PEOPLE AND NATURE NETWORK

THEME 2: LANDSCAPE AND CULTURAL HERITAGE

INTRODUCTION be of archaeological, architectural, artistic or the character and quality of the landscape; and cultural interest; and some heritage assets can small-scale developments within designated areas 2.53 The People and Nature Network aims to form key components of the landscape. These could have a cumulative, erosive effect. achieve a strong environmental infrastructure include significant areas of multi-functional network within which planned settlements, 2.58 change has the potential to alter open space such as parkland, gardens and sustainable growth and landscape change can the landscape and cultural heritage through battlefields. The rich cultural heritage of the be positively managed to assist with the delivery changes to coastal land, and land uses. landscape adds to the distinctiveness of a locality of sustainable communities. Landscape provides The changing conditions and demands may and its setting for development. However, some the backdrop or setting for our lives. The role provide opportunities as well as challenges, heritage features may be at risk of being lost of landscape in green infrastructure planning is such as a move to renewable energy resources or damaged by neglect, poor management, fundamental as it provides the spatial context and and new crops. Changes to precipitation, and isolation, inappropriate development and the loss basic network for ecosystem services and green geological shrink/swell will be impacted by of expertise from local government due to lack of infrastructure. intense rainfall and longer drier periods which resources. are predicted as part of altered weather patterns 2.54 The wide range of landscapes across 2.56 Pressures on the landscape are increasing. due to climate change. These issues will impact the Network area provides varying patterns A continued high level of economic growth in the on archaeological preservation in situ and and scales of land-use and settlements. These south-east brings new development, an increasing potentially some permanent changes to the historic landscapes range from the ridge with population and the associated impacts on the landscape. its spectacular views, the wide open of landscape of visual intrusion, noise, traffic and the plateau and extensive areas of parkland; 2.59 A strategic approach to the development of light pollution. Indirect impacts of development the undulating landforms of the Wealden a people and nature network helps develop more include intensification of farming and demands Greensand; patterns of dispersed farmsteads and resilient landscapes which can adapt to change on already overstretched infrastructure; increased springline settlements below the Downs; the low- and retain character and distinctiveness. demand for water supply and processing and lying, grazed pasture and drainage networks on space for recreation. the Levels; the medieval landscape of the HERITAGE Low and the varied coastline. 2.57 The statutory planning network provides 2.60 The present landscape has been heavily protection to designated landscapes in presuming shaped by the interactions between people and 2.55 The historic environment is a key against major developments. However, component of the landscape and an integral places through time. The cultural heritage of the development outside and on the boundary of part of green infrastructure. Heritage assets may landscape is revealed by archaeology, historic designated landscapes has the potential to affect features, buildings and settlements; it provides 42 2. Understanding the Evidence

amenity, educational and tourism value and adds where professional drying companies and events or flooding. However, it is important to to local distinctiveness. removal and replacement of plasterwork retain – and in some cases reinstate – the historic were utilised. Although heritage assets are at character of an area, as an essential component 2.61 Elements of the historic environment are huge risk from climate change, there are also of the landscape. recognised as heritage assets for their importance opportunities for us to embrace the strength of to society and are given a level of protection 2.64 Historic Landscape Character Assessment traditional buildings and materials. or consideration through designation. This (HLCA) identifies the time, depth and antiquity can include World Heritage Sites, Scheduled Sustainable Development is defined as of the present day landscape. It sets out a more Monuments, Listed Buildings, Registered Parks and ‘development that meets the needs of the present integrated, less site-based approach to heritage Gardens, Registered Battlefields and Conservation without compromising the ability of future conservation and a link with wider environmental Areas. generations to meet their own needs’ issues through identifying previous land uses and agricultural . HLCAs have been „ The conservation of our heritage is fundamental UN Brundtland Commission (1983) developed across the Network area35 and seek to to the principles of sustainable development. identify and understand the historic development The NPPF makes provision for sustainable 2.62 Historic England34 recognises that the of the landscape and place emphasis on the development to contribute to the protection and protection of heritage can contribute towards a contribution that past historic processes make to enhancement of the historic environment.33 range of other spatial planning goals through the character of the landscape as a whole, not its influence on environmental character and „ There is growing evidence for the value of just selected ‘special sites’ and can contribute to sense of place, as a potential to be a catalyst for traditional building materials and techniques wider landscape assessment, as well as guiding regeneration and as inspiration for high quality when it comes to recovery and adaptation to decisions on future change and management. design. climate change – a review of flood recovery HLCAs provide useful information and context for approaches at Hebden Bridge and Appleby by 2.63 Some heritage features may be at risk the development of strategic green infrastructure Historic has pointed to the potential of being lost or damaged through neglect, plans and ensure that heritage is considered for historic building materials to recover from poor management, the effects of isolation or alongside other land uses. flooding quicker by using simple techniques inappropriate development; and the potential 2.65 Green infrastructure can play a role that work with the natural qualities of historic effects of climate change will make some heritage in helping to enhance the setting of heritage materials (such as ventilation), than situations features particularly vulnerable to extreme weather features, bring in resources to invest in heritage

