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An Eco-Archive of Haitian Literature, 1982–2017

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An Eco-Archive of Haitian Literature, 1982–2017 MIGRATION and MIGRATION and REFUGE MIGRATION MIGRATION REFUGE and Haitian writers have made profound contributions to debates about the converging paths of political and natural histories, yet their refl ections on the legacies of colonialism, imperialism, and neoliberalism are often neglected in heated disputes about the future of human life on the planet. REFUGE The 2010 earthquake only exacerbated this contradiction. Despite the fact that Haitian authors have long treated the connections between political violence, precariousness, and ecological degradation, in media coverage around the world, the earthquake would have suddenly exposed An Eco-Archive of Haitian Literature, scandalous conditions on the ground in Haiti. This book argues that 1982–2017 contemporary Haitian literature historicizes the political and environmental problems brought to the surface by the earthquake by building on texts of earlier generations, especia lly at the end of the Duvalier era and its aftermath. Informed by Haitian studies and models of postcolonial ecocriticism, the book conceives of literature as an “eco-archive,” or a body JOHN PATRICK WALSH of texts that depicts ecological change over time and its impact on social and environmental justice. Focusing equally on established and less well- known authors, the book contends that the eco-archive challenges future- oriented, universalizing narratives of the Anthropocene and the global refugee crisis with portrayals of different forms and paths of migration and refuge within Haiti and around the Americas. JOHN PATRICK WALSH JOHN PATRICK “John Walsh provides a well-written and well-researched piece of work, one that scholars of Haiti will be excited to read. The book carries out a close ecocritical engagement with Haitian literature, using a broad corpus of primary works and drawing on the extensive body of recent work in Haitian studies. Walsh is a thoughtful and sensitive reader, and with this work further establishes himself as a leading scholar of Haiti.” Martin Munro, Florida State University John Patrick Walsh is Associate Professor of French and Francophone Studies at the University of Pittsburgh. www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk Cover image: Sailboat Cove by Christien. Image courtesy of HaitianArt. LUP, Walsh cover chosen BF.indd 1 3/4/2019 12:06:33 PM Contemporary French and Francophone Cultures Series Editor CHARLES FORSDICK University of Liverpool Editorial Board TOM CONLEY JACQUELINE DUTTON LYNN A. HIGGINS Harvard University University of Melbourne Dartmouth College MIREILLE ROSELLO DAVID WALKER University of Amsterdam University of Sheffield This series aims to provide a forum for new research on modern and contem- porary French and francophone cultures and writing. The books published in Contemporary French and Francophone Cultures reflect a wide variety of critical practices and theoretical approaches, in harmony with the intellectual, cultural and social developments which have taken place over the past few decades. All manifestations of contemporary French and francophone culture and expression are considered, including literature, cinema, popular culture, theory. The volumes in the series will participate in the wider debate on key aspects of contemporary culture. Recent titles in the series: 44 Denis M. Provencher, Queer Maghrebi 51 Louise Hardwick, Joseph Zobel: French: Language, Temporalities, Négritude and the Novel Transfiliations 52 Jennifer Solheim, The Performance 45 Nicholas Hewitt, Montmartre: A of Listening in Postcolonial Cultural History Francophone Culture 46 Oana Panaïté, The Colonial Fortune in 53 Sarah Wood and Catriona MacLeod Contemporary Fiction in French Locating Guyane 47 Jason Herbeck, Architextual 54 Adrian May, From Bataille to Badiou: Authenticity: Constructing Literature Lignes, the preservation of Radical and Literary Identity in the French French Thought, 1987–2017 Caribbean 55 Charlotte Hammond, Entangled 48 Yasser Elhariry, Pacifist Invasions: Otherness: Cross-gender Fabrications Arabic, Translation and the in the Francophone Caribbean Postfrancophone Lyric 56 Julia Waters, The Mauritian Novel: 49 Colin Davis, Traces of War: Fictions of Belonging Interpreting Ethics and Trauma in 57 Diana Holmes, Middlebrow Matters: Twentieth-Century French Writing Women’s reading and the literary 50 Alison J. Murray Levine, Vivre Ici: canon in France since the Belle Époque Space, Place and Experience in Contemporary French Documentary JOHN PATRICK WALSH Migration and Refuge An Eco-Archive of Haitian Literature, 1982–2017 