Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery (2013) 15 , Supplementary File FACT SHEET

DISEASE INFORMATION FACT SHEET Chlamydophila felis

This Disease Information Fact Sheet accompanies the 2013 AAFP Feline Vaccination Advisory Panel Report published in the Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery (2013), Volume 15, pp 785 –808.

AAFP FELINE VACCINATION ADVISORY PANEL Margie A Scherk Disease facts DVM Dip ABVP The 2013 Report of the Feline Vaccination (Feline Practice) Advisory Panel of the American Association of Advisory Panel Chair* Chlamydophila felis (formerly Chlamydia psittaci Feline Practitioners (AAFP) provides practical Richard B Ford recommendations to help clinicians select DVM MS Dip ACVIM var felis ) is a bacterial pathogen with world - DACVPM (Hon) wide distribution. The organism predominant - appropriate vaccination schedules for their ly infects the conjunctiva and causes feline patients based on risk assessment. Rosalind M Gaskell BVSc PhD MRCVS conjunctivitis but has also been associated with The recommendations rely on published data upper respiratory tract disease (URD). Isolation as much as possible, as well as consensus of a Katrin Hartmann multidisciplinary panel of experts in immunology, Dr Med Vet Dr Med Vet Habil rates have been reported to range from approx - Dip ECVIM-CA imately 1 –5% for cats without signs of respira - infectious disease, internal medicine and Kate F Hurley tory tract disease to approximately 10 –30% for clinical practice. The Report is endorsed by the 1–6 DVM MPVM cats with conjunctivitis or URD. International Society of Feline Medicine (ISFM). Transmission of C felis is mainly through Michael R Lappin DVM PhD Dip ACVIM direct cat-to-cat contact. The organism is very labile outside of the host and remains infec - Julie K Levy 10,11 DVM PhD Dip ACVIM tious in the environment for only short peri - tivitis. Therefore, direct contact with Susan E Little ods of time. Serous conjunctivitis, which may respiratory discharges and ocular secretions DVM Dip ABVP (Feline Practice) initially affect only one eye, is the most com - from infected cats should be avoided, espe - 12 Shila K Nordone mon clinical sign, but bilateral disease with cially by immunocompromised people. This MS PhD chemosis and mucopurulent discharges can finding has also been used as a justification for Andrew H Sparkes develop 5 –10 days after infection. Mild sneez - C felis vaccination. BVetMed PhD DipECVIM ing or nasal discharges are sometimes report - Vaccine types MRCVS ed. Although primarily an ocular pathogen, C *Corresponding author: felis has also been isolated from other mucosal Email: [email protected] and epithelial sites including the lower respi - Inactivated adjuvanted and modified-live (ML) ratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract and the injectable vaccines are available, depending on 7–9 reproductive tract. While C felis infection the country. Immunity to C felis is believed to was associated with pneumonitis in some involve a combination of cell-mediated and experimentally inoculated cats, lower respira - humoral mechanisms. However, sterilizing tory disease associated with infection appears immunity is not induced by natural infection to be rare or non-existent in client-owned cats. or vaccination and infected cats typically con - 7,9 Clinical signs usually resolve and infection tinue to shed the organism for many months. can be eradicated with appropriate antimicro - Thus, similar to feline calicivirus (FCV) and 5 bial treatment. feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) vaccines, the pri - There is some limited evidence that the mary goal of C felis vaccine administration is to organism may occasionally be transmitted lessen the potential for clinical disease if a vac - between cats and humans, causing conjunc - cinated cat is exposed to the agent.

© ISFM and AAFP 2013 Reprints and permission: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav FACT SHEET / Chlamydophila felis

Onset and duration of immunity Advisory Panel Recommendations

Little information is available concerning Vaccination against C felis is considered non-core. Vaccination may onset of immunity after C felis vaccine admin - potentially be considered as part of a control regime for cats in multiple-cat istration. However, a significant reduction in environments where infections associated with clinical disease have been clinical signs after challenge has been demon - confirmed. If used, the Advisory Panel recommends following the 13,14 strated at 1 year. manufacturer’s guidelines for the primary immunization series. C felis risk should be reassessed for all cats annually and the vaccine administered, if Vaccine safety deemed necessary.