33 NPPF Paragraph 8 34 Officially known as the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England, Historic England is an executive non-departmental public body sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport 35 Across the Network area HLAs have been carried out by the county authorities of , and , and the SDNPA as part of its Integrated Landscape Character Assessment (SDILCA). 43 PEOPLE AND NATURE NETWORK

projects and celebrate local heritage as part of boundaries and provide a sound basis for co- “Landscape means an area, as perceived by an integrated and multi- functional approach to ordinated cross-boundary plans and strategies. people, whose character is the result of the action environmental enhancement. Green infrastructure They also provide the basis for developing and interaction of natural and/or human factors.” can also help protect below ground archaeology guidance and policy on landscape change. This and the settings of historic features from the ELC, 2000. is a key issue for the Network area where the pressures of development. consequence of planning decisions in one area LANDSCAPE CHARACTER may impact on adjacent areas and landscapes. LANDSCAPE 2.69 The ELC defines landscape character as 2.73 At a national level has 2.66 The value and diversity of landscapes and ‘a distinct and recognisable pattern of elements developed National Character Areas (NCAs)38 the need to maintain and improve landscape that occur consistently in a particular type of (Plan 5). These are areas that share similar quality is recognised at national and European landscape.’ landscape characteristics and which follow natural level. lines in the landscape rather than administrative 2.70 Landscape character and quality strongly boundaries, making them a good decision-making 2.67 The National Planning Policy Framework influence our perception and enjoyment of green network for the natural environment. The NCA (NPPF) includes provision for local planning spaces as destinations, as settings to new and Profiles can help guide decision-making and authorities to protect and enhance valued existing settlements and movement routes through support the planning of environmental initiatives landscapes and the setting of criteria-based the landscape. policies for judging the impact of development on at a landscape scale, for example in informing landscapes. In particular the NPPF expects local 2.71 Landscape Character Assessment (LCA) data the delivery of NIAs and encouraging broader planning authorities to protect the landscape of is the main point of reference for considering the partnership working through LNPs and can help National Parks and AONBs36 landscape from a green infrastructure perspective, to inform choices about land management. as it is a systematically interpreted appraisal of 2.74 The eight NCA profiles in the Network 2.68 The European Landscape Convention key landscape attributes. LCAs consider local 37 area describe the features that have shaped and (ELC) aims to improve the quality of landscapes landscapes townscapes, their unique sense of changed the landscape, the current key drivers and gives strength to the recognition of place and the effects of pressures for change. landscapes in law and to integrate into all relevant for change and the potential opportunities for enhancing landscape and historic character. policies. 2.72 Assessments can demonstrate the continuity of landscape character beyond administrative

36 NPPF Section 15, para 172. 37 The ELC is an international agreement, signed by 38 out of 47 Council of Europe Members, including Britain in 2007 coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/- /conventions/treaty/176 38 profiles – Natural England 2014gov.uk/government/publications/national-character-area-profiles-data-for- local-decision-making 44 2. Understanding the Evidence

PLAN 5: NATIONAL LANDSCAPE CHARACTER AREAS

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Contains OS data © Crown Copyright and database right 2019

45 PEOPLE AND NATURE NETWORK

2.75 The NCAs provide the background planning for change in the landscape. These tools assessed with reference to the type and extent of information for the more detailed Landscape include landscape guidelines and strategies and proposed change.39 Character Assessments which are in place at a studies into local distinctiveness (see Sources at 2.78 Guidance on potential visual impacts County, Unitary and District level. This hierarchy end of chapter). of proposed development – and visual impact of landscape characterisation from national to assessment methodology – may be desirable as local level helps ensure that strategic heritage and VISUAL IMPACTS ON LANDSCAPE tools, particularly in designated or otherwise landscape issues are reflected at a local level. 2.77 Landscape Character Assessment is an sensitive landscapes. In particular this could be Plan 6 describes each of the LCA units at a County objective, descriptive process and does not useful is assessing the potential visual impact level for the Network area. provide guidance on the potential visual impacts of smaller-scale or gradual changes and 2.76 In the Network area this work has been of change in the landscape, as this needs to be developments. A good example is the Viewshed further developed to provide tools for use in Study by the SDNPA.40

Viewshed image – Kingley Vale, © SDNPA

39 Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (LVIA) is required for any development that may have a significant effect upon landscape character, or have a significant visual effect within the wider landscape 40 southdowns.gov.uk/planning/planning-policy/national-park-local-plan/evidence-and-supporting-documents/viewshed-analysis/ 46 2. Understanding the Evidence

PLAN 6: LANDSCAPE CHARACTER AREAS – COUNTY LEVEL

22

32

13 2 26 25 19 6 20 31 21 2 16 16 17 3 1 1 5 5 7 4 6 27 30 25 23 24 27 18 26 29 25 23 34 7 18 30 24 14 28 12 29 38 3 23 26 31 35 28 39 10 36 13 37 7 4 6 10 9 5 11 15 16 13 20 12 10 27 24 15 4 1 20 14 18 3 14 33 21 2 40 11 9 19 12 11 17 17 8 21 19 9 Hampshire LCAs: 15 22 29 32 8

