Formação Molecular Ao Longo Da Perda De Massa Atmosférica Dos Exoplanetas Gliese 436B E HD 209458B

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Formação Molecular Ao Longo Da Perda De Massa Atmosférica Dos Exoplanetas Gliese 436B E HD 209458B Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ Programa de Pós-Graduação em Astronomia Observatório do Valongo Formação molecular ao longo da perda de massa atmosférica dos exoplanetas Gliese 436b e HD 209458b Aluno: Heriberto Garzón Guacaneme Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Heloisa Maria Boechat-Roberty Co-Orientador: Dr. Rafael Pinotti Rio de Janeiro – Brasil Agosto de 2018 Formação molecular ao longo da perda de massa atmosférica dos exoplanetas Gliese 436b e HD 209458b Heriberto Garzón Guacaneme Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Astronomia Observatório do Valongo, da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ, como parte dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências-Astronomia. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Heloisa Maria Boechat-Roberty Co-Orientador: Dr. Rafael Pinotti Rio de Janeiro – Brasil Agosto de 2018 3 4 Agradecimentos Agradeço à CAPES pela ajuda financeira ao longo destes dois anos de mestrado em Astronomia no Observatório do Valongo, OV. A toda a comunidade OV, já que durante a minha estadia como estudante de mestrado, tive a oportunidade de me beneficiar de um programa de pós-graduação que atendeu minhas expectativas acadêmicas e humanas. Aos meus orientadores, Dra. Heloisa Maria Boechat-Roberty e o Dr. Rafael Pinotti, pelo conhecimento adquirido e ajudas na realização deste trabalho. A Cláudia pela ajuda nos assuntos burocráticos. Aos astrônomos, Dr. Vincent Bourrier e o Dr. Tommi Koskinen, pelos dados fornecidos. Ao Brasil, por ser um povo receptivo. 5 Dedicado à Heriberto Garzón, pai. 6 RESUMO A proximidade entre exoplanetas e suas estrelas hospedeiras, como no caso dos chamados Júpiteres e Netunos quentes, pode levar à perda de massa atmosférica, gerando regiões semelhantes a caudas de cometas. Estas regiões são submetidas a intensos campos de radiação UV e raios-X, onde podem acontecer reações de destruição e formação de moléculas. Alguns planetas gasosos quentes têm suas atmosferas superiores, compostas principalmente de Hidrogênio neutro, estendidas além do seu lóbulo de Roche, como acontece com o Netuno quente GJ 436b e o Júpiter quente HD 209458b, e apresentando taxas de perda de massa atmosférica entre - g . Estas taxas foram deduzidas a partir de observações de trânsito planetário primário na faixa espectral do UV, mostrando que a absorção da linha Ly do H I é bem maior do que a esperada para o disco do planeta. Nosso objetivo foi investigar a formação de moléculas ao longo da perda de massa atmosférica de GJ 436b e HD 209458b, usando um modelo estacionário 1D de reações químicas e fotoquímicas onde a temperatura é inferior a 2000 K. Utilizamos o pacote DASSLC (Differential Algebraic System Solver in C), adaptado para o programa MATLAB, onde foram incluídas 81 espécies contendo H, He, C, O e N, e 972 reações. Os resultados sugerem que para GJ 436b, pequenas moléculas neutras e ionizadas contendo oxigênio e carbono, tais como , , , , , são as mais abundantes, com valores de abundância e densidade de coluna na ordem de grandeza entre - e - , respectivamente. No caso de HD 209458b, os resultados mostraram um cenário menos favorável para a formação molecular, devido ao campo de radiação estelar mais intenso, sendo que as espécies , , foram as mais abundantes, com valores entre - e densidades de coluna entre - . Os resultados anteriores aumentaram quando a metalicidade da atmosfera ou a abundância de na exosfera foi aumentado. No caso da espécie molecular mais abundante, o íon , sua intensidade na detecção poderia ser um forte indicador da presença de em abundâncias significativas ou para estimar o valor de metalicidade da atmosfera em cada um dos exoplanetas estudados. Só para HD 209458b, o efeito de aumentar o valor da extinção ou diminuir o fator relacionado com o campo de radiação UV e raios-X estelar, levou a mudanças de ordens de grandeza nos valores de abundância e densidade de coluna para a maioria das espécies moleculares que foram consideradas neste trabalho. Palavras chaves: exoplanetas – Netuno quente: GJ 436b – Júpiter quente: HD 209458b – radiação estelar: UV e raios-X – perda atmosférica – formação molecular – abundância – densidade de coluna. 