Birds of the Northern Territory
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WESTERN AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM SPECIAL PUBLICATION No. 7 Birds of tile I erritory Western Australian Museum Special Publication No. 7 Birds of the Northern Territory by G.M. Starr Perth 1977 EDITOR: A.F. LOVELL World List Abbreviation: Spec. PubIs West. Aust. Mus. ISBN 0 7244 6281 3 ISSN 0083-873X Printed and published at the Western Australian Museum, Frands Street, Perth. 284411. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction 7 List of Birds 8 Gazetteer ". 105 Index 115 5 ---------------------------- ----~--- INTRODUCTION Ornithology in the Northern Territory has proceeded by fits and starts. The pioneering work of Gilbert, Stokes and Bynoe in 1839-41 was followed by many decades in which little or nothing was added to our knowledge of northern birds. Then came the great period 1894-1916, when Keartland, Dahl, Le Souef, Tunney, Hill, Barnard, Rogers and .McLennan laid the foundations of Northern Territory ornithology. The next half century was one of quiet consolidation. In 1967 I brought out a List of Northern Territory Birds (Spec. PubIs West. Aust. Mus. No. 4) which summarised our knowledge of distribution, relative abundance, habitat preferences, movements and breeding season. That paper was quickly rendered obsolete by a decade of intensive field work, notably by the Harold Hall Expedition to Arnhem Land etc., S.A. Parker and associates in Central Australia, D.N. Crawford and other CSIRO personnel in the far north, Julian Ford and colleagues in the far southwest, and W.H. Butler (on behalf of. the American Museum of Natural History) on Ellery Creek, the Roper and the Daly, and in the Pinkerton Range. The present paper is based on published research and unpublished data kindly provided by several people, among whom I especially mention Mesdames H.B. Gill and J.C. Serventy and Messrs S.A. Parker, W.H. Butler, J.R. Ford, R.E. Johnstone, L.A. Smith, J. Dell, D. Howe and C. Boekel. The scope of this paper is generally the same as in my previous List. However, the bibliography has been omitted, the gazetteer is limited to place names mentioned in the present text, and taxonomic references cited in my first List and in my List of Queensland Birds (Spec. PubIs West. Aust. Mus. No. 5) are not repeated here. Distribution is sometimes given in climatic as well as geographic terms, by reference to the subhumid zone (annual rainfall ca 100-150 cm), semiarid zone (50-100 cm) or arid zone (10-50 cm). As in previous Lists, breeding season is defined by the months in which eggs are laid. The manuscript closed on 30 June 1976. 7 CASUARIIDAE Dromaius novaehollandiae (Latham). Emu. Range. Throughout the Territory. Status etc. Nomadic. Formerly uncommon to moderately common in semiarid and arid zones (except sandy deserts), but now scarce or extinct in much of Central Australian cattle belt. Rare or absent in subhumid northwestern and northern coastal country and in sandy deserts. Breeding from May to July. PODICIPEDIDAE Podiceps novaehollandiae. Black-throated Grebe. Podiceps novaehollandiae novaehollandiae Stephens. Range. Throughout the Territory. Status etc. Moderately common resident and dry-season visitor in northern subhumid and semiarid' zones; scarce visitor to better-watered sectors of arid zone (e.g. Barkly Tableland, southern ranges and the Finke); rare or absent elsewhere. Freshwater lagoons and river-pools, dams and sewage ponds. Breeding south to Victoria River Downs and the McArthur; December to early April. Podiceps poliocephalus Jardine & Selby. Hoary-headed Grebe. Range. Arid interior, from [Cordon Downs, W.A.] , Banka Banka and Brunette Downs, south to the Alice Springs district. Accidental in far north. Status etc. Irregular visitor, presumably from southeastern Australia. Ordinarily rare, but common in wet years, e.g. 1967. Mainly shallow ephemeral waters: swamps, claypans, dams, sewage ponds and flooded borrow pits. Podiceps cristatus (Linnaeus). Great Crested Grebe. Podiceps cristatus australis Gould. Status. Rare vagrant. One observed at Newcastle Waters on 2 November 1941 (Jarman, S. Aust. Om. 17: 74, 1945). PROCELLARIIDAE Puffinus pacificus (Gmelin). Wedge-tailed Shearwater. Status. Accidental. Blown ashore in Darwin district during northwesterly 8 gales in February 1973 (McKean & Gray, Emu 73: 184, 1973) and January 1974 (McKean et al., Aust. Bird Watcher 6: 45, 1975). OCEANITIDAE Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl). Wilson's Storm-petrel. Status etc. Regular visitor (July to September) to Arafura and Timor Seas. Common. [Oceanites tropicus (Gould). Black-bellied Storm-petrel. Status unknown. There is a skin in the British Museum (Natural History) labelled 'Port Essington' (Salvin, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. 