1 - & Downs 22 28 2 - Candover Valley Open Downs 3 - Chilling Brownwich & Coastal 4 - Hangers & Greensand Mosaic 5 - East Hampshire Lowland Mosaic 6 - East Hampshire Wooded Downland Plateau 7 - East Open Downs 8 - East 9 - Forest of Bere West 10 - & Coastal Plain West Sussex LCAs: LCAs: 11 - Hamble Valley 21 - Lower Arun Valley 12 - Hannington & Dummer Downs 1 - Angmering Park 1 - Ashdown Forest 21 - - 22 - 13 - & Coastal Plain 2 - Angmering Upper Coastal Plain 2 - Bewl Water Area 22 - Seaford 23 - North Western Low Weald 14 - Coastal Plain 3 - Arun Wildbrooks 3 - Central High Weald 23 - South Slopes of High Weald 24 - North Western Ridges Key to Map: 15 - 4 - Ashlings Upper Coastal Plain 4 - Coombe Valley Haven 24 - 25 - North Western Valleys 16 - Langstone & Harbours 5 - Central Downs 5 - 25 - Upper National Park boundary 26 - Northern Vales 17 - Meon Valley 6 - Central Low Weald 6 - Ditchling-Mount Harry Downs 26 - Upper Ouse Valley 27 - Ouse Valley AONB 18 - Mid Hampshire Open Downs 7 - Central Scarp Footslopes 7 - Dudwell Valley 27 - Upper Rother Valley 28 - Harbour 19 - & Hamble Coastal Plain 8 - 8 - 28 - Western Low Weald County/Unitary Authority 29 - Rother Farmlands 20 - Newton Valance Farrington & Downs 9 - Chichester to Yapton Coastal Plain 9 - Eastbourne Levels 29 - Wilmington Heritage Downs 30 - Rother Valley 21 - North East Hampshire Open Downs 10 - Downland Adur Valley 10 - Eastern Low Weald Km 31 - Rother Woods and Heaths 22 - & Downs 11 - Eastern Downs 11 - Falmer- Downs 0 105 ± 32 - South Coast Shoreline 23 - Hill Open Downs 12 - Eastern Low Weald 12 - Firle Bishopstone Downs 33 - Southbourne Coastal Plain 24 - to Wooded Lowland Mosaic 13 - Eastern Scarp Footslopes 13 - 34 - Southern Low Weald Local Character Areas supplied by 25 - South East 14 - Fontwell Upper Coastal Plain 14 - Heathfield 35 - Storrington Woods & Heaths Hampshire, East and West Sussex 26 - Water 15 - Halnaker Upper Coastal Plain 15 - 36 - Valley County Councils. AONB, and National 27 - 16 - High Weald 16 - Lewes Downs 37 - Western Downs Park boundary supplied by Natural 28 - Wellow & Heath Associated Wooded Farmland 17 - High Weald Forests 17 - Lower Cuckmere Valley 38 - Western Scarp Slopes England. This map contains OS 29 - West Winchester Downs 18 - High Weald Fringes 18 - Lower Ouse Valley 39 - Wiston Low Weald OpenData© Crown copyright and 30 - Forest & Farmland Heath 19 - & Fringes 19 - Newhaven 40 - Worthing & Adur Fringes database rights 2015 . 31 - Wey Valley 20 - Low Weald Hills 20 - Pevensey Levels

47 PEOPLE AND NATURE NETWORK

Counts (CQC)41 study monitored changes in the 2.80 Plan 7 from Natural England shows the Tennyson (of Black Down): condition of the landscape at NCA level from condition of the landscapes of the NCAs within “You came and looked and loved the view, long 1990 to 2003. Among the issues identified in the National Park. The maps show that across the known and loved by me, Green Sussex fading into the study – and relevant to green infrastructure Network area the landscapes along the coastal blue with one grey glimpse of sea.” – were the degradation of the urban fringe, a plain and particularly the areas within the South deterioration in farmed character in areas close Coast Plain NCA along the southern boundary LANDSCAPE CHANGE to urban centres in response to increased pressure of the National Park (within Chichester and for more recreational land uses and urbanisation Arun districts) are considered ‘neglected’.42 This 2.79 The understanding of how the landscape of farmsteads and conversion of farm buildings to weakened landscape area lying between the is changing is linked closely with landscape residential use with associated land uses (gardens coastal plain and the National Park may be more character and is a useful tool in green and horse paddocks). vulnerable to loss of character and quality. infrastructure planning. NE’s Countryside Quality

41 Countryside Quality Counts – Tracking Change in the Character of the English Landscape, 1990-2003 (Countryside Commission). It is understood the work will be taken forward in the future by Natural England’s ‘Character and Quality of England’s Landscapes’ (CQuEL), an enhanced and updated assessment of landscape quality. 42 In relation to NE’s landscape vision 48 2. Understanding the Evidence

PLAN 7: LANDSCAPE CONDITION 1990-2003 COUNTRYSIDE QUALITY COUNTS

Countryside uality Counts racking change in the English Landscape

Headline ndicators Km 0 5 10 ± ational Character Area Assessment ntne Neecte Enncn none on Dvern Sot Don Nton r onr

Sorce Ntr Enn ron cort n te rt Ornnce Srve Contains OS data © Crown Copyright and database right 2019

49 PEOPLE AND NATURE NETWORK

SDNPA VIEWSHED STUDY 2016 THE SDNP VIEWSHED MODEL ON GOOGLE EARTH 2.81 The SDNPA Viewshed Study was completed in 2016. The study provides evidence on the views structure of the National Park, mapping representative views within, to and from the National Park. Views are categorised into those which are representative of a range of views and landmark views of noted features, both man made and natural.

2.82 The study shows that the SDNP has a strong visual connection with the surrounding landscapes in the network area and the views both to and from the SDNP extend for many km in all directions. The study maps these views out to 35km (Plan 8). The project created individual pdfs of 120 viewshed points within and beyond the SDNP, and also created a downloadable google earth model of the SDNP.