C felis is combined with other antigens in multivalent vaccines. Recent studies have shown that use of these combinations is unlikely to decrease efficacy for any vaccine 7 Masubuchi K, Wakatsuki A, Iwamoto K, 15,16 component. While reactions following Takahashi T, Kokubu T and Shimizu M. Efficacy C felis -containing vaccines are relatively of a new inactivated Chlamydophila felis uncommon, in one large study administration vaccine in experimentally-infected cats. J Feline of a multivalent product (FPV, FHV-1, FCV, C Med Surg 2010; 12: 609 –613. felis ) was significantly associated with 8 Hargis AM, Prieur DJ and Gaillard ET. increased risk of lethargy, with or without Chlamydial infection of the gastric mucosa in 17 fever. Another study found transient pyrex - twelve cats. Vet Pathol 1983; 20: 170 –178. ia, anorexia, lethargy and limb soreness in 9 Wills JM, Gruffydd-Jones TJ, Richmond SJ, some cats 1 –3 weeks after vaccination with a Gaskell RM and Bourne FJ. Effect of vaccination combined FPV, FHV-1, FCV and C felis vac - on feline Chlamydia psittaci infection. Infect cine; similar signs were not seen after admin - Immun 1987; 55: 2653 –2657. istration of a similar vaccine without the 10 Schmeer N, Jahn GJ, Bialasiewicz AA and Weber 18 Chlamydophila component. Inadvertent ocu - A. [The cat as a possible infection source for lar inoculation of modified-live Chlamydophila Chlamydia psittaci keratoconjunctivitis in 19 vaccines will cause typical clinical disease. humans]. Tierarztl Prax 1987; 15: 201 –204. 11 Yan C, Fukushi H, Matsudate H, Ishihara K, References Yasuda K, Kitagawa H, et al. Seroepi - demiological investigation of feline chlamy - diosis in cats and humans in Japan. Microbiol 1 Sykes J, Anderson G, Studdert V and Browning Immunol 2000; 44: 155 –160. G. Prevalence of feline Chlamydia psittaci and 12 Brown RR, Elston TH, Evans L, Glaser C, feline herpesvirus 1 in cats with upper respira - Gulledge ML, Jarboe L, et al. American tory tract disease. J Vet Intern Med 1999; 13: 153. Association of Feline Practitioners. 2003 report 2 Gruffydd-Jones TJ, Jones BR, Hodge H, Rice M on feline zoonoses. Compend Contin Educ Pract and Gething MA. Chlamydia infection in cats Vet 2003; 25: 936 –965. in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 1995; 43: 201 –203. 13 Kolar JR and Rude TA. Duration of immunity 3 Low HC, Powell CC, Veir JK, Hawley JR and in cats inoculated with a commercial feline Lappin MR. Prevalence of feline herpesvirus 1, pneumonitis vaccine. Vet Med Small Anim Clin Chlamydophila felis , and Mycoplasma spp 1981; 76: 1171 –1173. DNA in conjunctival cells collected from cats 14 Wasmoen T, Chu HJ, Chavez L and Acree W. with and without conjunctivitis. Am J Vet Res Demonstration of one year duration of immu - 2007; 68: 643 –648. nity for an inactivated feline Chlamydia 4 Wills JM, Howard PE, Gruffydd-Jones TJ and psittaci vaccine. Feline Pract 1992; 20: 13 –16. Wathes CM. Prevalence of Chlamydia psittaci 15 Brunner C, Kanellos T, Meli ML, Sutton DJ, in different cat populations in Britain. J Small Gisler R, Gomes-Keller MA, et al. Antibody Anim Pract 1988; 29: 327 –339. induction after combined application of an 5 Hartmann AD, Helps CR, Lappin MR, adjuvanted recombinant FeLV vaccine and a Werckenthin C and Hartmann K. Efficacy of multivalent modified live virus vaccine with a pradofloxacin in cats with feline upper respira - chlamydial component. Vaccine 2006; 24: tory tract disease due to Chlamydophila felis or 1838 –1846. Mycoplasma infections. J Vet Intern Med 2008; 16 Guiot AL, Cariou C, Krogmann V, Thibault JC 22: 44 –52. and Poulet H. Compatibility between a rabies 6 Hartmann AD, Hawley J, Werckenthin C, vaccine and a combined vaccine against feline Lappin MR and Hartmann K. Detection of bac - rhinotracheitis, FCV, FPLV and FeLV, and terial and viral organisms from the conjunctiva Chlamydophila felis . Vet Rec 2008; 162: 690 –692. of cats with conjunctivitis and upper respirato - 17 Moore GE, DeSantis-Kerr AC, Guptill LF, ry tract disease. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12: Glickman NW, Lewis HB and Glickman LT. 775 –782. Adverse events after vaccine administration in

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery (2013) 15 , Supplementary File FACT SHEET / Chlamydophila felis

cats: 2,560 cases (2002 –2005). J Am Vet Med Assoc vaccine. Cornell Vet 1993; 83: 311 –323. 2007; 231: 94 –100. 19 Sturgess C, Gruffydd-Jones T, Harbour D and 18 Starr RM. Reaction rate in cats vaccinated with Feilden H. Studies on the safety of Chlamydia a new controlled-titer feline panleukopenia- psittaci vaccination in cats. Vet Rec 1995; 137: rhinotracheitis-calicivirus- Chlamydia psittaci 668 –669.

DISEASE INFORMATION FACT SHEETS SUPPLEMENTARY FILES < Feline herpesvirus 1 Fact Sheets accompanying the < Feline calicivirus 2013 AAFP Feline Vaccination Advisory < Feline panleukopenia Panel Report are available, Rabies together with the Pet Owner Guide < included in Appendix 2, at < Feline leukemia virus http://jfms.com < Feline immunodeficiency virus DOI: 10.1177/1098612X13495235 < Feline infectious peritonitis < Chlamydophila felis < Bordetella bronchiseptica

GENERAL INFORMATION FACT SHEET PET OWNER GUIDE < The immune response to (APPENDIX 2, pp 807 –808) vaccination: a brief review < Vaccinations for Your Cat

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery (2013) 15 , Supplementary File