHLW GHP IUKHQ -DKUKXQGHUW Heinz Schandl, Niels Schulz %DQG 'DV &KULVWHQWXP XQG GLH '\QDPLN GHU 6lNXODULVLHUXQJ Reinhard Falter %DQG )DPLOLH :LUWVFKDIW XQG *HVHOOVFKDIW LQ (XURSD 'LH KLVWRULVFKH (QWZLFNOXQJ YRQ )DPLOLH XQG (KH LP XOWXUYHUJOHLFK Georg W. Oesterdiekhoff %DQG )DPLOLH XQG +DXVKDOW LP &KLQD GHU VSlWHQ DLVHU]HLW Martina Eglauer %DQG 'HU HXURSlLVFKH 5DWLRQDOLVPXV XQG GLH (QWVWHKXQJ GHU 0RGHUQH Georg W. Oesterdiekhoff %DQG )DPLOLH LP ,VODP Otfried Weintritt %DQG $JULFXOWXUH SRSXODWLRQ DQG HFRQRPLF GHYHORSPHQW LQ &KLQD DQG (XURSH (in Englisch) mit Beiträgen von: Martina Eglauer, Jürg Helbling, Raimund Kolb, Peter Perdue, Rolf Peter Sieferle %DQG 9HUJOHLFKHQGH 8QWHUVXFKXQJ ]XU ODQJIULVWLJHQ (QWZLFNOXQJ YRQ JHVHOOVFKDIWOLFKHP 6WRIIZHFKVHO XQG /DQGQXW]XQJ LQ gVWHUUHLFK XQG GHP 9HUHLQLJWHQ |QLJUHLFK Fridolin Krausmann, Heinz Schandl, Nils B. Schulz © Breuninger Stiftung GmbH, Stuttgart 2003 Design: Volker Hann Production: Books on Demand GmbH, Norderstedt ISSN 1616-1602 Project management ›Europe´s Special Course‹ Breuninger Stiftung Prof. Dr. Rolf Peter Sieferle Breitscheidstraße 8 Universität St. Gallen D-70174 Stuttgart Kulturwissenschaftliche Abteilung tel. + 49 (0) 7 11 / 2 57 88 08 Gatterstrasse 1 fax + 49 (0) 7 11 / 2 57 88 09 CH-9010 St. Gallen [email protected] [email protected] www.breuninger-stiftung.de Content Helga Breuninger: Preface.......................................................................................................5 Rolf Peter Sieferle Why did industrialization start in Europe (and not in China)?...........................................7 The structure of agrarian civilizations ....................................................................................9 The industrial transformation ...............................................................................................16 Models of explanation ..........................................................................................................21 Single igniting factors...........................................................................................................30 Preliminary conclusion .........................................................................................................75 Bibliography .........................................................................................................................83 Jürg Helbling Agriculture, population and state in China in comparison to Europe, 1500-1900...........90 I. Risk management, family types and development............................................................93 II. High-level equilibrium trap............................................................................................104 III. Discussion.....................................................................................................................151 IV. A provisional conclusion..............................................................................................157 V. References......................................................................................................................159 VI. Appendix ......................................................................................................................168 Raimund Kolb About Figures and Aggregates: Some Arguments for a More Scrupulous Evaluation of Quantitative Data in the History of Population and Agriculture in China (1644-1949)200 Preliminary Remarks ..........................................................................................................200 Population Figures of Qing and Republican Times............................................................211 Microdemography...............................................................................................................221 Population Development and Natural Disasters.................................................................226 Figures on Cultivated Land in Qing and Republican China...............................................235 Concluding Remarks ..........................................................................................................241 Tables..................................................................................................................................244 Bibliography .......................................................................................................................264 Martina Eglauer Family and Household in Late Imperial China .................................................................276 Chinese terms on family and household.............................................................................278 Chinese sources for demographic research: household registers and genealogies.............280 Family and household size .................................................................................................282 Marriage..............................................................................................................................286 Endogamy − Polygamy − Remarriage................................................................................293 Birth rate .............................................................................................................................296 Adoption .............................................................................................................................302 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................303 Bibliography .......................................................................................................................305 Peter C. Perdue How Different was China? Or, Bringing the Army Back In: Coercion and Ecology in the Comparative Sociology of Europe and China....................................................................311 Why the European Miracle? ...............................................................................................312 Energy Sources ...................................................................................................................314 State-Sponsored Development ...........................................................................................317 Why The End of Frontier Expansion Slowed the Dynamism of the Qing State ................323 Bibliography .......................................................................................................................329 Helga Breuninger Preface The Breuninger Stiftung GmbH is an independent, non-profit organization, founded in 1968 by the German entrepreneur Heinz Breuninger (1920-1980). The Foundation’s aim is the advancement of knowledge and research in the fields of Medicine, Social Sciences, Culture and Economics, using an interdisciplinary approach to tackle complex problems, in particular those concerning world history and shaping the future. Within this special focus on “world history” the Breuninger Stiftung concentrates on the explanation of the causes and circumstances which led to the modern society. Particular projects are sponsored which will explain how it came to be that beginning in Europe a movement emerged in the last centuries that lead to the transformation of the earlier pattern of agrarian civilizations. The goal of these projects is to consolidate different explanation approaches and also to take a look at the European development “from the outside”. To explain Europe’s special course toward industrialization that resulted in the making of modern societiy we have to compare its historical features and development with that of other civilizations. The most suitable object for this kind of comparison seems to be China, a civilization that in the eighteenth century in many respects had gained a level equal to the advanced regions of Europe. In the summer of 2001, the Breuninger Stiftung organized a workshop on these topics on Wasan Island, Ontario. The contributions in this volume were first presented on this workshop and later expanded to longer manuscripts. I wish to thank all the participants in this workshop who took part in an intensive and fruitful discussion: Jürg Helbling, Bernd Herrmann, Thomas Höllmann, Raimund Kolb, John R. McNeill, Kurt Möser, Peter Perdue, Rolf Peter Sieferle and Verena Winiwarter. 5 Rolf Peter Sieferle Why did industrialization start in Europe (and not in China)? Francis Bacon mentions in his Novum Organum, one of the programmatic
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