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Safe Operations of Fire Tankers

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Safe Operations of Fire Tankers SAFE OPERATION OF FIRE TANKERS U.S. Fire Administration Mission Statement As an entity of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the mission of the United States Fire Administration is to reduce life and economic losses due to fire and related emergencies, through leadership, advocacy, coordination, and support. We serve the National Independently, in coordination with other Federal agencies, and in partnership with fire protection and emergency service communities. With a commitment to excellence, we provide public education, training, technology, and data initiatives. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction.................................................................................................................. 1 1 Causes of Fire Department Tanker Crashes ............................................................. 5 HUMAN FACTORS ..................................................................................................... 6 Insufficient Training ................................................................................................ 6 Insufficient Driver Experience ................................................................................. 7 Overconfidence in Driving Ability ........................................................................... 7 Excessive Speed ..................................................................................................... 8 Inability to Recognize Danger Signs ....................................................................... 8 Failure to Have or Follow Departmental SOP'S ....................................................... 9 Disobeying Applicable Traffic Laws and Posted Regulations .................................... 9 Failure to Yield Right-of-Way by Civilian Drivers.................................................... 11 APPARATUS DESIGN FACTORS ................................................................................. 11 Weight of Apparatus ............................................................................................ 12 Age of Apparatus ................................................................................................. 12 High Center of Gravity ......................................................................................... 13 Design of New Fire Apparatus .............................................................................. 14 Improper Modification of Apparatus .................................................................... 16 Retrofitting of Non-Fire Service Apparatus ............................................................ 17 Liquid Surge ........................................................................................................ 19 Poor Apparatus Maintenance ............................................................................... 19 DRIVING SURFACE FACTORS .................................................................................... 19 Poor Road Design ................................................................................................ 20 Severe Grades ...................................................................................................... 21 Sharp Curves ....................................................................................................... 22 Unimproved Road Surfaces .................................................................................. 22 Adverse Weather Conditions ................................................................................ 24 Lack of/Soft Road Shoulders ................................................................................. 24 Limited Weight Capacity Bridges.......................................................................... 25 EMERGENCY SCENE FACTORS ................................................................................. 25 Emergency Scene Congestion .............................................................................. 25 Oncoming Traffic at the Emergency Scene ........................................................... 27 Maneuvering at Water Shuttle Fill/Dump Sites ..................................................... 27 SEATBELT USE .......................................................................................................... 29 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 31 2 Fire Department Tanker Crash Statistics ............................................................... 33 TANKER CRASH FREQUENCY .................................................................................... 33 WHO IS INVOLVED IN TANKER CRASHES?................................................................ 34 TIME OF DAY ........................................................................................................... 36 CAUSAL FACTORS FOR TANKER CRASHES ................................................................ 36 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 38 3 Fire Department Tanker Crash Case Histories ....................................................... 39 TRAVELING AT AN EXCESSIVE SPEED ....................................................................... 39 RIGHT WHEELS LEAVE ROAD SURFACE/OVERCORRECTION...................................... 40 iii POOR APPARATUS DESIGN ...................................................................................... 41 FAILURE TO YIELD RIGHT-OF-WAY ............................................................................ 41 MECHANICAL FAILURE -- TIRE BLOWOUT ................................................................ 42 MECHANICAL FAILURE -- BRAKE SYSTEM FAILURE .................................................... 43 POOR ROAD CONDITIONS ...................................................................................... 43 FAILURE TO FOLLOW POSTED SPEED SUGGESTIONS ON A CURVE ......................... 44 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 44 4Preventing Fire Department Tanker Crashes......................................................... 45 DRIVER TRAINING PROGRAMS ................................................................................. 45 Applicable NFPA Standards .................................................................................. 45 NFPA 1002 ...................................................................................................... 46 NFPA 1451 ...................................................................................................... 46 Components of the Driver Training Program ........................................................ 47 Training Frequency .......................................................................................... 47 Instructor Qualifications ................................................................................... 48 Classroom (Theoretical) Instruction .................................................................. 48 Applicable Laws and Liabilities ..................................................................... 49 Departmental Policies and SOP'S ................................................................. 49 Vehicle Dynamics......................................................................................... 49 Emergency and Nonemergency Driving Procedures .................................... 51 Crash and Injury Prevention Measures ......................................................... 51 Apparatus Care Procedures .......................................................................... 52 Practical Driving Training and Evaluation ......................................................... 52 Training Safety ............................................................................................. 53 Driving Course Exercises .............................................................................. 53 Over-the-Road Training ............................................................................... 56 APPARATUS MAINTENANCE PROGRAMS.................................................................. 58 Preventive Maintenance ....................................................................................... 58 Repairs ................................................................................................................. 60 APPARATUS DESIGN ................................................................................................. 61 New Apparatus .................................................................................................... 61 NFPA 1901 ...................................................................................................... 62 Braking Systems ............................................................................................... 63 Chassis and Vehicle Weight Considerations ...................................................... 65 Water Tank Design and Mounting.................................................................... 67 Used/Retrofit Apparatus ....................................................................................... 68 Chassis and Vehicle Weight Considerations ...................................................... 69 Braking System Considerations ........................................................................ 70 Water Tank Design and Mounting Considerations ............................................ 71 Apparatus Visibility
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