7 ABSTRACT The proximity between exoplanets and their host stars, as in the case of the so-called Hot Jupiters and Hot Neptunes, can lead to atmospheric mass loss, generating regions similar to tails of comets. These regions are subjected to intense fields of UV radiation and X-rays, where reactions of destruction and formation of molecules can occur. Some hot gaseous planets have their upper atmospheres, composed mainly of neutral hydrogen, extending beyond their Roche lobe, as the Hot Neptune GJ 436b and the Hot Jupiter HD 209458b, and having atmospheric mass loss rates between - g . These rates were deduced from observations of primary planetary transit in the UV spectral range, showing the absorption of the Lyα line of H I is much larger than that expected for the planet's disk. Our objective was to investigate the formation of molecules along the atmospheric mass loss of GJ 436b and HD 209458b using a 1D stationary model of chemical and photochemical reactions where the temperature is below 2000 K. We used the DASSLC (Differential Algebraic System Solver in C) package, adapted for the MATLAB program, including 81 species containing H, He, C, O and N, and 972 reactions. The results suggest that for GJ 436b, small molecules containing neutral and ionized carbon and oxygen, such as , , , , , are the most abundants, with abundance and column density values in the order of - and - , respectively. In the case of HD 209458b, the results showed a less favorable scenario for molecular formation due to the more intense stellar radiation field, where the species , , were the most abundants, with values between - and column densities between - . The previous results increased when the metallicity of the atmosphere or the abundance of in the exosphere was increased. In the case of the most abundant molecular species, the ion , its intensity in the detection could be a strong indicator of the presence of in significant abundances or to estimate the metallicity value of the atmosphere in each of the studied exoplanets. Only for HD 209458b, the effect of increasing the extinction value or decreasing the factor related to the stellar field of UV radiation and X-rays, led to changes of order of magnitude in the abundance and column density values for most molecular species which were considered in this work. Keywords: exoplanets – Hot Neptune: GJ 436b – Hot Jupiter: HD 209458b - stellar radiation: UV and X-rays - atmospheric loss - molecular formation - abundance - column density. 8 SUMÁRIO Pág. Lista de Figuras …………………………………………………………………….. 10 Lista de Tabelas .......................................................................................................... 16 1. Introdução 1.1. Técnicas de detecção de exoplanetas ………………………............................ 24 1.2. Classes de exoplanetas...................................................................................... 27 1.3. HD 209458b e GJ 436b ……………………………………………………..... 29 2. Atmosferas de exoplanetas 2.1. Introdução …………………………………………………………………... 32 2.2. Composição atmosférica …………………………………………………… 33 2.3. Razões C/O ………………………………………………………………… 36 2.4. Metalicidade ……………………………………………………………….. 37 2.5. Opacidade ...................................................................................................... 38 3. Perda de massa atmosférica em gigantes quentes 3.1. Introdução …………………………………………………………………... 40 3.2. As observações ……………………………………………………………... 41 3.3. A teoria ……………………………………………………………………... 47 4. Campo de radiação UV e raios-X estelar 4.1. Introdução …………………………………………………………………... 53 4.2. A linha de emissão estelar ……………………………………........ 54 4.3. Radiação EUV e raios-X estelares…………………………………………... 55 4.4. Campo de radiação UV e raios-X de HD 209458 e GJ 436 ......................... 56 5. Modelo químico para a exosfera 5.1. Introdução …………………………………………………………………... 60 5.2. A equação de continuidade para espécies químicas ………………………... 61 5.3. As constantes da taxa de reação e …………………………………….... 63 9 5.4. Processos químicos .......................................................................................... 