Charts, Airspace & Navigation

AAAA Commercial Pilot Ground School Objectives

 To review latitude and longitude on Sectional Charts.  To review time zones of flight and convert to UTC.  To identify and explain items on Sectional Charts.  To use Sectional Charts for navigation.  To identify the different airspace on Sectional Charts.  To explain the characteristics of different airspace.  To list the requirements for flying in different airspace.  To answer the questions on the Knowledge Test.

AAAA Education Foundation 2 Overview  Longitude & Latitude  Time Zones  Charts and Topography  Airspace  Pilotage  Plotting Courses  Magnetic Variation  GPS

AAAA Education Foundation 3 Latitude & Longitude

 Latitude = Parallel (around)

 Longitude = Meridian (up & down)

 Increment  Degrees (denoted by a °)  Minutes (60 minutes/degree, denoted by ’)  Seconds (60 seconds/minute, denoted by”)

What are GPS increments?

AAAA Education Foundation 4 Latitude / Parallels

AAAA Education Foundation 5 Longitude / Meridians

AAAA Education Foundation 6 Longitude / Meridians International Date Line = 180°

180°

North 90° West Pole 90° East

AAAA Education0° Foundation 7 Greenwich, England Read Latitude and Longitude

Latitude

36°

Longitudelines

106

105

°

°

35°20’ North 105°37’ West

AAAA Education35 Foundation° 8 Finding Latitude/Longitude How high is the peak at 36°18’N, 110°03’W?

AAAA Education Foundation 9 Latitude & Longitude Exercise

Answers are: 1. a 2. c 3. b 4. b 5. b

AAAA Education Foundation 10 Aviation Time Aviation time is Zulu (Z) based on Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) expressed in 24 hour clock i.e. 1600Z = 4:00pm GMT = 9:00am MST or 10am MDT

AAAA Education Foundation 11 Time Zones

AAAA Education Foundation 12 U.S. Time Zones

AAAA Education Foundation 13 Conversion to Zulu/UTC time  Eastern Standard Time – add 5 hrs  Eastern Daylight Time – add 4 hrs

 Central Standard Time – add 6 hrs  Central Daylight Time – add 5 hrs

 Mountain Standard Time – add 7 hrs  Mountain Daylight Time – add 6 hrs

 Western Standard Time – add 8 hrs  Western Daylight Time – add 7 hrs

AAAA Education Foundation 14 Time Conversion Exercise

Answers are: 1. c 2. b 3. c 4. a

AAAA Education Foundation 15 Charts & Topography

 World Aeronautical Charts (WAC)  Appropriate for moderate speed aircraft  1:1,000,000 scale (1” = 13.7 NM)

 Sectional Aeronautical Charts  Appropriate for slow/medium speed aircraft  1:500,000 scale (1” = 6.86 NM)

 VFR Terminal Area Charts  For Class B Airports  1:250,000 (1” = 3.43 NM)

AAAA Education Foundation 16 Sectional Chart vs. VFR Terminal Area Chart

AAAA Education Foundation 17 Information on Sectional Charts

AAAA Education Foundation 18 Airport Information

AAAA Education Foundation 19 Obstruction Symbols

Both elevation and heights for obstacles are shown on sectionals.

2049 = top of obstruction in MSL (1149) = height of obstruction above ground (AGL)

AAAA Education Foundation 20 Contour Lines & Shading

AAAA Education Foundation 21 Contour Lines

AAAA Education Foundation 22 Maximum Elevation Figures

Shown in thousands & hundreds of feet

The maximum elevation figure is based on the highest known feature in each quadrangle, including terrain and obstructions.

AAAA Education Foundation 23 Charts & Topography Exercise Answers are: 1. c 2. c 3. c 4. c 5. c 6. b 7. c

AAAA Education Foundation 24 Airspace

 Controlled Airspace  Class A  Class B  Class C  Class D  Class E  Uncontrolled Airspace  Class G  Special Use Airspace

AAAA Education Foundation 25 Airspace on Sectionals

AAAA Education Foundation 26 Class A Airspace

 Altitude or Above  18,000 ft MSL to FL 600  IFR only

 NOT shown on Sectional Charts IFR charts are available for this airspace

AAAA Education Foundation 27 Class B Airspace

 at Biggest or Busiest airports  Upside down wedding cake  Inner circle from ground to 10,000 ft MSL  2nd circle from ~2,900 ft AGL to 10,000 ft MSL  3rd circle from ~5,500 ft AGL to 10,000 ft MSL  Actual heights depend on elevation of airport

 Solid blue lines on Sectionals  30 nm veil around all Class B airspace

AAAA Education Foundation 28 Class B Airspace

 Must have permission from ATC to enter  Need Mode C Transponder within the 30 nm veil  Student pilots can NOT fly in Class B airspace without training and sign off

AAAA Education Foundation 29 Class B - Biggest & Busiest

Surface to 10,000 ft.