2.83 The following screenshot is the SDNP Viewshed model on Google Earth showing the Historic Landscape Character areas across the National Park. This is one of several evidence layers that can be used on the model to explore the National Park. Plan, SDNPA Viewshed Study, cumulative Viewshed of the SDNP to 35km

50 2. Understanding the Evidence

PLAN 8: CUMULATIVE VIEWSHED MAP

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51 PEOPLE AND NATURE NETWORK

RELATIVE TRANQUILLITY 2.86 2.88 In the context of the most developed intrusion. According to Defra’s guidance45 to help part of the South East, those areas of greatest reduce light pollution and sky glow in the UK there 2.84 In the crowded south-east, it is increasingly tranquillity are especially important to protect. is no statutory protection against light pollution; difficult to find quiet, natural areas which are The decline in areas of tranquillity is due to the although there is guidance available to those not affected by the noise or visual intrusion from increasing developmental pressure and urbanisation. planning and designing street and other lighting.46 traffic, aircraft or other human activity. Tranquil However some landscapes can provide a strong areas can be defined by the analysis of noise 2.89 National Parks and AONBs have been sense of tranquillity – the heavily wooded valleys levels, perceived naturalness, visible overt human called on47 to lead the way in retaining and of the Weald for example – even when they are impact, density of settlement/diffusion of people creating areas of dark skies, including the skies close to built development, making these landscapes and artificial lighting in each character area. over urban areas. valuable for informal recreation and health and well being (see Plan 9). 2.90 The SDNP was designated as an In the National Character Area only International Dark Skies Reserve (IDSR) in 2016. 7% of the area was identified as remaining tranquil, DARK SKIES and this was mostly within The Forest of Bere. More than 25,000 individual measurements had 2.87 The South East is the most light-polluted to be taken to map the night skies quality across 2.85 Tranquillity is one of the National Park’s region of the UK, with only 1 per cent of the the South Downs, 66 per cent of the National Park ‘Special Qualities’ and an important aspect of region defined as ‘truly dark’. The SDNPA’s work has Bronze Level Skies. The South Downs National how people experience and value the landscape. in mapping dark skies shows areas where skies Park is the second IDSR in England and one of In the South Downs a strong sense of tranquillity is may be viewed without the interruption of artificial only 13 in the world. With two million people living associated with the open Downland combes and lighting from urbanised areas. within five km of the National Park the reserve is ridges and with the and beech one of the most accessible in the world. There are 2.88 CPRE have mapped areas of intrusion across hangers in the west. The least tranquil parts of the approximately 2,700 streetlights in the National the country (Plan 10).43 A report for CPRE44 maps National Park are the areas that are close to the Park. Local lighting authorities have been replacing the change in noise and visual intrusion across towns on the Coastal Plain. Pockets of tranquillity these over time to comply with dark sky standards. England. It is clear that in the south-east – and across are associated with the central rural areas, the the Network area in particular – there has been a Manhood Peninsula and undeveloped harbours, significant increase and spread in urban areas and including Chichester Harbour AONB. Relative an increase in areas disturbed by noise and visual tranquillity in the Network area is shown on Plan 9.

43 cpre.org.uk/resources/countryside/tranquil-places/item/1839- 44 Developing and Intrusion Map of England – LUC (August 2007) 45 Defra’s Guidance on Sections 101 to 193 of the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005 – Statutory Nuisance from Insects and Artificial Light 46 Lighting in the Countryside: Towards Good Practice – DCLG 1997 47 By the 2009 Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution report ‘Artificial Light in the Environment’southdowns.gov.uk/enjoy/dark-night-skies/ 52 2. Understanding the Evidence

PLAN 9: RELATIVE TRANQUILLITY Greter rnt RE Nton rotecte Lnce Lonon Atort Km Score ont onr 0 5 10 ± H

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Hre

Wet Sex Et Sex

Sorce RE ron cort n te rt Ornnce Srve

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53 PEOPLE AND NATURE NETWORK