64 5.5. Modelo químico da atmosfera superior de HD 209458b e GJ 436b ............... 65 6. Metodologia 6.1. Os programas AstroReactions e ReactionEquations ...................................... 68 6.2. Os perfis para GJ 436b e HD 209458b ……………………………………... 69 6.3. Abundâncias iniciais e valores de para GJ 436b e HD 209458b ……….. 74 7. Resultados 7.1. GJ 436b e HD 209458b com parâmetros padrão ………………………….... 76 7.2. Resultados variando a relação C/O …………………………………………. 78 7.3. Resultados para perfis diferentes de ……………………………………. 80 7.4. Resultados variando a metalicidade ……………………………………….. 82 7.5. Resultados variando o fator de correção P ………………………………… 85 7.6. Resultados variando o valor de extinção ……………………………….. 87 7.7. Outros resultados para GJ 436b e HD 209458b ............................................ 89 8. Conclusões e perspectivas futuras 92 A. Apêndice A – Programas MATLAB/DASSLC A.1. Programa densidade ...................................................................................... 94 A.2. Programa caminho …………………………………………………………. 95 A.3. Programa de reações químicas e fotoquímicas ao longo da perda de massa atmosférica de GJ 436b e HD 209458b ……………………………………. 97 B. Apêndice B – Resultados de abundância fracionária máxima e densidade
Recommended publications
  • Searching for Trends in Atmospheric Compositions of Extrasolar Planets Kassandra Weber Humboldt State University
    IdeaFest: Interdisciplinary Journal of Creative Works and Research from Humboldt State University Volume 3 ideaFest: Interdisciplinary Journal of Creative Works and Research from Humboldt State Article 2 University 2019 Searching for Trends in Atmospheric Compositions of Extrasolar Planets Kassandra Weber Humboldt State University Paola Rodriguez Hidalgo University of Washington Bothell Adam Turk Humboldt State University Troy Maloney Humboldt State University Stephen Kane University of California, Riverside Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/ideafest Part of the Other Astrophysics and Astronomy Commons Recommended Citation Weber, Kassandra; Rodriguez Hidalgo, Paola; Turk, Adam; Maloney, Troy; and Kane, Stephen (2019) "Searching for Trends in Atmospheric Compositions of Extrasolar Planets," IdeaFest: Interdisciplinary Journal of Creative Works and Research from Humboldt State University: Vol. 3 , Article 2. Available at: https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/ideafest/vol3/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in IdeaFest: Interdisciplinary Journal of Creative Works and Research from Humboldt State University by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ Humboldt State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ASTRONOMY Searching for Trends in Atmospheric Compositions of Extrasolar Planets Kassandra Weber1*, Paola Rodríguez Hidalgo2, Adam Turk1, Troy Maloney1, Stephen Kane3 ABSTRACT—Since the first exoplanet was discovered decades ago, there has been a rapid evolution of the study of planets found beyond our solar system. A considerable amount of data has been collected on the nearly 3,838 confirmed exoplanets found to date. Recent findings regarding transmission spectroscopy, a method that measures a planet’s upper atmosphere to determine its composition, have been published on a limited number of exoplanets.
    [Show full text]
  • Tímaákvarðanir Á Myrkvum Valinna Myrkvatvístirna Og Þvergöngum Fjarreikistjarna, Árin 2017-2018, Og Fjarlægðamælingar
    Tímaákvarðanir á myrkvum valinna myrkvatvístirna, þvergöngum fjarreikistjarna og fjarlægðamælingar, árin 2017—2018 Snævarr Guðmundsson 2019 Náttúrustofa Suðausturlands Litlubrú 2, 780 Höfn í Hornafirði Nýheimar, Litlubrú 2 780 Höfn Í Hornafirði www.nattsa.is Skýrsla nr. Dagsetning Dreifing NattSA 2019-04 10. apríl 2019 Opin Fjöldi síðna 109 Tímaákvarðanir á myrkvum valinna myrkvatvístirna, Fjöldi mynda 229 þvergöngum fjarreikistjarna og fjarlægðamælingar, árin 2017- 2018. Verknúmer 1280 Höfundur: Snævarr Guðmundsson Verkefnið var styrkt af Prófarkarlestur Þorsteinn Sæmundsson, Kristín Hermannsdóttir og Lilja Jóhannesdóttir Útdráttur Hér er gert grein fyrir stjörnuathugunum á Hornafirði á árabilinu 2017 til loka árs 2018. Í flestum tilfellum voru viðfangsefnin óeiginlegar