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Doctor, io is anoth-er unique service of your Ticonium Laboratory. A magazine you can read with interest, with pleasure, and with profit. AMERICAN FUND FOR DENTAL HEALTH • 10 A MAGAZINE FOR DENTISTS, DENTAL ASSISTANTS, AND DENTAL HYGIENISTS sult with other practitioners should problems arise. (3) Children with allergies to local anesthetic Published monthly by Serene, Thomas P., Los Angeles, Calif. Endodontic litiga­ agents. TICONIUM COMPANY, tion. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology 36: ( 4) Children with systemic disturbances that con­ Division of CMP Industries, Inc. 422-425 traindicate a local and with those who are hemo­ Albany, New York Occlusal Considerations in Preventive Care philiacs. Editor Joseph Strack Contributing Arthur H. levine, D.D.S. In the past, the dental profession has not put as (5) Children with involuntary movements. Editors Maurice J. Teitelbaum, D.D.S. much emphasis on prevention as it has on "patch and In the use of general anesthesia the following steps Cover Artist Edward Kasper repair." Fortunately, there is now a new emphasis on should be taken as precautionary and for the success prevention, particularly along lines of plaque con­ of the dental procedure: September 1974 Vol. XXXIII No.9 trol, cancer detection, and nutritional counseling. (1) An endotracheal tube is important in prevent­ CONTENTS However, since disease is multicausal, the approach ing respiratory obstructions. The nasal-tracheal tube KEEPING PACE WITH DENTISTRY to preventive care encompasses more than flossing is preferable when restorative procedures are under­ A solution to a problem and brushing. taken. every dentist has ______To start with, a thorough examination plus an (2) An eye shield should be provided to protect Events, customs, even language, are changing so rapidly that DO YOU OWN WHAT YOU'RE "future shock" seems to be lurking just around the corner. In den­ evaluation of the patient's medical status is impera­ the patient's eyes. PAYING FOR! tistry we are literally being buried in an avalanche of new techniques, tive. Since disorders re1ating to occlusion exist in the (3) A pharyngeal pack is advised to prevent tooth Better read this, doctor __ 2 same proportion as those related to periodontal fragments or pieces of filling material from passing materials, and concepts. Endeavoring to keep pace we take courses disease, the importance of an examination of the oc­ down into the pharynx and possibly the trachea. THE MANAGEMENT OF A subscribe to tapes, and try to keep up with our professional journals. clusal relationship of the patient is self-evident. With­ ( 4) To help in the retraotion of the cheek and PERIODONTAL PATIENT However, since there are just so many hours in the day, you may Criteria for a successful treat- have the same problem I had-the journals just kept piling up on out a probe and radiographs a check for periodontal tongue and get a better field of operation, the rubber ment ______3 disease and caries is not complete. And so, without an dam is advocated. my desk and were crowding my bookcases. And since life also examination of centric relation, direction of mandibu­ (5) Finally, a mouth prop should be used to keep ANGLES AND IMPRESSIONS exists outside of the office, there are other magazines to read and lar displacement, lateral and protrusive excursion, and the mouth opened steadily without any muscular Dentistry and the world other things to learn. balancing side interference, a proper evaluation of in­ strain or injury to the corners of the mouth. outside ______6 With dozens of publications coming in each month, the task of cipient occlusal problems leading to dental disease The operative procedure under general anesthesia reading all the articles seemed almost impossible. So, I would read AMERICAN FUND FOR one or two periodicals and place the others on the bookshelf, prom­ cannot be determined. The recognition of tooth mo­ should be as complete as possible, with all caries taken DENTAL HEALTH ising myself that I'd get to them later in the week. But before long bility, abnormal wear, and cuspal interference caused care of in a single sitting. This is important for it The new national agency to by occlus'al trauma must be ascertained if preventive eliminates the necessity of undergoing further anes­ meet dental health needs. they were buried by others, all waiting for my attention and perusal dentistry is to be practiced. Radiographs revealing thesia. In recent years hospitals have allowed patients Doctor, be proud of it! __ ___ 8 and all collecting dust. widened periodontal spaces, alveolar bone loss, hyper­ to be admitted for dental operations, usually in the How does one handle this problem? Canceling subscriptions or DENTISTRY'S HALL OF FAME cementosis, or root resorption may clearly indicate early morning and discharging them in the late after­ throwing the magazines away, unread, solves nothing and merely Meet three more of dentis- curtails one's knowledge and education. Speed reading is helpful occlusal injury. Thus, the inter-relationship