PLAN 10: DARK NIGHT SKY MAPPING

Nt Lt - - Nton rotecte Lnce Km NnoWtt c r - - Loc Atort onr 0 5 10 ± - o Se - -

Wvere

Sex Et Hre

Wnceter Hor et e Ween Ete ceter Sotton Lee

Arn Hvnt Ar re

ortot Brton Goort Wortn n Etorne

Sorce RE ron cort n te rt Ornnce Srve

54 2. Understanding the Evidence

DESCRIPTION OF THE their heritage value. Table 2 lists the landscape and gardens, battlefields, archaeological features NETWORK AREA AND designations across the network area. and monuments, remnants of an industrial and military past, as well as the grain of the historic ANALYSIS 2.95 These designated areas, representing 49% landscape as reflected in its field patterns and of the total area of land within the Network area, 2.91 There is great variation in the landscapes land-use. For example the present day Sussex are testament to the high value placed on the of the Network area – from the ridges and valleys landscape and its structural elements can be quality of this area and its unique and historic of the High Weald draped with small, irregular traced back to early medieval times. Traces of places. fields, ancient woods and hedges, the open medieval can be seen in the irregular Downland of the South Downs, to the tidal flats, TABLE 2: DESIGNATED LANDSCAPES IN pattern of fields; and the rich legacy of medieval inlets and creeks of Chichester Harbour. NETWORK AREA and post-medieval landscapes of West Sussex includes the distinctive assart landscapes. The 2.92 The character and quality of the landscapes have developed and changed over time in Designation Area (ha) size and shape of fields and their boundaries are direct links to past uses and changes. response to a number of factors including the South Downs 1627km2 economic situation, advances in transportation National Park 2.97 Unenclosed and unimproved landscapes and and the shifts in population. include the commons, Downland, greens and High Weald 1461km2 The largest heaths. Other links to the past include ancient 2.93 The expansion in the size of the population AONB AONB in of the south-east has had a major impact on south-east woodlands and remaining areas of wood pasture the landscape and continues to do so today; England and historic parklands. growing from a population of 145,000 in 1801 Surrey Hills 422km2 Adjoins the 2.98 Plan 11 shows the distribution of Registered to 1.24 million in 2001.48 This population growth AONB SDNP Parks & Gardens, Registered Battlefields and has led to the expansion of urban areas, the Chichester 74km2 Land, sea Scheduled Ancient Monuments (SAMs) across the development of the coastal resorts and the growth 49 Harbour AONB and intertidal Network area . The background map indicates of the railway and road networks. It has also habitats the designated landscapes. It is interesting to note placed increasing pressures and demands on the the prevalence of SAMs within the National Park landscape. NETWORK AREA: HERITAGE and other designated landscapes in comparison with non-designated areas. 2.94 Sitting alongside these expanded urban 2.96 At the Network scale the assessment of areas lie landscapes designated for their cultural heritage is concerned with key sites and landscape quality, their rich and historic landscapes. This includes historic parks

48 Hampshire LCA (2010). 49 Other heritage assets including Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas are at a more detailed, local scale and of less relevance to a strategic approach 55 PEOPLE AND NATURE NETWORK

PLAN 11: SCHEDULED MONUMENTS AND BATTLEFIELDS

Bttefe Nton rotecte Lnce Lre Urn Are Km Retere r An Gren Loc Atort onr S Urn Are 0 5 10 ± Scee onent Se

Wvere

Sex Et Hre

Wnceter Hor et e Ween Ete ceter Sotton Lee

Arn Hvnt Ar re

ortot Brton Goort Wortn n Hove Etorne

Sorce Htorc Enn ron cort n te rt Ornnce Srve

56 2. Understanding the Evidence

2.99 The coherence of the historic environment valleys and an agricultural landscape with its have already altered some of the natural coastline is at risk in places from increased development variety of field patterns and enclosures. landscape e.g. at and Marina. and infrastructure pressures. In some areas the However, the Medmerry scheme on the Manhood distinctive historic character of settlements is being COASTAL LANDSCAPES Peninsula is a good example of managed 51 eroded, particularly the common-edge settlements 2.102 The extensive coastline provides realignment. on the Hampshire/Surrey border. contrasting landscapes. Low-lying, open 2.104 Green infrastructure can play a landscapes are found at Pevensey Levels; an area positive role in protecting the landscape from “The Cultural Landscape is held together by the of wetland with few trees or hedges and long unacceptable change and flooding, through the commonplace and the rare, the ordinary and the views to the backdrop of the South Downs and out development of SUDS in new developments and spectacular” Common Ground over the sea; and further west along the coastal in its integrated approach which helps ensure that plain, where inlets and harbours contain a diverse 2.100 The National Park’s audit of cultural heritage, landscape character and quality are landscape of narrow tidal creeks, mudflats, heritage50 identified particular assets as having valued in decision-making; for example in soft- shingle beaches, dunes and grazing marshes. no overall management. These included disused engineering solutions e.g. to flood defences and These include the internationally important railway lines, canals and Roman roads. These re-naturalising river channels. Chichester, Langstone, and Pagham assets were considered to be at risk if they are harbours. A history of sea defence is revealed 2.105 At and The Seven Sisters the not protected by planning policy or designation. by remaining structures including Napoleonic chalk downs meet the sea. This is a 6 section The report also identified potential projects for Martello Towers at Pevensey and a 19th-century of Heritage Coast; areas where the government development at Park and Stanmer ring of forts near Portsmouth. places an expectation on local authorities to Park. These flagship heritage sites make a major ‘maintain the character of the undeveloped contribution to the quality and distinctiveness of 2.103 These open, flat landscapes are vulnerable coast, protecting and enhancing its distinctive the landscape and showcase heritage assets to to tidal inundation as well as flooding from the landscapes, particularly in areas defined as their many visitors. rivers that flow through them and out to sea. heritage coast and improve public access to and As rising sea levels increase the probability of enjoyment of the coast.’52 The effects of climate NETWORK AREA: LANDSCAPES flooding for low-lying areas and the resulting change including sea level rise and more frequent 2.101 Across the Network area characteristic ‘coastal squeeze’ reduces the area of coast; sea rainfall in , could lead to increased landscapes include the coast, Downs, river and defences are constructed or natural processes alter of this coastal heritage asset. chalk landscapes, wooded slopes and the profile of the coastline. Defensive sea walls

50 Report on the Audit of Cultural Heritage Assets to the South Downs National Park Authority – by Business of Culture (December 2014) 51 Managed realignment allows an area that was not previously exposed to flooding by the sea to become flooded by removing coastal protection 52 Paragraph 114 of the National Planning Policy Network (March 2012). The protection, management and enhancement of the Heritage Coast is guided by a partnership approach and a Sussex Heritage Coast Plan, which embeds the duty-to-cooperate and the seven qualities of the National Park. 57 PEOPLE AND NATURE NETWORK

