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Chlamydia (Chlamydophila) Pneumoniae in Animals: a Review

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Chlamydia (Chlamydophila) Pneumoniae in Animals: a Review Vet. Med. – Czech, 49, 2004 (4): 129–134 Review Article Chlamydia (Chlamydophila) pneumoniae in animals: a review L. P�������, J. C������� Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic ABSTRACT: An important discovery in the last couple of years is that humans are not the only natural hosts with which C. pneumoniae is the primary cause for the disease. Successively, the C. pneumoniae strain was isolated from horses, koala bears affected by ocular and genital infection, Australian and African frogs, from a Tanzanian cha- meleon, a green sea turtle living in the Cayman Islands, an iguana, puff adders and a Burmese python. All of the animals in which the C. pneumoniae was confirmed, were suffering from some form of illness that is also typical in humans when affected by this chlamydial species. All strains also showed a high similarity with the human C. pneumoniae strain (up to 100%). Keywords: epizootology of chlamydia; free-ranging animals; laboratory and domestic animals Chlamydia (Chlamydophila) pneumoniae (C. pneu- The transmission of C. pecorum to humans has not moniae) is a primary pathogen with humans. The occurred or has not been proved yet. present state of knowledge indicates that it plays According to a newly proposed classification the most important role in human pathology out of (Evere� and Andersen, 1997; Evere� et al., 1999) all chlamydia species. It is the most frequent cause the family Chlamydiaceae is divided into two gen- of respiratory infections. It is also one of the agents era: Chlamydia (includes the species C. trachomatis, in the pathological processes in other organs (joint C. muridarum, C. suis) and Chlamydophila (includes inflammation, genital infection and consequent the species C. pneumoniae, C. pecorum, C. psi�aci, fertility disorders etc.) and it is very likely that it C. abortus, C. caviae and C. felis). This opinion of is one of the factors leading to atherosclerosis, a these authors is in correspondence with the opinion co-factor of bronchopulmonal carcinoma and also of other authors (Meijer et al., 1997; Pudjiatmoko et of some disorders of the central nervous system. al., 1997; Hartley et al., 2001). However, the older According to present taxonomic criteria the family Chlamydia nomenclature is still being used more Chlamydiaceae contains only one genus Chlamydia o�en than the newly designed one. A final agree- which involves the four following species: C. tra- ment should therefore be reached in order to pre- chomatis, C. pneumoniae, C. psi�aci and C. pecorum. vent the indiscriminate use of both nomenclatures Natural hosts are: for Chlamydia trachomatis and o�en leading to unnecessary confusion. Chlamydia pneumoniae humans, for Chlamydia psit- C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae have the most taci birds and some mammals, for Chlamydia pecorum relevant importance in human pathology. While in mammals (above all pigs and ca�le). C. trachomatis the last two decades the highest a�ention has been and C. pneumoniae are primary a human pathogens, paid to C. trachomatis as the germ causing genital the transmission of C. psi�aci to humans is possible chlamydiosis, dominating among the sexually as a rare occurrence like ornithosis and psi�acosis. transmi�able diseases (Black, 1997; Korych, 1998), Support of the Grant Agency of the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic (IGA MZ CR No. NH/7026-3). 129 Review Article Vet. Med. – Czech, 49, 2004 (4): 129–134 Vet. Med. – Czech, 49, 2004 (4): 129–134 Review Article recent research indicates that it is C. pneumoniae, Britain was published by Storey et al. (1993). They which occupies the most important position in hu- characterized and taxonomically ordered one of man pathology out of all chlamydia species (Veznik the 15 isolates of chlamydia (N16) from the con- and Pospisil, 1997; Zampachova, 1998). The reason junctiva and throat swabs, which were carried out for this assertion is that C. pneumoniae is not only the with 300 horses (Equus caballus) affected by epizo- germ causing the frequent respiratory infections, otic (Wills et al., 1990). but that it can bring about processes which origi- Glassick et al. (1996) isolated from koalas seven nally used to be a�ributed solely to C. trachomatis chlamydial strains, which had been divided into (reactive arthritis, ocular, genital and dermatologic two genetic groups. The koala group A omp 2 se- infections) (Peeling and Brunham, 1996; Thomsen quence is 93% similar to the human C. pneumoniae et al., 1996; Bernhard et al., 2001; King et al., 2001). and also 99% similar to the horse strain (N16). The Furthermore the C. pneumoniae infection represents koala group B omp 2 sequence is only 71% similar to another risk factor for the development of athero- the koala group A strains. Later