25: 366, 1896).] PHAETHONTIDAE Phaethon sp. Status unknown. S.A. White (Emu 22: 230, 1923) observed a tropic-bird off Darwin in June 1922. (Both P. rubricaudus and P. lepturus occur in the Western Australian sector of the Sahul Shelf and the Queensland sector ofthe Gulf of Carpentaria.) PELECANIDAE Pelecanus conspicillatus Temminck. Australian Pelican. Range. Greater part of Territory; also Melville Island, Groote Eylandt and Sir Edward Pellew Group. Status etc. Nomadic. Moderately common in northern half, south to [Sturt Creek, W.A.], Lake Woods and Barkly Tableland; scarce and irregular visitor to south, mainly after heavy rains. Freshwater lagoons and river-pools; much less numerous on saltwaters. Unconfirmed reports of breeding on islet off Cape Cockburn and on lake near Brunette Downs. SULIDAE Sula sula (Linnaeus). Red-footed Booby. Sula sula rubripes Gould. Status. Accidental. A dying bird collected near Darwin River Dam on 23 January 1974 after northwesterly gales (McKeanetal., Aust. Bird Watcher 6: 45, 1975). 9 Sula leucogaster (Boddaert). Brown Booby. Sula leucogaster plotus (Forster). Status uncertain. A few records, including one of a large flock, from northwest and north coasts and Sir Edward Pellew Group. Taxonomy. See Vaurie (The Birds ofthe Palearctic Fauna, Non-passeriformes, p.46, 1965). PHALACROCORACIDAE Phalacrocorax sulcirostris (Brandt). Little Black Cormorant. Range. Northern half of Territory, south to [Sturt Creek, W.A.], Lake Woods, Brunette Downs and Alexandria. Casual in south (Palm Valley, the upper Finke, and 'large waterhole 40 miles east of the Hale'). Status etc.. Locally common in far north but generally uncommon. Fresh water lagoons and river-pools; also estuarine waters. Breeding south to the lower Roper; February to June. [Phalacrocorax carbo (Linnaeus). Black Cormorant. Phalacrocorax carbo novaehollandiae Stephens. Status uncertain. A few widespread observations, mostly by people who fail to record P. sulcirostris. Specimens, photographs or field descriptions are required for establishing its status in the Territory.] Phalacrocorax varius (Gmelin). Pied Cormorant. Status uncertain. One authentic record, a specimen collected near Darwin on 8 December 1971 (Crawford, Emu 72: 135, 1972), and a few widespread observations, often by people who fail to record P. melanoleucos. Phalacrocorax melanoleucos. Little Pied Cormorant. Phalacrocorax melanoleucos melanoleucos (Vieillot). Range. Northern third of Territory, south to Victoria River Downs, Warlock Ponds, the lower McArthur and Surprise Creek; also Me1ville Island and Groote Eylandt. Casual further south (Brunette Downs and McDona1d Downs). Status etc. Locally common (e.g. Fogg Dam and Oenpelli Lagoon) but generally uncommon. Freshwater lagoons and river-pools. Breeding south to [Lake Argyle, W.A.] and the lower Roper; February to May. 10 Anhinga melanogaster Pennant. Darter. Anhinga melanogaster novaehollandiae (Gould). Range. Northern half of Territory, south to [Sturt Creek, W.A.] , Brunette Downs and Alexandria. (Southern records require confirmation.) Status etc. Moderately common. Freshwater lagoons and river-pools. Breeding south to [Lake Argyle, W.A.] and the Nicholson; February to July. FREGATIDAE Fregata minor (Gmelin). Greater Frigate-bird. Status uncertain. Appearing on north coast in January and February during northwesterly gales, e.g. at Darwin in 1968 (Crawford, Emu 72: 135, 1972), Elcho Island in 1973 (McKean & Gray, Emu 73: 184, 1973) and Darwin in 1974 (McKean et al., Aust. Bird Watcher 6: 45, 1975); also recorded off Croker Island in April 1948 (Deignan, Records of the American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land 4: 349, 1964). Fregata ariel (Gray). Lesser Frigate-bird. Range etc. Moderately common in Arafura and Timor Seas, appearing over coasts in stormy weather. Fregata andrewsi Mathews. Christmas Island Frigate-bird. Status. Accidental. One or two birds seen at Darwin on three occasions in January 1974 during a period of northwesterly gales (McKean et al., Aust. Bird Watcher 6: 45, 1975). ARDEIDAE Ardea sumatrana Raffles. Great-billed Heron. Range. North and east coasts from Darwin to the McArthur, including Melville Island and North Island (Sir Edward Pellew Group); also freshwater sectors of some rivers - the South Alligator (including Jim Jim Creek), the Katherine (a few miles above Katherine) and the Waterhouse (at Mataranka). Status etc. Uncommon. In and near mangroves of coastal creeks and tidal sectors of rivers, and on freshwaters densely screened with tall trees. Breeding in December and January. 11 Ardea pacifica Latham. White-necked Heron. Range. Throughout the Territory. Status etc. Nomadic. Scarce to moderately common in northern half, south to [Sturt Creek, W.A.] , Lake Woods and the Barkly Tableland, but largely vacating far north in wet season; rare in southern half, except in a few favourable