2.106 Long stretches of developed coast benefits to biodiversity and the protection of At a landscape scale the West Weald Landscape are backed by landscapes pinched between water resources, as well as the enhancement of Partnership aims to improve biodiversity and towns and the slopes of the Downs. In these important landscapes and views. ecological connectivity in woodlands across part areas farming and recreation jostle for space of the Network area,* address fragmentation with road and rail corridors. These peri-urban RIVER LANDSCAPES and improve management. There are other landscapes are vulnerable to further development 2.108 Rivers and feature prominently initiatives involved in woodland management, pressure as the coastal continue in the Network area landscape. The chalk ridge but this landscape-scale approach could be a to expand. However, through the development of the South Downs is dissected in the east by model for other areas where a multi-functional of green infrastructure these areas have the the Arun, Adur, Cuckmere and Ouse; and by the green infrastructure approach could help improve potential to provide a wide range of benefits and Meon in the west. In the Hampshire Downs the landscape quality, recreational value and improvements to the landscape. Archaeology on deeply incised straight-sided valleys of the Test sustainability. the Edge (2019) has identified a number of sites and Itchen cut through the landscape. The Meon, along the Sussex Heritage Coast at risk of partial Adur and Arun form wide alluvial flood as *Includes part of the SDNP in West Sussex, plus an or total loss in the next 25 years (in addition to they flow towards the sea at the south coast. There area of Waverley (Surrey). longer term impacts of full / partial loss) linked to are wide U-shaped valleys with steep sides and coastal erosion. flat alluvial flood plains. WOODED LANDSCAPES THE DOWNS 2.109 However, traditional river landscapes 2.110 Woodland is a key feature of the of water meadows and wet have landscapes in the Network area. From the 2.107 The South Downs chalk ridge runs from disappeared as intensive farming, flood defence wooded scarp of the East Hampshire Hangers east to west from the Hampshire Downs to the and built development have encroached into flood and remaining areas of ancient woodland in the coastal cliffs and Heritage Coast at Beachy Head. plains. South Downs; the heavily wooded landscape of Chalk is the distinctive landscape of the the High Weald with pits and hammer ponds from South Downs; and is characterised as elevated, the iron-making industry; the shaws and ghylls of open land with sweeping views. There are areas the Weald. of the Downs with dark skies and high levels of tranquillity. However this nationally-rare landscape 2.111 All these woodland types are characteristic is vulnerable to urban edge pressures. The South of their landscapes. Downs Way Ahead Nature Improvement Area (NIA) took a landscape approach to improving and linking fragmented areas of chalk grassland in a partnership project. This strategic approach to joining and extending habitats is crucial in building resilience and provides wider 58 2. Understanding the Evidence

sources. These pressures are effecting changes 2.117 The growing populations will need places Woodlands can be a source of inspiration. To the in the landscape, some of which are readily for recreation and leisure and the destinations of north of the Network area the Ashdown Forest has apparent and others more subtle; but they choice are likely to be the superb landscapes of inspired Rudyard Kipling and William Robinson include loss of character and distinctiveness, the National Park and the AONBs, or the coast. (who pioneered the English natural gardening fragmentation and erosion of quality. movement) and is the ‘home’ of Winnie-the-Pooh. 2.118 Smaller-scale developments can bring DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH about incremental change. For example, the 2.112 However, woodlands are under pressure conversion of traditional farm buildings to from fragmentation, a changing climate and poor 2.114 The pressure for housing in the south-east residential use has an impact on the surrounding management. In some areas ancient woodlands places the Network area under considerable landscape by introducing new, domestic uses, are suffering incremental damage and loss from development pressure. This could threaten settlement changing the surrounding farmland to garden or lack of management, recreation and other factors character and the sustainable development of paddocks and bringing increased traffic into the including livestock damage and extraction smaller settlements. Plan 4 on Page 18 shows the area. Development and other associated uses (e.g. in the Low Weald). locations of planned major housing developments in (e.g. recreation) can also lead to fragmentation the current Local Plan period against a background „ of the landscape and marginalisation of tradition Woodlands are important elements in the of the National Park and the AONBS. landscape; they support biodiversity, provide land uses, leading to areas of neglect and poorer fuel and building materials and can provide 2.115 In these designated landscapes the management. robust recreational facilities. In appropriate planning system presumes against major 2.119 Larger-scale developments will stamp locations woodlands can help to screen development. As a result the main housing sites their own character into the landscape, as well development and filter-out noise from roads are located in areas outside and between the as bringing increased traffic and noise, other and industry. There are increased enquiries designated landscapes. Hence development is urbanising elements (e.g. street lighting, pylons) and projects emerging around tree planting, concentrated into areas to the north and south and demands on the landscape for recreation. but there are notable impacts of not taking into of the National Park, to the south of the Surrey account “right tree, right place” in the context Hills and High Weald AONBs and in the area 2.120 Urban-fringe landscapes are facing of the historic landscape. surrounding the Chichester Harbour AONB. This particular challenges. Along the coastal in turn increases pressure on the coastal urban plain these landscapes are under pressure PRESSURES fringe and the other non-designated areas. from development, recreation – including a 2.113 In considering the landscape and growing trend for the keeping of horses – and 2.116 These areas are likely to experience further cultural heritage across the Network area, a fragmentation. These pressures are being growth in future, as the drive to accommodate exacerbated by the deficiency in recreational number of issues have emerged which highlight more housing and create more jobs in the south- the challenges the landscape is facing and the greenspace in the towns and eroding the quality east is further constrained by environmental and and integrity of the boundary areas of the impacts of some of the changes taking place. landscape protection. The landscape is under pressure from a range of National Park. 59 PEOPLE AND NATURE NETWORK