Bands individually tailored

Around the nations busiest Airports (12)

AAAA Education Foundation 30 Class B Airspace (Denver)

 30 NM veil

 Blue rings of airspace

 White box Indicates a 1:250,000 airport chart is available

AAAA Education Foundation 31 Class C Airspace

 At Common or Congested airports  Must Communicate  Upside down, 2 tier wedding cake  Inner circle from surface to 4,000 ft AGL  Outer circle from ~ 1,200 ft AGL to 4,000 ft AGL  Top is 4,000 ft AGL  Communication with ATC required  Radio & transponder w/ mode C required*  Solid magenta lines on Sectionals

AAAA Education Foundation 32 *Although required in Class C, ABQ allows balloons there without them. Class C - Communication within 20 miles of outer area

1200 to 4000 above airport elevation C

10 NM radius

Surface to 1200

5 NM radius

AAAA Education Foundation 33 Class C Airspace

 Solid magenta lines on Sectionals

 Ceiling in MSL above a line, Base under the line i.e. 57 = 5,700 top 29 2,900 base

AAAA Education Foundation 34 Class D Airspace

 At airports with operating control tower (When tower is not operating, the airspace become Class E)  D is for Dialogue with the tower

 Single circle up to ~2,500 ft AGL  Radio communications required  Dashed blue line on Sectionals

AAAA Education Foundation 35 Class D - Dialogue with Tower

Surface to 2,500 ft.

Operational Control Towers

AAAA Education Foundation 36 Class D Airspace

 Airport with operating control tower  Dashed blue line on Sectionals

 Top of airspace is in a box 68 = 6800 ft MSL

AAAA Education Foundation 37 Class E Airspace

 Outside of other airspace or Everywhere Else  Goes up to 17,999 ft MSL

 Floor of airspace is:  the surface inside dashed magenta lines at airports  700 ft AGL inside magenta shaded circles  1,200 ft AGL outside magenta shaded circles  14,500 ft MSL outside of blue shaded lines  At assigned altitudes inside “zippered” areas

AAAA Education Foundation 38 Class E Airspace

 No special equipment required  No communications required

 VFR flights have visibility and clearance from clouds requirements

AAAA Education Foundation 39 Class E - Everywhere Else

B C D

AAAA Education Foundation 40 Class E Airspace

 Floor is at the surface inside dashed magenta lines at airports  Floor is 700 ft AGL inside magenta shaded circles  Floor is 1,200 ft AGL outside magenta shaded circles

AAAA Education Foundation 41 Class E Airspace – cont.

 Floor starts at elevation specified inside “zippered” blue lines

 Floor starts at 14,500 ft MSL outside of blue shaded area

AAAA Education Foundation 42 Class G Airspace (uncontrolled)  Hugs the Ground under other airspace, is Government free

 Surface to 700 ft AGL inside magenta shaded circles 1,200 ft AGL outside magenta shaded circles and inside blue shaded areas 14,500 ft MSL outside blue shaded areas Up to specified altitude inside “zipper” areas

AAAA Education Foundation 43 Class G Airspace (uncontrolled)

As uncontrolled airspace, no equipment or communication is required.

VFR flights have visibility and clearance from clouds requirements

AAAA Education Foundation 44 Class G - Government Free, or by the Ground

Airports

AAAA Education Foundation 45 Class G Airspace

 Up to 700 ft AGL inside magenta shaded circles

 Up to 1,200 ft AGL outside magenta shaded circles

AAAA Education Foundation 46 Class G Airspace – cont.

 Surface up to specified altitude inside “zippered” blue lines, i.e. 11,500 MSL

 Surface up to 14,500 ft MSL outside of blue shaded area

AAAA Education Foundation 47 VFR Weather Minimums - Review Visibility Cloud Clearance

Class B 3 SM Clear of Clouds Class C 3 SM 1000 ft above / 500 ft below / 2000 ft horizontal Class D 3 SM 1000 ft above / 500 ft below / 2000 ft horizontal Class E <10,000 MSL 3 SM 1000 ft above / 500 ft below / 2000 ft horizontal >10,000 MSL 5 SM 1000 ft above / 1000 ft below / 1SM horizontal Class G Daytime, <1,200 AGL 1 SM Clear of Clouds

AAAA Education Foundation 48 Special Use Airspace

 Prohibited Area  No flights permitted

 Restricted Areas  Unusual hazards such as artillery, aerial gunnery, missile firings  Permission from controlling agency required to enter

AAAA Education Foundation 49 Special Use Airspace – cont.

