Animal Lovers’ and Terrorists

Notes 1 ‘Animals Sell Papers’: The Value of Animal Stories 1. Jurassic Park III (2001) $181 million; Planet of the Apes (2001) $180 million; Ice Age (2002) $176 million; Finding Nemo (2003) $340 million; A Shark Tale (2004) $161 million; King Kong (2005) $218 million; Madagascar (2005) $193 million; Happy Feet (2006) $198 million; Ice Age Two: The Meltdown (2006) $195 million; Ratatouille (2007) $206 million; Alvin and the Chipmunks (2007) $217 million; Kung Fu Panda (2008) $215 million; Madagascar 2 (2008) $180 million; Horton Hears a Who! (2008) $155 million; Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squekquel (2009) $220 million. 2. I have elected here to use the terms ‘tabloid’ and ‘broadsheet’ to distinguish between types of journalism. However, as McNair notes, such distinctions have been redefined in relation to the UK market and there has been a shift in the way in which newspapers are classified, with new categories of ‘heavy weight’, ‘mid- market’ and ‘red- top’ (McNair, 2009, p. 5). For the purposes of this book I have elected to use the older terms. 3. For instance, the image of Phoenix played a key role in mobilizing public feeling against the contiguous culling policy in the UK. 4. See BBC (2001) ‘Calf’s Plight ‘did not change policy’. BBC 26 April 2001, online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1298362.stm. 5. Source: Dangerfield & Howell, 1975, p. 204. 6. See The Alcade, ‘Valuable Reagan posters in HRC collection’. The Alcade, March/April 1981, p. 23. 2 Media and Animal Debates: Welfare, Rights, ‘Animal Lovers’ and Terrorists 1. Beers, 2006, p. 62. 2. Beers, 2006, p. 132. 3. Dr Frederick Banting won a Nobel Prize for the discovery of insulin as a treatment for diabetes. According to the Nobel Prize web site, Banting experimented on dogs using both canine and, later, bovine pancreases (http://nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/insulin/discovery-insulin. html). However, newspaper articles in 1922 variously mentioned the use of dogs, cows and pigs in the development of diabetes treatment. See, for example, New York Times, 6 December 1922. 4. In 1886 the ASPCA attempted to bring a case against chicken- butchers who plucked chickens whilst they were still alive. The case was dismissed by the judge. The New York Times covered the hearing and printed a follow- up editorial that urged the Society to continue in its work and then stated that the Society should go to the wharves to find the evidence that it needed to support its case (New York Times, 9 June 1866, p. 4). 178 Notes 179 5. Anticruelty laws in most of the other states were not enforced by any particular group or individual, and humane officers took it upon themselves to bring the prosecutions. Given the judicial resistance to anticruelty cases the results of these prosecutions were impressive with, for instance, the PSPCA securing 17,826 prosecutions between 1867 and 1921 and the MSPCA achieving 4,716 convictions by 1896 (Beers, 2006, p. 61). As the number of successful prosecutions grew states revised the laws to give particular humane groups the powers to investigate and prosecute and thereby estab- lished the welfare organizations as official agents within the regulation of human–animal relations in the US. Repeated calls from US advocates to extend anticruelty statutes to include the regulation of vivisection practices were not accommodated though, and opposition to such legislative change remained strong. 6. In 1824 the founding statement of the SPCA (Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) opposed vivisection in response to Magendie’s work, stating “Providence cannot intend that the secrets of Nature should be dis- covered by means of cruelty” (SPCA, 1824 cited in Desmond, 1989, p. 189). 7. Published under the title, The Shambles of Science; the authors of the first- hand account, Lind- af- Hageby and Katherina Schartau, had attended the experimental procedures and then written about them in their own words. 8. For a full account of The Brown Dog Affair, see The Old Brown Dog (Lansbury, 1985). 9. Beers, 2006, p. 145. 10. Curnutt, 2001, p. 449. 11. Full details of the Draize testing procedure are included in Vogel et al., 2006, pp. 794–796. 12. Gull (1882). 13. It is also worth noting that the newspaper openly opposed stag hunting in the 1957. See Daily Mirror, 7 February 1957, p. 11 and 8 March 1957, p. 2 on the government’s refusal to ban stag hunting. 14. Daily Mirror, 16 August 1958, p. 7. 15. Pet theft was a lucrative trade by the late 1950s, and prosecutions reported in the Daily Mirror revealed that the crime was well organized with thieves supplying dealers with stolen cats, which were purchased by universities and research laboratories. A single cat would command a price of 25 shil- lings in 1957. See Daily Mirror, 31 August 1957 p. 3. 