Tringa glareola -- Linnaeus, 1758 ANIMALIA -- CHORDATA -- AVES -- -- SCOLOPACIDAE Common names: Wood ; Chevalier sylvain European Red List Assessment European Red List Status LC -- Least Concern, (IUCN version 3.1) Assessment Information Year published: 2015 Date assessed: 2015-03-31 Assessor(s): BirdLife International Reviewer(s): Symes, A. Compiler(s): Ashpole, J., Burfield, I., Ieronymidou, C., Pople, R., Van den Bossche, W., Wheatley, H. & Wright, L. Assessment Rationale European regional assessment: Least Concern (LC) EU27 regional assessment: Least Concern (LC)

In Europe this has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). The population trend appears to be fluctuating, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population trend criterion (30% decline over ten years or three generations). For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in Europe.

Within the EU27 this species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). The population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population trend criterion (30% decline over ten years or three generations). For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern in the EU27. Occurrence Countries/Territories of Occurrence Native: Albania; Armenia; Austria; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Belgium; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Georgia; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Iceland; Ireland, Rep. of; Italy; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of; Malta; Moldova; Montenegro; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Romania; Russian Federation; Serbia; Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; Ukraine; United Kingdom Vagrant: Faroe Islands (to DK); Liechtenstein Population The European population is estimated at 763,000-1,520,000 pairs, which equates to 1,530,000-3,040,000 mature individuals. The population in the EU27 is estimated at 441,000-732,000 pairs, which equates to 881,000-1,460,000 mature individuals. For details of national estimates, see Supplementary PDF. Trend In Europe the population size is estimated to be fluctuating. In the EU27 the population size is estimated to be stable. For details of national estimates, see Supplementary PDF. Habitats and Ecology This species is a full migrant, traveling overland on a broad front across Europe and the Middle East (Van Gils et al. 2013). The adults start to move away from the breeding grounds in late June, with juveniles following in late August, arriving in tropical Africa from late July through August to October. Spring departure from the wintering grounds begins in late March to early April, with breeding areas starting to be reoccupied from late April (early June in northern Russia) (Snow and Perrins 1998), and with breeding occurring between May and mid July (Van Gils et al. 2013). Some non-breeding may also remain in the south throughout the summer (Snow and Perrins 1998). During the breeding season this species inhabits open, swampy areas in boreal forest (Van Gils et al. 2013), scrubland between tundra and coniferous forest with willow, dwarf birch or spruce, wet heathlands, and extensive mossy, sedgy or grassy marshes (Snow and Perrins 1998). Whilst on the breeding grounds this species is chiefly carnivorous, taking small , especially the aquatic forms such as dytiscid or hydrophilid beetles, Hemiptera and the larvae of Diptera such as midges (Johnsgard 1981). The nest is a scrape on the ground amongst dense vegetation (Snow and Perrins 1998, Van Gils et al. 2013) or raised on a tussock or slight ridge, and can sometimes be surrounded by water (Snow and Perrins 1998). The species may also nest in trees in the abandoned nests of other species (Van Gils et al. 2013) such as thrushes (Snow and Perrins 1998). Habitats & Altitude Habitat (level 1 - level 2) Importance Occurrence Forest - Boreal suitable breeding Shrubland - Subarctic suitable breeding (inland) - Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands suitable breeding Altitude Occasional altitudinal limits Threats The species is threatened in some European countries (such as Finland) from exploitation, and peatland drainage and destruction for forestry and agriculture (Van Gils et al. 2013). The populations in southern Sweden, Germany and Poland have also declined, possibly due to the threats of climatic change (Van Gils et al. 2013). The species is susceptible to both avian botulism (Hubalek et al. 2005) and avian malaria (Mendes et al. 2005), so may be threatened by future outbreaks of these diseases. Threats & Impacts Threat (level 1) Threat (level 2) Impact and Stresses Agriculture & Annual & perennial Timing Scope Severity Impact aquaculture non-timber crops Ongoing Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Low Impact (scale unknown/ Declines unrecorded) Stresses Ecosystem conversion; Ecosystem degradation; Species disturbance Agriculture & Wood & pulp Timing Scope Severity Impact aquaculture plantations (scale Ongoing Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Low Impact unknown/ Declines unrecorded) Stresses Ecosystem conversion; Ecosystem degradation; Species disturbance Biological resource Hunting & trapping Timing Scope Severity Impact use terrestrial Ongoing Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Low Impact (intentional use - Declines species is the target) Stresses Species mortality Climate change & Habitat shifting & Timing Scope Severity Impact severe weather alteration Future Whole (>90%) Unknown Unknown Stresses Ecosystem degradation; Indirect ecosystem effects Climate change & Other impacts Timing Scope Severity Impact severe weather Ongoing Minority (<50%) Slow, Significant Low Impact Declines Stresses Indirect ecosystem effects; Species mortality Invasive and other Avian Influenza Timing Scope Severity Impact problematic Virus (H subtype) Future Minority (<50%) Rapid Declines Low Impact species, genes & diseases Stresses Species mortality Threats & Impacts Threat (level 1) Threat (level 2) Impact and Stresses Invasive and other Clostridium Timing Scope Severity Impact problematic botulinum Future Minority (<50%) Rapid Declines Low Impact species, genes & diseases Stresses Species mortality Conservation Conservation Actions Underway The species is listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive and Annex II of the Bern Convention.

Conservation Actions Proposed Intensive grazing of grassland (>1 cow per hectare) was found to attract a higher abundance of this species in Hungary (Baldi et al. 2005). Bibliography Anthes, N. 2004. Long-distance migration timing of adjusted to recent climate change. Study 51: 203-211. Baldi, A., Batary, B. and Erdos, S. 2005. Effects of grazing intensity on bird assemblages and populations of Hungarian grasslands. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 108: 251-263. Hubalek, Z., Skorpikova, V. and Horal, D. 2005. Avian botulism at a sugar beet processing plant in South Moravia (Czech Republic). Vetinarni Medicina 50(10): 443-445. Johnsgard, P.A. 1981. The plovers, sandpipers and snipes of the world. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, U.S.A. and London. Mendes, L., Piersma, T., Lecoq, M., Spaans, B. and Ricklefs, E. 2005. Disease-limited distributions? Contrasts in the prevalence of avian malaria in shorebird species using marine and freshwater habitats. Oikos 109: 396-404. Snow, D.W. and Perrins, C.M. 1998. The Birds of the Western Palearctic vol. 1: Non-Passerines. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Urban, E.K., Fry, C.H. and Keith, S. 1986. The birds of Africa vol. II. Academic Press, London. Van Gils, J., Wiersma, P. and Bonan, A. 2013. Wood Sandpiper (Tringa glareola). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. and de Juana, E. (eds.) 2013. Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from http://www.hbw.com/node/53910 on 15 April 2015). Map (see overleaf)