2.121 The issues associated with development a means of allowing pasture to recover from dry to ensure the planned and sustainable future of and growth have direct implications for the summers. Some crops will be unviable, allowing these landscapes, development proposals and future of the designated landscapes across the others, such as vines to be grown. Stormy, extreme management guidelines should be based on Network area and pose questions regarding future weather could also damage fragile heritage landscapes. This will require joint working among sustainable development in this sub-region. features. the relevant authorities.

2.127 There are key differences between the AGRICULTURAL CHANGE AND Inspiration: Landscapes provides the inspiration designated landscapes (the National Park and INTENSIFICATION to writers, poets, artists and musicians. The South the AONBs) and the areas beyond in terms of the Downs has provided inspiration to Kipling, the 2.122 Agriculture is an important land use in the level of protection afforded and in the approach Bloomsbury Set, Elgar, William Cobbet, WH Network area and over 80% of the South Downs to development.53 is farmed. However, the demand for food and Hudson, Richard Jeffries, , Edward energy crops brings agricultural intensification; Thomas and Hilaire Beloc 2.128 However, across the Network area the drainage and ‘improvement’ of river valley flood proximity of designated and non-designated plains; loss of wet pastures and historic boundary CONCLUSION landscapes means that pressures on the landscape cannot easily be confined to one area and features; and a decline of traditional farming 2.124 Change in the landscape cannot be thus it could be argued that the non-designated practices and associated skills. halted, but it could be better accommodated in landscapes require similar ‘protections’ or ways which reinforce and restore character and approaches in order to protect the integrity, future CLIMATE CHANGE key features. sustainability and functioning of these landscapes 2.123 Climate change is predicted to bring 2.125 Landscape resilience may be strengthened and the services they provide. Strategic planning changes in temperature, resulting in warmer through addressing fragmentation and developing is needed at a sub-regional scale to address both winters which could alter the species composition strong landscape networks. Opportunities to make the immediate and longer-term pressures which of existing woodlands, shaws and hedgerows. the most efficient use of land may have a negative may lead to changes in the character and quality Changes in rainfall patterns could result in more effect on landscape character and quality. of the landscapes across the network area. frequent winter flooding and summer droughts. Higher temperatures and drought could put 2.126 Character Areas extend across boundaries 2.129 In 2016 the National Park was designated heathlands under stress and increase the risk and as such there is the potential for different as an International Dark Skies Reserve,54 with a of fires. Pastures will be vulnerable to summer approaches to planning for and dealing with core dark skies area. A tranquillity mapping study drought and therefore it is possible that set- aside landscape change across authorities. In order was also undertaken which also mapped the local will be seen more frequently in the landscape as

53 NPPF Section 15, para 172 54 southdowns.gov.uk/planning-for-dark-night-skies/ 60 2. Understanding the Evidence

evidence for tranquillity for the National Park.55 2.132 Actions are needed to minimise the traditional field patterns. The maintaining or An extension of this work to the wider Network landscape impact of infrastructure associated creation of woodlands around urban areas area would help reveal where dark skies and with development such as transport corridors – would help to filter views of development beyond tranquillity are being lost and provide a better the loss of tranquillity, noise and visual intrusion. and to provide robust alternative recreational understanding of the impacts on tranquillity in the Distinctive landscape character and historic space close to where people live. For example, network area. This would provide a foundation landscape value could be reinforced by restoring, there is an opportunity to plan new landscapes for a strategy to retain and create quieter areas expanding and re-linking remnant areas of within and around development areas including for people to enjoy. Comprehensive and up to grassland, heathland, meadows, woodland and and ; to include high quality date landscape evidence (visioning, guidelines, hedgerows. e.g. Forest of Bere in Urban South green infrastructure, drawing on existing strong and strategies) across the network area would Hampshire. Linking remnants of ancient woodland landscape patterns e.g. traditional shaws and help maintain landscape character and support and hunting forest and providing a valuable meadows within new development. decision-making. Studies should include generous recreational resource for an area of urban growth. 2.135 The Low Weald is a potential Forest buffer areas and involve joint working across Also extending woodland around settlements and District56 and opportunities have been identified administrative boundaries. infrastructure developments to filter light pollution to create over 5000 Ha through connecting and reduce sound pollution and the visual impacts 2.130 The scale of proposed new development woodlands. Low Weald has been identified as an of further urbanisation. across the Network areas has the potential to ‘outstanding’ priority for woodland conservation, change the character and quality of the landscape 2.133 In urban fringe areas the landscape should particularly in relation to coppice restoration. across wide areas. Opportunities should be taken be a valued area with positive uses, combining 2.136 The restoration of river landscapes would to enhance the landscape through development a distinctive landscape character with well- improve landscape quality, help to conserve and planning; ensuring that it fits with existing managed land uses for the benefit of residents and enhance views over the surrounding landscape settlement patterns and character; conserves the visitors. The restoration of degraded landscapes and provide a range of green infrastructure local historic character; supports the maintenance in the urban fringe would help improve landscape benefits. and renewal of the agricultural landscape; character and value these important areas. maintains and enhances biodiversity; and 2.137 There is a need to protect, interpret 2.134 The targeted expansion of woodland promotes the celebration of the value and variety and celebrate the wealth of heritage present where appropriate would help strengthen of the landscape. in the landscape. The coherence of the historic landscape character, improve biodiversity environment is at risk in places from increased 2.131 Landscape Networks and green and provide recreational opportunities. This development and infrastructure pressures. The infrastructure planning can provide essential includes the restoration of hedgerow boundaries distinctive historic character of some settlements guidance in areas undergoing change. particularly in urban-fringe locations to restore