breytistjörnur, aðallega myrkvatvístirni, en einnig var fylgst með nokkrum fjarreikistjörnum. Í mælingum á myrkvatvístirnum og fjarreikistjörnum er markmiðið að tímasetja myrkva og þvergöngur. Einnig er sagt frá niðurstöðum á nándarstjörnunni Ross 248 og athugunum á lausþyrpingunni NGC 7790 og breytistjörnum í nágrenni hennar. Markmið mælinga á nándarstjörnu og lausþyrpingum er að meta fjarlægðir eða aðra eiginleika fyrirbæranna. Að lokum eru kynntar athuganir á litrófi nokkurra bjartra stjarna. Í samantektinni er sagt frá hverju viðfangsefni í sérköflum. Þessi samantekt er sú þriðja um stjörnuathuganir sem er gefin út af Náttúrustofu Suðausturlands. Niðurstöður hafa verið sendar í alþjóðlegan gagnagrunn þar sem þær, ásamt fjölda sambærilegra mæligagna frá stjörnuáhugamönnum, eru aðgengilegar stjarnvísindasamfélaginu. Hægt er að sækja skýrslur um stjörnuathuganir á vefslóðina: http://nattsa.is/utgefid-efni/. Lykilorð: myrkvatvístirni, fjarreikistjörnur, breytistjörnur, lausþyrpingar, ljósmælingar, fjarlægðir stjarna, litróf stjarna. ii Tímaákvarðanir á myrkvum valinna myrkvatvístirna, þvergöngum fjarreikistjarna og fjarlægðamælingar, árin 2017-2018. — Annáll 2017-2018. Timings of selected eclipsing binaries, exoplanet transits and distance measurements in 2017- 2018.
    [Show full text]
  • Precise Radial Velocities of Giant Stars
    A&A 555, A87 (2013) Astronomy DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201321714 & c ESO 2013 Astrophysics Precise radial velocities of giant stars V. A brown dwarf and a planet orbiting the K giant stars τ Geminorum and 91 Aquarii, David S. Mitchell1,2,SabineReffert1, Trifon Trifonov1, Andreas Quirrenbach1, and Debra A. Fischer3 1 Landessternwarte, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl 12, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany 2 Physics Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA e-mail: [email protected] 3 Department of Astronomy, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA Received 16 April 2013 / Accepted 22 May 2013 ABSTRACT Aims. We aim to detect and characterize substellar companions to K giant stars to further our knowledge of planet formation and stellar evolution of intermediate-mass stars. Methods. For more than a decade we have used Doppler spectroscopy to acquire high-precision radial velocity measurements of K giant stars. All data for this survey were taken at Lick Observatory. Our survey includes 373 G and K giants. Radial velocity data showing periodic variations were fitted with Keplerian orbits using a χ2 minimization technique. Results. We report the presence of two substellar companions to the K giant stars τ Gem and 91 Aqr. The brown dwarf orbiting τ Gem has an orbital period of 305.5±0.1 days, a minimum mass of 20.6 MJ, and an eccentricity of 0.031±0.009. The planet orbiting 91 Aqr has an orbital period of 181.4 ± 0.1 days, a minimum mass of 3.2 MJ, and an eccentricity of 0.027 ± 0.026.
    [Show full text]
  • Exoplanet Exploration Collaboration Initiative TP Exoplanets Final Report
    EXO Exoplanet Exploration Collaboration Initiative TP Exoplanets Final Report Ca Ca Ca H Ca Fe Fe Fe H Fe Mg Fe Na O2 H O2 The cover shows the transit of an Earth like planet passing in front of a Sun like star. When a planet transits its star in this way, it is possible to see through its thin layer of atmosphere and measure its spectrum. The lines at the bottom of the page show the absorption spectrum of the Earth in front of the Sun, the signature of life as we know it. Seeing our Earth as just one possibly habitable planet among many billions fundamentally changes the perception of our place among the stars. "The 2014 Space Studies Program of the International Space University was hosted by the École de technologie supérieure (ÉTS) and the École des Hautes études commerciales (HEC), Montréal, Québec, Canada." While all care has been taken in the preparation of this report, ISU does not take any responsibility for the accuracy of its content. Electronic copies of the Final Report and the Executive Summary can be downloaded from the ISU Library website at http://isulibrary.isunet.edu/ International Space University Strasbourg Central Campus Parc d’Innovation 1 rue Jean-Dominique Cassini 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden Tel +33 (0)3 88 65 54 30 Fax +33 (0)3 88 65 54 47 e-mail: [email protected] website: www.isunet.edu France Unless otherwise credited, figures and images were created by TP Exoplanets. Exoplanets Final Report Page i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The International Space University Summer Session Program 2014 and the work on the