between noon. Medical histories of all young patients should try's all-time greats ______11 occlusal disharmony and periodontal disease is ap­ be complete and they should be properly prepared but does little to clear the shelves. I have solved the problem by a parent and should be carefully noted. Tempomandi­ for the procedure so as to forestall any psychic trau­ YOUR DENTAL LIBRARY method of selectivity and filing. Although I don't get to read any bular joint disturbance, muscular spasm, distructive ma. For ease of operation, the dentist should have Quick-reading, aut hen tic of my magazines thoroughly, the system at least affords me the tooth habits, chronic headaches, and emotional stress the operating room setup similar to that of his own abstracts: Anterior Crowns opportunity of getting the most out of my journals. may be prevented by a thorough routine examination office. This cuts working time and makes for a and Periodontal Health; When I set aside time to look at my mail I hurriedly glance of the occlusal relationship. smoother operation. To further facilitate matters, Endodontic litigation; Oc­ through each magazine that I've received that day, looking at the clusal Considerations in Pre­ article titles and trying to assess their subject matter. Sometimes I Preventive dentistry produces benefits only if the most hospitals allow the dentist to bring his auxiliary ventive Care; and Restora- patient is treated in terms of all dental disease, not help with him. may have to glance through the paragraph headings or delve into tive Dentistry for the Child, the opening lines. If the subject matter is of no interest to me caries alone. A patient presenting himself for dental Using General Anesthesia 15 I X it. Very often the title alone gives me this information. For treatment must get total treatment if the concept of For readers who may wish to obtain copies of the Copyright, 1974 prevention is to be practiced and that includes a dental journals from which articles in this issue have example, if you're not interested in investing money in oil or in been abstracted, or to subscribe to such publications, Annual Subscription, $5.00 the stock market, "Opportunities in Canadian Oil" or "Selecting a thorough occlusal examination. necessary information appears below. Opinions expressed by contributors to Rieder, Carl E., University of Southern California School of Journal of the Tennessee Dental Association, 210 23rd Tic do not necessarily reflect Stock Broker" can get a quick X. If you do not do any extensive Dentistry. Occlusal considerations in preventive care. Jour­ Avenue, N. Nashville, Tennessee 37203. Single copy, the views of the publishers. surgery in your practice, "Removal of an Impacted Cuspid" can be nalof Prosthetic Dentistry, Vol. 28: 462-468. 75¢; annual subscription, $5. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Oral Pathology. The X-ed. However, if a technique or office procedure described in an Restorative Dentistry for the Child C. V. Mosby Company, 11830 Westline Industrial MEMBER PUBLICATION article is of interest it is marked Tl. For material that you deem laa IAMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF DENTAL EDITORS Using General Anesthesia Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63141. Single copy, $3.50; ae may be of some future interest, mark it T2. Articles of a non­ annual SUbscription, $18.50. When local anesthetics and premedication is not The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. The C. V. Mosby Tic is microfilmed by University technical nature that you want to read are marked N, those that you Company, 11830 Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, Microfilms, Inc., 300 N. Zeeb Road, might want to refer to some time later are coded L. If there are effective in handling the child patient, general anes­ Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106. thesia should be considered. General anesthesia is Missouri 63141. Single copy, $3.50; annual SUbscrip­ ads that you are interested in the magazines are marked Ad. tion, $19.00. US ISSN 0040-6716 Tic not recommended for the routine case for the risk The Journal of the Oklahoma State Dental Association. factor is always present. The use of general anesthe­ 629 N.W. Expressway, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Send all editorial contributions to OUR COVER sia may be considered for: 73118. Single copy, $1.00; annual subscription, $4. Joseph Strack, P.O. Box 407 Until the American Fund for Dental Health, dental health was Grim, James S. and Miller, Jerome B., Oklahoma City, North Chatham, New York 12132 probably the only major health area without an adequately (1) Mentally retarded children where there is lack Oklahoma. Restorative dentistry for the child utilizing of communication and control. a general anesthetic. The Journal of the Oklahoma formed national fund-raising organization, That void has now State Dental Association, Vol. 64: 18-21 Printed in U.S.A. by been filled with the creation of the AFDH. (2) Children with unusual behavior problems. Jersey Printing Co., Inc., Bayonne, N.J.

