Water Quality Technical Report for Macquarie Castlereagh Surface Water Area (SW11)
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THE BASIN PLAN Water quality technical report for Macquarie Castlereagh surface water resource plan area (SW11) NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment / dpie.nsw.gov.au Published by NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment dpie.nsw.gov.au Title: Water quality technical report for Macquarie Castlereagh surface water resource plan area (SW11) First published: February 2020 Department reference number: INT17/243328 Acknowledgments The soils maps in this report contain data sourced from the NSW Office of Environment and Heritage. © State of New South Wales through Department of Planning, Industry and Environment [2020]. You may copy, distribute, display, download and otherwise freely deal with this publication for any purpose, provided that you attribute the Department of Planning, Industry and Environment as the owner. However, you must obtain permission if you wish to charge others for access to the publication (other than at cost); include the publication in advertising or a product for sale; modify the publication; or republish the publication on a website. You may freely link to the publication on a departmental website. Disclaimer: The information contained in this publication is based on knowledge and understanding at the time of writing (October 2018) and may not be accurate, current or complete. The State of New South Wales (including the NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment), the author and the publisher take no responsibility, and will accept no liability, for the accuracy, currency, reliability or correctness of any information included in the document (including material provided by third parties). Readers should make their own inquiries and rely on their own advice when making decisions related to material contained in this publication. Water quality technical report for Macquarie Castlereagh surface w ater resource plan area (SW11) Summary Good quality water protects public health, supports economic production and maintains a healthy river ecosystem. Water quality is largely determined by land use, geology, climate, riparian vegetation and stream flow, and reflects the interactions of natural and man-made practices that occur in a drainage area and the riparian zone. Degradation of water quality can put stress on a range of aquatic organisms, impinge on Aboriginal cultural and spiritual uses of water, increase the cost of drinking water treatment, contribute to public health risks and decreases the suitability of water for irrigation and agriculture. Alteration of the Australian landscape since European settlement has resulted in marked changes in catchment conditions. Runoff from cropping areas, erosion of soil and nutrients from stream banks and discharge from saline areas can lead to increased turbidity, salinity, sedimentation, nutrient load and chemical residues which in turn can degrade aquatic ecosystem health. The regulation of rivers through the construction of large storages and weirs can lead to changes to flow regimes, cold water pollution, harmful algal blooms and disruption of longitudinal connectivity of river processes. Water quality condition in the Macquarie Castlereagh Water Resource Planning Area (WRPA) varies from poor to excellent. Water quality issues occurring within the catchment are the result of a combination of factors. These include alteration to natural flow regimes, in particular disruption by Windamere and Burrendong Dams, changes to catchment conditions and land use change. Table 1 summarises the major water quality issues in the Macquarie Castlereagh WRPA. Table 1: Summary of major issues and causes of water quality degradation Issue Location Potential causes Harmful algal uplands Stratification and warm water temperatures in Windamere, Burrendong and Ben blooms Chifley Dams, nutrient inputs to dams. Dissolved oxygen uplands, Reduced flow and increased low flow and cease to flow periods disrupting and pH outside of midlands, dissolved oxygen dynamics and increasing eutrophication. normal ranges lowlands Increased nutrients uplands, Stream bank and riparian condition, grazing and cropping practices, carp and and turbidity midlands, feral species. In the lowlands, increased sediment and nutrient input associated lowlands with erosion. Toxicants and midlands, Pesticide use in cropping areas. pesticides lowlands Disruption to midlands, Reduced freshes and high flows, disruption of longitudinal connectivity by organic carbon lowlands Windamere and Burrendong Dams. cycling Thermal pollution midlands, Cold water released from Burrendong Dam in summer and Windamere Dam during bulk water transfers. NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment | INT17/243328 | i Water quality technical report for Macquarie Castlereagh surface w ater resource plan area (SW11) Contents Summary ...................................................................................................................................................... i Contents ...................................................................................................................................................... ii List of tables ................................................................................................................................................ iv List of figures................................................................................................................................................ v 1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................................................1 1.1. Purpose..........................................................................................................................................1 1.2. Context...........................................................................................................................................2 1.3. Catchment description ....................................................................................................................3 1.4. Water quality targets .......................................................................................................................4 1.4.1. Assessment using Basin Plan water quality targets ...................................................................5 1.4.2. Water quality targets for water-dependent ecosystems ..............................................................5 1.4.3. Water quality targets for raw water for treatment for human consumption ...................................6 1.4.4. Water quality targets for irrigation water ....................................................................................6 1.4.5. Water quality targets for recreational water ...............................................................................7 1.4.6. Salinity targets for the purposes of long-term salinity planning and management ........................7 2. Water quality parameters .......................................................................................................................8 2.1. Turbidity and suspended sediment ..................................................................................................8 2.2. Nutrients .........................................................................................................................................9 2.3. Dissolved oxygen ............................................................................................................................9 2.4. pH ................................................................................................................................................ 10 2.5. Water temperature and thermal pollution ....................................................................................... 10 2.6. Salinity ......................................................................................................................................... 11 2.7. Harmful algal blooms .................................................................................................................... 12 2.8. Toxicants ...................................................................................................................................... 13 2.9. Pathogens .................................................................................................................................... 13 3. Water access rules and flow management in the Macquarie Castlereagh WRPA ................................... 14 4. Methods .............................................................................................................................................. 16 4.1. Site selection and monitoring ......................................................................................................... 16 4.2. Water quality index (WaQI) ........................................................................................................... 18 4.3. Catchment stressor identification ................................................................................................... 19 4.3.1. Conceptual mapping .............................................................................................................. 20 4.3.2. Literature review .................................................................................................................... 20 4.3.3. Summary statistics ................................................................................................................