16. Daily Mirror, 6 December 1958, p. 11. 17. Daily Mirror, 22 August 1962, p. 4. 18. A further shift in the discourse on animal lovers was evident by the late 1990s. The term ‘animal lover’ was seldom used to describe animal advocates but instead employed in articles about animal abuse to ask what had happened to a nation that professed to be animal lovers. 3 Stars: Animal Performers 1. The Evening Independent, 18 December 1980, p. 19. 2. The ‘producer-unit’ system was dominant from the early 1930s until the early 1940s when the ‘package- unit’ system began and which became 180 Notes dominant by the mid-1950s. For a full account of the different systems and the corresponding division of labour, see Bordwell, Staiger and Thompson, 2005. 3. Source: Abbott, 1951. 4. A further clause was added to the MPPC, which banned the use of the ‘Running- W’, a wire device used to trip horses intentionally. 5. Until 1980, there was however no compulsory regulation, and with the Production Code abandoned in the late 1960s directors were entitled to have closed sets without any AHA presence. Incidents that occurred during 1979 and 1980 changed this when a water buffalo was hacked to death during the filming of Apocalypse Now and the same year a pig was shot in the head and its throat cut during the production of Heartland. In 1980 five horses died during the filming of Heaven’s Gate, one of which had been blown up with explosives, and it was once again, the public outcry that prompted the industry into action which resulted in the tightening of regulation and a clause, negotiated between the AHA and the Screen Actors Guild, that called for directors to notify the association in advance of filming using animals (Wolfson, 1987, p. 51). 6. See Life, 15 June 1953, p. 103. 7. A lthough Francis (1950) was an adaptation of a novel by David Stern, the film is regarded here as a ‘gimmick’ film rather than a literary adaptation. 8. Reading Eagle, 8 July 1952, p. 14. 9. Life, 12 February 1951, pp. 30–31. 10. Sarasota Herald- Tribune, 30 March 1951, p. 2; Sarasota Herald- Tribune, 2 April 1951, p. 1; Ottawa Citizen, 29 March 1951, p. 56. 11. Eugene Register- Guard, 17 May 1951, p. 1; Miami Sunday News, 2 April 1951, p. 6. 12. Eugene Register- Guard, 17 May 1951, p. 1. 13. For instance, the Reading Eagle report of the press preview for Fearless Fagan stated ‘The army had drafted Humeston and he insisted upon carting Fagan off to Ford Ord with him in direct violation of army regulations” (Reading Eagle, 8 July 1952, p. 14). 14. Spokane Daily Chronicle, 19 June 1953, p. 40. 15. Source: Toledo Blade, 21 April 1981, p. 13. 16. Source: The Bulletin, 10 July 1940, p. 2; Sarasota Herald- Tribune, 9 July 1940, p. 13. 17. Sarasota Herald- Tribune, 9 July 1940, p. 13. 18. The World Jungle Compound was renamed Jungleland in 1956. The farm changed hands a number of times but was repurchased by Goebels in 1961 and owned by him until 1969 when bankruptcy forced closure of the farm and all the remaining animals were auctioned (Milwaukee Sentinel, 8 October 1969, p. 1). 19. Source: Toledo Blade, 25 June 1950, p. 74. 20. Source: Sarasota Herald- Tribune, 14 March 1951, p. 11. 21. See Peninsula Telephone Company advertisements 1948 and 1949 in St Petersburg Times, 13 October 1948, p. 3 and 27 April 1949, p. 21. The sub- ject of party lines continued to be a key pubic issue and formed the basis of the plot for the film Pillow Talk in 1959 starring Doris Day and Rock Hudson. Notes 181 22. World Jungle Compound advertisement in Billboard, 22 July 1950, p. 61. 23. Reading Eagle, 1 February 1951, p. 12. 24. The pleasures for audiences and corresponding box office returns that are derived from onscreen animal performances continue to sustain the use of lions and chimps, as well as many other wild animals, in film production. In the case of chimpanzees destined for the entertainment business, baby chimps are still forcibly removed from their mothers and their ‘careers’ are usually over by nine years of age when they become too difficult to manage. Unable to be re- socialized with other chimpanzees many ex-entertainment chimps live out their remaining fifty or so year lifespan in solitary con- ditions. See Goodall & Peterson, 2000; Oakland Tribune, 24 August 2010, online at http://www.insidebayarea.com/news/ci_15892551 4 Wild: Authenticity and Getting Closer to Nature 1. Benjamin examines different technologies including lithography, the illus- trated newspaper, photography and film. 2. Evening Times, 2007. 3.

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