16 TIC, SEPTEMBER 1974 TIC, SEPTEMBER 1974 I Later in the day my secretary goes through the Even with this system of selectivity and filing, it is KEEPING UP WITH DENTISTRY------_-, magazines and clips out the pieces I have marked to difficult to keep up-to-date with all the publications be saved and places them in appropriate files desig­ but neither is one more than a month or two behind. nated as: TI , T2, N, L, and Ad. The magazine is A further advantage of the dipped articles is the ease then discarded. Occasionally there are issues devoted with which they can be read and filed away for future to a single subject of particular interest and these are reference. A sub-filing on subject matter can then be YOUR DENTAL saved. Generally, my shelves are not filled with old instituted. This makes it infinitely easier to locate a magazines, which, though they may look impressive, particular piece, say on impression taking or selec­ are rarely referred to in most offices. tive grinding, than having to thumb through dozens In order to further keep pace with current dental of magazines or tear sheets. literature one should refer to the abstracts of articles Try this system, doctor. You will find it a time­ LIBRARY and book reviews published in many dental journals, saver, you will get more out of your magazines, and including TIC. One can seek out further information you will keep better pace with our fast-moving pro­ on a given subject by following up on the original fession. 174 E. Mt. Pleasant Ave. source, whether journal of origin or the book reviewed. Livingston, New Jersey 07039 L-______.::t:...._ :::!!!:::::.... __..L ____ Reviews of important books and abstracts of significant articles Do You Know What You're Paying For? ARTICLES by Harold J. Ashe Anterior Crowns and Periodontal Health carrying cords too deeply can cause irreparable harm. The increase of periodontal disease is a fact to be After cementation, the sulcus should be cleansed Dr. Joe Hindsight, dentist, is a careful investor. He him, is that his income subject to tax is $800 higher reckoned with by all dentists. Since the most im­ thoroughly and all patients should be advised as to has a good practice. He belongs to his local society, than if this charge were still reflected in his income tax portant is bacterial plaque on the surface of the teeth the proper cleaning of the area around crowns. Both gives generously to charities, and is kind to his kids. returns. If he gets new replacements and a shorter and in the gingival sulcus, the prevention of this ac­ for esthetics and function crowns are necessary resto­ Everything considered, he is an asset to the profes­ useful life is used to depreciate them, he will be able cumulation and the cleansing of the area is of para­ rations but, because of the great possibility of damage sion. to deduct $1 ,000 a year in regular depreciation. If mount importance. Investigations have shown that to the periostium, they should be used with great care poor margins on crowns and improper anatomical and only when absolutely necessary. Yet, despite Joe's professional savvy and shrewd­ accelerated methods of depreciation are used, he can forms cause irritation and promote periodontal de­ ness, he is blithely unaware that for years he has been deduct even more in the first years of useful life. Fur­ (Alexander, A. G., London, England' Anterior crowns and struction. The protection of the periodontal tissue is their effect on periodontal health. Jo~rnal of the Tennessee paying for dental equipment he has never seen, let thermore, he will get a deduction of $560 for invest­ Dental Association, 55: 306-313. best achieved by restoring the normal contour of the alone used. ment credit directly deductible from his income tax Endodontic Litigation bill in the year he purchases new replacements. This tooth in the fabrication of a crown. This real life mystery wasn't cleared up until Joe Malpractice suits against dentists have increased deduction alone would come close to, or exceed, the Before the preparation of teeth for crowns, the retained a young accountant to help him with his tissue should be put in a healthy state. The artificial in recent years and, as opposed to suits brought records. Now this accountant has a dry sense of hu­ amount of probable repair costs on his present equip­ ment and furnishings. crown can affect the periodontium in several ways. against physicians, the increase has been alarming. mor that asserts itself in odd ways. Right off, he In the past, most of the suits instituted were due to Because Joe does not have such a cost of doing If the crown is extended into the gingival sulcus and learned that Joe has office fixtures and professional injuries occuring