Migration and Refuge LIVERPOOL UNIVERSITY PRESS First published 2019 by Liverpool University Press 4 Cambridge Street Liverpool L69 7ZU Copyright © 2019 John Patrick Walsh The right of John Patrick Walsh to be identified as the author of this book has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication data A British Library CIP record is available ISBN 978-1-78694-163-3 cased epdf ISBN 978-1-78694-956-1 Typeset by Carnegie Book Production, Lancaster Contents Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduction: Tè glise, Continents à la dérive: Haiti between Shifting Continents, Past and Present 1 Part I. The Eco-Archive 1 For an Eco-Archive 29 2 Haitian Odysseys 69 Part II. Literary Witnesses 3 The Banality of Disaster 105 4 The Distant Literary Witness and the Ghosts of History in the “Other America” 139 Part III. The Anthropocene from Below 5 Fictions of Migration and Refuge from the Anthropocene 175 Epilogue: Land and Seas of Migration and Refuge, Past and Present 218 Bibliography 225 Index 245 Acknowledgments Acknowledgments I could not have written this book without the vital support of many people. After six wonderful years at the College of Charleston, I arrived at the University of Pittsburgh in fall 2013. At the time, I had the kernel of an idea for my next book, and over the next few years, my colleagues in the Department of French & Italian, my home at Pitt, helped me sustain and develop the project. I am grateful for Renate Blumenfeld-Kosinski, Lina Insana, Francesca Savoia, Giuseppina Mecchia, Dave Pettersen, Todd Reeser, Brett Wells, Neil Doshi, Chloe Hogg, Lorraine Denman, Jim Coleman, Monika Losagio, and Alana Dunn. For your hard work and for allowing me the time to work through ideas and questions with you, a special thanks to the graduate students, including Jen Boum Make, Maxime Bey-Rozet, Sylvia Grove, Paulina Tomkowicz, Dahlia Rizk, Cole Cridlin, Brendan Ezvan, Pat Nikiema, Emma Ben Hadj, Matt Blair, Jon Devine, Emily Bryan, Don Joseph, Ally Dorman, and Phoebe Marshall. The interdisciplinary spirit is alive and well at Pitt. I have the great privilege of working with a diverse group of people across academic departments and centers. For your intellectual energy and guidance, thanks to Jonathan Arac, Shalini Puri, Lara Putnam, Marcus Rediker, Pernille Røge, Molly Warsh, Felix Germain, Michele Reid-Vazquez, Jeanette Jouili, Drew Armstrong, and Jerome Branche. To Abigail Owen, the driving force behind the Environmental Humanities Research Seminar, a joint program between Pitt and Carnegie Mellon University, your leadership and creative mind are inspiring. Research grants from Pitt and a sabbatical were indispensable to the completion of the book. I would like to recognize the financial support of the Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, the Humanities Center, the Center for Latin American Studies, the European Studies Center, the University Center for International Studies and the Hewlett International Grant Program. viii Migration and Refuge For permission to reprint part of a revised and expanded version of my article, “The Global Frame of Haiti in Yanick Lahens’ Failles,” Contemporary French and Francophone Studies: SITES 19.3 (Summer 2015), I would like to thank the Taylor & Francis group. I am also in debt to scholarly communities away from home. For over a decade, I have learned much from the Haitian Studies Association. For allowing me the space to present papers, participate on panels and round tables, and instill me with a deep sense of Haitian history, culture, and literature, I am thankful to members, past and present, and especially Alix Cantave, Sarah Davies Cordova, Micheline Rice-Maximin, Joëlle Vitiello, Alex Dupuy, Regine Jean-Charles, Nadève Ménard, Alyssa Sepinwall, Marlene Daut, Mark Schuller, Valerie Kaussen, Christian Flaugh, Chelsea Stieber, Nathan Dize, Philip Kaisary, and Jason Herbeck. For the opportunity to present work in progress and to be a part of engaging conferences, I have the utmost gratitude for the Winthrop-King Institute of Florida State University and, in particular, Martin Munro and his students and staff. In addition to Martin, I thank Rodney Saint-Eloi and Eliana Vagalau for spearheading the Jean-Claude Charles Collective and inviting me to contribute to its ongoing initiatives. I would also like to acknowledge the Society for Francophone Postcolonial Studies and the University of London; the Northeast Modern Language Association (NeMLA), with high praise for Carine Mardorossian and Maria DiFrancesco; and Rob Nixon, whose participation in our Humanities Center colloquium was the highlight of the semester. Rob, your thought-provoking lecture at NeMLA in Pittsburgh
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