55 southdowns.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/13-04-17-South-Downs-National-Park-Tranquillity-Study.pdf 56 Preliminary Nature Conservation Objectives for Natural Areas – Woodland and Forestry, Reid, C.M. and Kirby, K.J., English Nature Research Report 239 (1997) 61 PEOPLE AND NATURE NETWORK

is being eroded, particularly the common-edge challenges facing agriculture and forestry. Land settlements on the Hampshire/Surrey border. uses must be financially viable in order for them to be sustainable in the longer term. For example, 2.138 Heritage assets and their setting should woodland and grassland management, both of be identified and protected as part of structured, which may need to look at alternative approaches integrated approaches including strategic green such as tourism to ensure viability. infrastructure plans.

2.139 Many of the issues documented are Examples of strategic and cross-sectoral already being tackled through other schemes or partnerships include Integrated Coastal Zone at a more local scale through planning guidance Management (ICZM) and the Coastal Partnerships and other initiatives. However, it may be – Solent Forum, Hamble Partnership, and necessary to find ways of continuing to support Manhood Peninsula Partnership provide a platform existing initiatives, in particular those that operate to deliver strategic coastal management and at the local level with landowners and local provide a network for closer working relationships. communities; and to develop new programmes or initiatives to address gaps in delivery. In addition to short term targeted support there is a need for a partnership to address the longer-term

62 2. Understanding the Evidence

SOURCES „ Sussex Historic Landscape Characterisation and woodlands (1997) surreycc.gov.uk/ – West Sussex, East Sussex and Brighton & land-planning-and-development/ „ Natural England – State of the natural Hove Unitary Authority (August 2010) ref countryside/strategies-action-plans- environment in the South East report (2009) westsussex.gov.uk/land-waste-and- and-guidance/landscape-character- http://publications.naturalengland. housing/landscape-and-environment/ assessment org.uk/publication/31044 sussex-historic-landscape- „ High Weald AONB: Historic Farmsteads „ Defra – A strategy for promoting an integrated characterisation/ & Landscape Character in the High approach to the management of coastal areas „ South Downs Historic Landscape Character Weald AONB – for the HWAONB JAC in England (2008) southerncoastalgroup. Analysis southdowns.gov.uk/discover/ (2008) highweald.org/downloads/ org.uk/pdfs/DEFRA%20ICZM%20 heritage/historic-landscape-character/ publications/uk-landscape-research- Strategy.pdf „ LCA for West Sussex ref westsussex. reports/1037-historic-farmsteads-a- „ South Downs Integrated Landscape Character gov.uk/land-waste-and-housing/ landscape-character-in-the-high-weald- Assessment (SDILCA) – 2011 southdowns. landscape-and-environment/ aonb/file.html gov.uk/planning/planning-advice/ landscape-character-assessment-of- „ Chichester Harbour AONB: Chichester landscape/ South Downs National Park west-sussex/ Harbour AONB Landscape Character Authority – State of the Park Report 2012 „ A Strategy for the West Sussex Landscape – Assessment – Chris Blandford Associates (April http://snpr.southdowns.gov.uk/files/ WSCC October 2005 westsussex.gov.uk/ 2019) conservancy.co.uk/assets/files/ default.html media/1771/landscape_strategy.pdf cms_item/613/d-Landscape_Character_ „ Cultural Heritage Audit of South Downs Assessment_(2019)-b4BJ98ZSz0.pdf „ Local Distinctiveness Study of West Sussex. ref National Park (Business of Culture, 2014) westsussex.gov.uk/land-waste-and- „ Surrey Hills AONB: Landscape Character „ Hampshire County Integrated Character housing/landscape-and-environment/ Areas of the Surrey Hills Area of Outstanding Assessment 2010 (A Landscape, local-distinctiveness-study-of- west- Natural Beauty (AONB) 2015 Townscape and Seascape Character sussex/ Aimed at land developers and „ surreyhills.org/wp-content/ Assessment for Hampshire) hants.gov. managers, this expands on the County uploads/2015/02/Landscape- uk/landplanningandenvironment/ LCA to help build local distinctiveness into Character-Areas.pdf environment/landscape/ development and land management decisions. „ Surrey Historic Landscape Characterisation Vol. integratedcharacterassessment „ East Sussex Landscape Character Assessment – 2 Bannister and Wills (2010) westsussex. „ Historic Landscape Characterisation – updated in 2010 https://new.eastsussex. gov.uk/media/1774/sussex_hlc_ Hampshire (2005) hants.gov.uk/ gov.uk/environment/landscape volume_2.pdf landplanningandenvironment/ „ (Landscape Character Assessment for environment/historicenvironment/ Surrey): The Future of Surrey’s landscape landscape 63