from the extraction of teeth, broken business, his income tax bill is $288 a year higher there is a deficiency at the junction of the tooth and equipment, all the worse for wear, that was acquired needles, and death or injury from the administering than it would be otherwise. So, every year Joe is pay­ crown, it provides a trap for bacterial plaque leading in 1962. of anesthesia. The increase has been due mainly to ing $288 as a penalty for using obsolete professional to destruction of the bone and tissue. There is a dif­ "According to your records," soberly announced the increase in endodontic practices. This increase is equipment and furnishings that don't reflect favorably ference of opinion as to the exact location of the the accountant, "you've bought some new equipment. apparent because of better diagnosis, more endodon­ on his practice, and a penalty of $560 in loss of the margin, but the author believes that if it is to be sub­ Where is it?" tic treatment, increased full coverage, and the attempt investment credit in the first year of purchase of new gingival it should not be placed closer than 1 Yz mm "I'm not buying any equipment," Joe firmly re­ to save more teeth. To help prevent litigation, the equipment and furnishings for replacement. He is to the alveolar crest of resorption of the bone occurs. plied, eyeing the accountant as though he'd suddenly The possibility of chemical irritation from the following suggestions are offered: flipped his lid. partially paying for new equipment and furnishings he can't use. crown material must also be considered. Gold is ac­ (1) Do a complete medical and dental examina­ "Oh, but you are," retorted the accountant. "What tion with a full set of radiographs. By replacing all equipment and furnishings which ceptable and high fusing porcelain is probably inert. I can't understand is why you don't take delivery on (2) Make the patient aware of the procedure and have been written off with new, better, and more effi­ However, the use of a permanent crown of acrylic is it and get its use while you're paying for it." Then, questionable. The margin of crowns are better placed prognosis. fingering large bills for overhauling reception room cient replacements, Dr. Joe Hindsight can get these at cut-rate prices due to income tax savings. In­ supragingivally if caries and esthetics allow this. If (3) Be sure the procedure is aseptic and proper furnishings and operatory equipment, he added: sterilization methods are used. creasing efficiency in the practice will increase net placed subgingivally, gold and porcelain are recom­ "You might even cut down on your repair bills." earnings and help to offset rising costs due to infla­ mended. (4) Give prophylactic antibiotics when indicated. Then, seriously, he explained the hard facts of (5) Use a rubber dam to prevent ingestion of tion. Poor anatomical contour and contact can also lead business life in 1974 in terms of Joe's 36 percent in­ As a matter of fact, because of encouragement and to periodontal destruction. During the preparation of reamers and so forth. come tax bracket. advice from his accountant, Joe is now considering teeth, damage can also result. Although the gingival (6) Do not use instruments that bind or are worn. Two years ago, Joe's professional equipment was going to court to legally change his name. "I never tissue recovers rapidly from slight trauma, extensive (7) Do not use mortor-driven instruments until fully depreciated. Where once his income tax returns did like the hind part of my name," says Joe. "I'm damage, or leaving particles of cement for impression further evidence of their efficacy is presented. carried an item of $800 a year depreciation on equip­ petitioning the court to be known as Joe Foresight." material in the gingival sulcus, leads to permanent (8) Only mild, noncaustic medicaments should be damage. If retraction cords or chemicals are used they used and only reputable, practiced techniques. ment and furnishings, there is now no such deduc­ P.O. Box 8098 tion. The result, his accountant patiently explained to Riverside, California 92505 should be used judiciously. Excessive pressure or (9) Continue taking education courses and con-