    [Show full text]
  • THE CATALOG of EARTH-LIKE EXOPLANET SURVEY TARGETS (CELESTA): a DATABASE of HABITABLE ZONES AROUND NEARBY STARS Colin Orion Chandler1, Iain Mcdonald2, and Stephen R
    The Astronomical Journal, 151:59 (10pp), 2016 March doi:10.3847/0004-6256/151/3/59 © 2016. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. THE CATALOG OF EARTH-LIKE EXOPLANET SURVEY TARGETS (CELESTA): A DATABASE OF HABITABLE ZONES AROUND NEARBY STARS Colin Orion Chandler1, Iain McDonald2, and Stephen R. Kane1 1 Department of Physics & Astronomy, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA; [email protected] 2 Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Alan Turing Building, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK Received 2015 July 29; accepted 2015 October 14; published 2016 February 18 ABSTRACT Locating planets in circumstellar habitable zones (HZs) is a priority for many exoplanet surveys. Space-based and ground-based surveys alike require robust toolsets to aid in target selection and mission planning. We present the Catalog of Earth-Like Exoplanet Survey Targets (CELESTA), a database of HZs around 37,000 nearby stars. We calculated stellar parameters, including effective temperatures, masses, and radii, and we quantified the orbital distances and periods corresponding to the circumstellar HZs. We gauged the accuracy of our predictions by contrasting CELESTA’s computed parameters to observational data. We ascertain a potential return on investment by computing the number of HZs probed for a given survey duration. A versatile framework for extending the functionality of CELESTA into the future enables ongoing comparisons to new observations, and recalculations when updates to HZ models, stellar temperatures, or parallax data become available. We expect to upgrade and expand CELESTA using data from the Gaia mission as the data become available. Key words: astrobiology – astronomical databases: miscellaneous – catalogs – planetary systems – planets and satellites: detection Supporting material: machine-readable and VO table, data behind figure 1.
    [Show full text]
  • A Quantitative Comparison of Exoplanet Catalogs
    geosciences Article A Quantitative Comparison of Exoplanet Catalogs Dolev Bashi 1,*, Ravit Helled 2 ID and Shay Zucker 1 1 School of Geosciences, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel; [email protected] 2 Institute for Computational Science, Center for Theoretical Astrophysics and Cosmology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +972-54-7365-965 Received: 30 July 2018; Accepted: 25 August 2018; Published: 29 August 2018 Abstract: In this study, we investigated the differences between four commonly-used exoplanet catalogs (exoplanet.eu; exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu; openexoplanetcatalogue.com; exoplanets.org) using a Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) test. We found a relatively good agreement in terms of the planetary parameters (mass, radius, period) and stellar properties (mass, temperature, metallicity), although a more careful analysis of the overlap and unique parts of each catalog revealed some differences. We quantified the statistical impact of these differences and their potential cause. We concluded that although statistical studies are unlikely to be significantly affected by the choice of catalog, it would be desirable to have one consistent catalog accepted by the general exoplanet community as a base for exoplanet statistics and comparison with theoretical predictions. Keywords: methods: statistical; astronomical data bases: miscellaneous; catalogs; planetary systems; stars: statistics 1. Introduction Since the detection of ‘51 Peg b’, the first exoplanet around a main sequence star [1], many more planets around other stars have been discovered. Currently, more than 3500 exoplanets have been detected in our galaxy.