Jackson et al. (1999) sclerosis and also its destabilization, and because it published an epidemiological study on chlamydia can be a co-factor of the origin of the bronchopul- infections in two koala colonies (Phascolarctos ci- monal carcinoma and some other chronic diseases nereus) living in a free range koala population. The of the central nervous system (sclerosis multiplex prevalence of C. pneumoniae was being identified etc.) as suggested e.g. by Gran et al. (1993), Wimmer by a genus specific PCR in combination with a spe- et al. (1996), Wollenhaupt and Zeidler (1997), Wong cies-specific DNA in a process of hybridization. In et al. (1999), Sriram et al. (1999), Paavonen (2000). a population of koala bears of the first colony the C. pneumoniae was obtained for the first time in prevalence of a chlamydia infection was 85% (out of 1965 out of a conjunctiva of a Taiwanese child; the which C. pecorum was 73% and C. pneumoniae 24%). strain was marked TW-183. The second isolate from In the second group the prevalence was only at 10%, the throat of a student with pharyngeal inflamma- while the presence of both chlamydia species was tion took place in 1983 and was marked AR-39. The approximately balanced. It is necessary to mention original name for C. pneumoniae was TWAR agent that 5 out of 24 koalas infected by C. pecorum had and was formed by the connection of the names of clinical signs of the disease (ocular, genital), while the first two isolates (Kuoet al., 1986; Grayston et al., 7 animals infected by C. pneumoniae did not have 1986). The C. pneumoniae infection is cosmopolitan. any. The incidence of the C. pecorum infection in- The majority of the world population usually catch- creased with age (from 58% with young individuals es the infection more than once in a lifetime (Sodja, to 100% in an older age group). In this case sexual 1998; Sodja et al., 1998). The increase of prevalence transmission was undoubtedly a crucial factor. On of antibodies against C. pneumoniae with age proves the other hand, C. pneumoniae was affecting only this (1–4 years of age 22.2%, >20 years 63–79%, young sexually inactive individuals. >60 years 97.1%). Respiratory infections caused by According to a number of authors the C. pneumo- C. pneumoniae are usually mild. Nevertheless in a niae biovar isolated from koalas is different from significant amount of cases they can develop into a the human biovar (Jackson et al., 1999; Wardrop more serious form of disease (sinusitis, bronchitis, et al., 1999). Bode�i and Timms (2000) compared complicated pneumonia) (Grayston et al., 1993). the abilities of the “human” and “koala” biovars Another important discovery in recent years is of infecting mononuclear cells of the peripheral that humans are not the only hosts, with whom blood stream (as an important factor of the infec- C. pneumoniae causes primary disease. Its presence tion’s dissemination from the respiratory ways) and at infections (with C. pneumoniae as the primary they found out that this ability is not typical only for factor) occurring with various animal species is the biovar of human origin but also for the “koala” reported in an increasing number of cases. biovar and they claim that it is a typical quality of this particular chlamydia species. Another comparison of the C. pneumoniae “koala” C. pneumoniae occurring with domestic biovar was carried out by Coles et al. (2001). They and wild animals carried out research on the ability of infecting Hep-2 and human monocytes and also on the influence of One of the first studies proving the existence the infection on the formation of foam cells. “Koala” of nonhuman C. pneumoniae with horses in Great biovar creates big inclusions in human and koala 130 131 Review Article Vet. Med. – Czech, 49, 2004 (4): 129–134 Vet. Med. – Czech, 49, 2004 (4): 129–134 Review Article monocytes and in Hep-2 cells. “Koala” C. pneumo- The second case was a chameleon (Chameleo dilep- niae induces the formation of foam cells without the sis) from Tanzania. It had intracytoplasmatic inclu- addition of lipoprotein of a low density (LDL). sions in circulating monocytes. Similar inclusions The occurrence of C. pneumoniae with giant barred were found in the macrophage of the spleen and frogs (Mixophyes iteratus) was identified by Bergeret liver at the histological examination. Transmission al. (1999) again on the Australian continent. Reed et electron-microscopy proved the presence of chla- al. (2000) published a study on chlamydial epizootic mydia particles. in a colony of African clawed frogs (Xenopus tropica- The third case was a green sea turtle (Chelonia lis) brought to the USA, out of which 90% died. The mydas) from the Cayman British West Indies. It use of electron microscopy and cultivation on tissue was a member of a group of turtles epidemically cultures proved the presence of C. pneumoniae. affected by lethargy, anorexia and inability to digest The genetic characterization of C.
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