2 TIC, SEPTEMBER 1974 TIC, SEPTEMBER 1974 15 Abulcasis also practiced simple orthodontics and instruments appear to be of rather crude tools which advocated filing teeth in order to correct occlusal would seem difficult to use. However, it must be re­ The Management of a Periodontal Patient irregularities. He recommended stabilization of loos­ membered that these drawings were copied repeatedly, ened teeth with gold or silver wire. However, since and distorted inadvertently, by scribes. The only pic­ by Ronald A. Monica, D.D.S.* and Bernard P. Levy, D.D.S.** he was primarily a surgeon, Abulcasis devoted little tures we have of these instruments are those in texts space in his writings to prostheses. But he did suggest published in the Christian world centuries after Abul­ that missing teeth could be replaced with cattle bone casis' death. VariOUS standards have been expressed by clini­ III. The notation of tissue color, texture and physio­ carved to simulate the missing tooth and wired into Abulcasis was the last great Moslem surgeon who cians as to what they determine to be a successfully logical contour. place with gold wire. devoted himself to the problems of dentistry. Not long treated periodontal case. The following discussion IV. Radiographic examination of questionable areas. Drawings of the numerous instruments Abulcasis after his death, Moorish culture itself went into a establishes a basis for determining the success of peri­ V. Pulp testing of suspicious teeth. used accompanied his detailed descriptions of oper­ decline, to be followed by the eclipse of Moslem civil­ odontal treatment, if certain criteria are followed . VI. Occlusion should be rechecked. The management of a periodontal patient may be ative procedures. These are, perhaps, the earliest ization and by the awakening of the European Ren­ VII. The prognosis of the case is reaffirmed. illustrations of dental instruments. Among those pic­ aissance. Fortunately, Abulcasis' writing made their divided into several phases of treatment: tured was a set of fourteen scalers, a cautery with a way into the Christian world where they were trans­ I. The Pre-Surgical Phase. I. Measurement of Pocket Depth tube for protecting the soft tissues, as well as dental lated and widely dispersed. This preserved for all time II. The Surgical Phase. The re-evaluation of gingival pockets and compari­ saws and files. Abulcasis also used appliances for the wealth of dental knowledge, not only that of the III. The Post-Surgical Healing Phase. son with the pre-surgical charting will give the clini­ retracting and protecting the tongue, instruments for ancient world which had been gathered by the Arabs IV. The Re-evaluation Examination Phase. cian an idea of the effectiveness of the treatment. The loosening the teeth before extractions, and elevators but also the original contributions of these great Mos­ In this discussion, the re-evaluation examination term effectiveness is used here rather than cure. Cure as well as various types of forceps for the removal of lem surgeons and practitioners-among whom Abul­ phase will be stressed since it is the most important will be explained later. As clinicians, we try for the complete elimination broken roots. Most of the illustrations of Abulcasis' casis ranks as one of the greatest. phase for the practitioner to understand. It is the of the gingival pocket, but many circumstances may result of this phase that determines the success or have a bearing on the accomplishments of this goal Editor's Note: These three biographies, copyrighted by the Medical Heritage Society, are from the Medallic History of failure of the other phases of dental treatment. After Dentistry, a limited series of commemorative medals sponsored by the Society. Subscription rolls for this series are including: a reasonable length of time, usually four to six weeks closed. Waiting list information may be obtained from the Society at 20 North Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60606. A. The original depth of the pockets. upon completion of the planned periodontal treat­ ment, a re-evaluation examination is performed. B. The severity of the disease. C. Local and systemic factors. r------This examination should include: Women In Dentistry I. The measurement of pocket depth. D. The age of the patient. The reproduction of a sixteenth century wood­ that she did not qualify as an officer of health under II. The re-evaluation of tooth mobility. E. Anatomic landmarks. cut in Proskauer and Witt's Pictorial History of the law of 1803, but also that the Interdict of 1755 F. Psychological and emotional behavior of the Dentistry shows beyond doubt that there were forbade women to practice. * Practice Limited to Periodontics, Wausau, Wisconsin. patient. women practicing dentistry at early times. At least several women practiced dentistry in ** Practice Limited to Periodontics, Temple, Texas. G. The patient's homecare practices. Some women must have been dental operators England during the eighteenth century or early in the Middle Ages. A widow frequently carried on nineteenth. Some of them practiced all branches the business owned by her husband. Dental oper­ of dentistry, including prosthesis, and one featured ators usually