 Military Operations Area (MOA)  Military training activities  Heads up  No restrictions, just best to avoid if they are active

AAAA Education Foundation 50 Information on Sectionals for:

 Control Tower Frequencies

 Restricted Areas

 MOA - Military Operational Areas

AAAA Education Foundation 51 Special Use Airspace – cont.

 Warning Area  International airspace beyond 3 sm of coast  Same hazards as restricted areas  No flight restrictions

 Alert Area  High volume of pilot training  Unusual aerial activity  No flight restrictions

AAAA Education Foundation 52 Special Use Airspace – cont.

 Military Training Routes  Low level  IR = IFR routes  VR = VFR routes  3 numbers = some > 1,500 ft AGL  4 numbers = all <1,500 ft AGL

 Low Altitude Airways  In Class E airspace  4 NM each side of centerline

AAAA Education Foundation 53 Special Use Airspace – cont.

 TFRs (Temporary Flight Restrictions)  Areas of no fly zones  Issued by FAA  For areas when President or other high ranking government and foreign officials are present  Over large sport events  Fiesta gets one for non balloon aircraft  Always ask weather briefer for TFRs

AAAA Education Foundation 54 Special Use Airspace – cont.

 National Parks /Wildlife Refuge /other national areas  Min. 2,000 ft AGL, recommended

AAAA Education Foundation 55

Airspace Exercise Answers are: 1. a 8. a 15. c 2. c 9. b 16. b 3. b 10. a 17. b 4. b 11. b 18. a 5. b 12. a 19. a 6. b 13. c 20. a 7. c 14. b

AAAA Education Foundation 56 True North Compass Rose

0° 360° N NE NW 315° 45°

W 270° 90° E

225° 135° SE SW 180° S

AAAA Education Foundation 57 Plotting Balloon Flights

Winds are true Winds are from

Balloon travels with the wind or away from the direction of the wind Winds of 270°, balloon goes to 90° Winds of 100°, balloon goes to 280°

AAAA Education Foundation 58 Plotting – Identify points

AAAA Education Foundation 59 Draw line between points

AAAA Education Foundation 60 Extend line

AAAA Education Foundation 61 Put plotter on line you drew

AAAA Education Foundation 62 Use of Plotter

 Put center hole on longitude line

 Use correct side of plotter i.e. 1:500,000 for Sectionals

AAAA Education Foundation 63 Slide plotter until center hole is over a longitudinal line & edge is alone the line you drew

AAAA Education Foundation 64 Up or down does not matter

AAAA Education Foundation 65 Read true direction of flight from longitude line at circle edge

AAAA Education Foundation 66 True direction of flight from longitude line = 56° or 236°

56° or 236° depending on direction of flight

AAAA Education Foundation 67 Magnetic vs. True North

AAAA Education Foundation 68 Magnetic Variation Chart

AAAA Education Foundation 69 Magnetic Course  A course measured on a Sectional, is a True North course.

 A magnetic compass is sometime used to maintain a course while flying.

 Since a magnetic compass will point to the magnetic pole, a true course must be converted to a magnetic one.

AAAA Education Foundation 70 Converting True to Magnetic

 With an EAST variation, subtract variation from the True heading to get Magnetic heading.

 With a WEST variation, add variation to True heading to get Magnetic heading.

Only for converting TRUE to MAGNETIC.

AAAA Education Foundation 71 Plotting Course Exercise

Answers are: 1. a 2. b 3. b 4. a 5. c

AAAA Education Foundation 72 Measuring Distance

 STATUTE MILE (SM) = 5,280 feet  NAUTICAL MILE (NM) = one minute of arc along a longitude line, or about 6,076 feet.

One NAUTICAL MILE = 1.15 STATUTE MILE One STATUTE MILE = 0.97 NAUTICAL MILE

Statute mile Nautical mile AAAA Education Foundation 73 Speed

 Mile per Hour (MPH) is the distance covered in STATUTE miles in one hour.

 KNOT (KPH) is the distance covered in NAUTICAL miles in one hour.

 A KNOT is about 1.15% faster than a MPH.

AAAA Education Foundation 74 Formulae

 Speed = Distance / Time

 Time = Distance / Speed

 Distance = Speed x Time

AAAA Education Foundation 75 Time, Rate, Distance Exercise

Answers are: 1. c 2. a 3. b 4. a

AAAA Education Foundation 76 Global Positioning System (GPS)

 Satellite-based radio navigational, positioning, and time transfer system

 Operated by the Dept. of Defense

AAAA Education Foundation 77 Global Positioning System (GPS)

 Total of 24 satellites

 Minimum number always seen = 5

 Need 4 satellites to get three dimensional position (Latitude, Longitude, Altitude)

AAAA Education Foundation 78 Review

 Longitude & Latitude  Time Zones  Charts and Topography  Airspace  Pilotage  Plotting Courses  Magnetic Variation  GPS

AAAA Education Foundation 79