    [Show full text]
  • Pos(APCS2016)001 the Impact of the Space Ex- " Published in 2004 by the Kluwer Accretion Processes in Cosmic Sources: † ∗
    Accretion Processes in Astrophysics: The State of Art PoS(APCS2016)001 Franco Giovannelli∗† INAF - Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00133 Roma, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Lola Sabau-Graziati INTA- Dpt. Cargas Utiles y Ciencias del Espacio, C/ra de Ajalvir, Km 4 - E28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain E-mail: [email protected] In this review paper we will discuss about the accretion processes that regulates the growth and evolution of all objects in the Universe. We will make a short cruise discussing the accretion in Young Stellar Objects (YSOs), in Planets (Pts), in White Dwarfs (WDs), in Neutron Stars (NSs), and in Black Holes (BHs) independent of their masses. In this way we will mark the borders of the arguments discussed during this workshop on Accretion Processes in Cosmic Sources: Young Stellar Objects, Cataclysmic Variables and Related Objects, X-ray Binary Systems, Active Galactic Nuclei. This paper gets information from updated versions of the book "The Impact of the Space Ex- periments on Our Knowledge of the Physics of the Universe" published in 2004 by the Kluwer Academic Publishers, reprinted from the review paper by Giovannelli, F. & Sabau-Graziati, L.: 2004, Space Sci. Rev. 112, 1-443 (GSG2004), and subsequent considered lucubrations. The review is a source of a huge amount of references. Thus, who wants to enter in details in one of the discussed arguments can find an almost exhaustive list of specific references. Accretion Processes in Cosmic Sources "APCS2016" 5-10 September 2016, Saint Petersburg, Russia ∗Speaker.
    [Show full text]
  • Defining and Cataloging Exoplanets
    A&A 532, A79 (2011) Astronomy DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201116713 & c ESO 2011 Astrophysics Defining and cataloging exoplanets: the exoplanet.eu database J. Schneider1,C.Dedieu2,P.LeSidaner2,R.Savalle2, and I. Zolotukhin2,3,4 1 Observatoire de Paris, LUTh-CNRS, UMR 8102, 92190 Meudon, France e-mail: [email protected] 2 Observatoire de Paris, Division Informatique de l’Observatoire, VO-Paris Data Centre, UMS2201 CNRS/INSU, France 3 Observatoire de Paris, LERMA, UMR 8112, 61 Av. de l’Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France 4 Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow State University, 13 Universitetsky prospect, Moscow 119992, Russia Received 14 February 2011 / Accepted 6 June 2011 ABSTRACT We describe an online database for extrasolar planetary-mass candidates, which is updated regularly as new data are available. We first discuss criteria for inclusion of objects in the catalog: “definition” of a planet and several aspects of the confidence level of planet candidates. We are led to point out the contradiction between the sharpness of criteria for belonging to a catalog and the fuzziness of the confidence level for an object to be a planet. We then describe the different tables of extrasolar planetary systems, including unconfirmed candidates (which will ultimately be confirmed, or not, by direct imaging). It also provides online tools: histograms of planet and host star data, cross-correlations between these parameters, and some Virtual Observatory services. Future evolutions of the database are presented. Key words. catalogs – virtual observatory tools – planetary systems – planets and satellites: detection – planets and satellites: fundamental parameters 1. Introduction the confirmation of the first pulsar planets (Wolszczan 1994)2.It was followed some years later by the California and Carnegie The study of extrasolar planetary systems has become a very Planet Search table at http://exoplanets.org/planet_ active field that will grow continuously in the coming years and table.shtml (Butler et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Revisiting the Correlation Between Stellar Activity and Planetary Surface Gravity?
    A&A 572, A51 (2014) Astronomy DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201424902 & c ESO 2014 Astrophysics Revisiting the correlation between stellar activity and planetary surface gravity? P. Figueira1;2, M. Oshagh1;2;3, V. Zh. Adibekyan1;2, and N. C. Santos1;2;3 1 Centro de Astrofísica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal e-mail: [email protected] 2 Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal 3 Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal Received 1 September 2014 / Accepted 4 November 2014 ABSTRACT 0 Aims. We re-evaluate the correlation between planetary surface gravity and stellar host activity as measured by the index log (RHK). This correlation, previously identified by Hartman (2010, ApJ, 717, L138), is now analyzed in light of an extended measurement dataset, roughly three times larger than the original one. Methods. We calculated the Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the two quantities and its associated p-value. The cor- relation coefficient was calculated for both the full dataset and the star-planet pairs that follow the conditions proposed by Hartman (2010). To do so, we considered effective temperatures both as collected from the literature and from the SWEET-Cat catalog, which provides a more homogeneous and accurate effective temperature determination. Results. The analysis delivers significant correlation coefficients, but with a lower value than those obtained by Hartman (2010). The two datasets are compatible, and we show that a correlation coefficient as high as previously published can arise naturally from a small-number statistics analysis of the current dataset.
    [Show full text]
  • Revisiting the Correlation Between Stellar Activity and Planetary Surface Gravity P
    Astronomy & Astrophysics manuscript no. ActivityGravity˙astroph c ESO 2018 February 27, 2018 Revisiting the correlation between stellar activity and planetary surface gravity P. Figueira1;2, M. Oshagh1;2;3, V. Zh. Adibekyan1;2, and N. C. Santos1;2;3 1 Centro de Astrof´ısica, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, Portugal e-mail: [email protected] 2 Instituto de Astrof´ısica e Cienciasˆ do Espac¸o, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, PT4150-762 Porto, Portugal 3 Departamento de F´ısica e Astronomia, Faculdade de Ciencias,ˆ Universidade do Porto, Portugal ABSTRACT 0 Aims. We re-evaluate the correlation between planetary surface gravity and stellar host activity as measured by the index log(RHK ). This correlation, previously identified by Hartman (2010), is now analyzed in light of an extended measurements dataset, roughly 3 times larger than the original one. Methods. We calculated the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient between the two quantities and its associated p-value. The cor- relation coefficient was calculated for both the full dataset and the star-planet pairs that follow the conditions proposed by Hartman (2010). In order to do so, we considered effective temperatures both as collected from the literature and from the SWEET-Cat catalog, which provides a more homogeneous and accurate effective temperature determination. Results. The analysis delivers significant correlation coefficients, but with a lower value than those obtained by Hartman (2010). Yet, the two datasets are compatible, and we show that a correlation coefficient as large as previously published can arise naturally from a small-number statistics analysis of the current dataset.
    [Show full text]
  • Extrasolar Planets and Their Host Stars
    Kaspar von Braun & Tabetha S. Boyajian Extrasolar Planets and Their Host Stars July 25, 2017 arXiv:1707.07405v1 [astro-ph.EP] 24 Jul 2017 Springer Preface In astronomy or indeed any collaborative environment, it pays to figure out with whom one can work well. From existing projects or simply conversations, research ideas appear, are developed, take shape, sometimes take a detour into some un- expected directions, often need to be refocused, are sometimes divided up and/or distributed among collaborators, and are (hopefully) published. After a number of these cycles repeat, something bigger may be born, all of which one then tries to simultaneously fit into one’s head for what feels like a challenging amount of time. That was certainly the case a long time ago when writing a PhD dissertation. Since then, there have been postdoctoral fellowships and appointments, permanent and adjunct positions, and former, current, and future collaborators. And yet, con- versations spawn research ideas, which take many different turns and may divide up into a multitude of approaches or related or perhaps unrelated subjects. Again, one had better figure out with whom one likes to work. And again, in the process of writing this Brief, one needs create something bigger by focusing the relevant pieces of work into one (hopefully) coherent manuscript. It is an honor, a privi- lege, an amazing experience, and simply a lot of fun to be and have been working with all the people who have had an influence on our work and thereby on this book. To quote the late and great Jim Croce: ”If you dig it, do it.
    [Show full text]
  • Wolf 1061 Planetary System
    The Astrophysical Journal, 835:200 (9pp), 2017 February 1 doi:10.3847/1538-4357/835/2/200 © 2017. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Characterization of the Wolf 1061 Planetary System Stephen R. Kane1, Kaspar von Braun2, Gregory W. Henry3, Miranda A. Waters1, Tabetha S. Boyajian4, and Andrew W. Mann5 1 Department of Physics & Astronomy, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA; [email protected] 2 Lowell Observatory, 1400 West Mars Hill Road, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA 3 Center of Excellence in Information Systems, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A. Merritt Blvd., Box 9501, Nashville, TN 37209, USA 4 Department of Physics & Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA 5 Department of Astronomy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA Received 2016 November 27; revised 2016 December 22; accepted 2016 December 22; published 2017 January 31 Abstract A critical component of exoplanetary studies is an exhaustive characterization of the host star, from which the planetary properties are frequently derived. Of particular value are the radius, temperature, and luminosity, which are key stellar parameters for studies of transit and habitability science. Here we present the results of new observations of Wolf1061, known to host three super-Earths. Our observations from the Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy interferometric array provide a direct stellar radius measurement of 0.3207±0.0088Re, from which we calculate the effective temperature and luminosity using spectral energy distribution models. We obtained 7 yr of precise, automated photometry that reveals the correct stellar rotation period of 89.3±1.8days, finds no evidence of photometric transits, and confirms that the radial velocity signals are not due to stellar activity.
    [Show full text]