sold dentifrices and remedies for dis­ the construction of obturators. eases of the teeth, and if they belonged to the Aaron Burr, during his exile in Europe, while [JD[] barbers' company they also had a shop. Naturally in Hamburg, Germany in 1811 visited a dentist to when it was practicable the widow was allowed to have a tooth extracted. " ... drove off to the den­ continue the business. tist's house," he reported, "and I was received In Paris after the edict of 1699 several women with politeness, too much for the occasion, by a 7 were recognized at St. Come as experts for the well-dressed gentleman and lady. The lady came teeth. Mlle. Marie-Madeleine Calais was accepted up to me officiously and was about to apply her as expert in 1740 and continued to practice den­ hands to my face. Wishing to get rid of her, I very tistry with her husband Leroy from 1750 until civilly begged her not to trouble herself; that I had about 1775. Another eighteenth century woman come to have a tooth drawn. 'Eh bien, Monsieur, expert in Paris was Mlle. Hervieux. Two French c'est moi qui vais l'arracher.' 'Vous, Madam?' 'Qui, women experts who practiced in London were moi.' 'Mais voyons, est-ce-que vos petites mains ont la force?' 'Vous en serais convainqu et content.' Mmes. Desclaux and Rauxcourt. Mme. Marie I submitted, and she drew the tooth very quick and Delpeuch, a widow, was prosecuted in 1826 and perfectly well." ultimately acquitted for practicing dentistry with­ (Copyright by the Bulletin of the History of Dentistry. "Monday he tells off his Congressman. Tuesday he gives the Governor what-for. out proper qualification. It was charged not only Reprinted by permission.) Wednesday he rants at the City Council. Thursday letters go out to the editors. And Friday he keeps open for anyone else he forgot during the week."

14 TiC, SEPTEMBER 1974 TiC, SEPTEMBER 1974 3 In many advanced periodontal cases, the object of the underlying bone and is immobile. The marginal where she achieved one of the major steps in her a metropolitan location, and she opened an office in the treatment is to prolong the life of the dentition contour should slope coronally to end in a thin edge progress toward recognition: she was elected unani­ Chicago. There she married a Civil War veteran knowing well in advance that complete elimination of with the mesial distal margins scalloped in form. mously to membership. employed by the Northwestern Railway, James M. the pockets may be impossible. Stippling is generally present; but varies among indi­ The resolution inviting Miss Hobbs to membership Taylor, who soon began to study dentistry himself Post-surgical gingival pocket depth should not ex­ viduals and it may be absent following surgery. stated these salient judgments: " ... the profession of under his wife's preceptorship. Chiefly because of the ceed 3mm and if it does, then a decision is made dentistry has nothing in its pursuits foreign to the IV. Radiographs in the Prognosis cold climate in Chicago, Dr. Hobbs sold her practice whether an area will have to be retreated. Resurgeriz­ instincts of women ..." and "It is due to the profes­ of Periodontal Disease in November, 1867 to Dr. Edmund Noyes. Lucy's ing an area may not be indicated due to the patient's sion at large, that we make a formal declaration con­ husband had become her partner and they set up a age, physical and emotional condition. It is possible A. Gingival pockets. cerning the position we have assumed in our action." joint practice in Lawrence, Kansas where they ex­ that gingival pockets exceeding 3mm may exist post­ B. Soft-to-hard tissue relationship. Dr. Taft, who was present at that historic meeting, perienced a happy and prosperous association until operatively. This condition may be maintained for C. Tooth mobility. sensed the timeliness of the Iowa resolution and per­ his death in 1886. Lucy Taylor resolutely maintained years with excellent oral homecare and periodic D. The morphology or osseous deformities. suaded his Ohio faculty to accept Miss Hobbs at the periodontal evaluation. E. Specifically distinguish between the successfully her practice almost until her death on October 30, College in November 1865. Because of her precep­ treated case and the untreated 1910 at the age of seventy-seven. II. Tooth Mobility case. torial training and practical experience, she was re­ Dr. Lucy Beaman Hobbs strove valiantly in her Tooth mobility may sometimes be F. The presence or absence of an quired to attend only one session. On February 21, own cause and thereby become a beacon of hope and reduced or completely eliminated by exudate. 1866, Lucy Beaman Hobbs became the first woman courage for hundreds of American women whose treatment; although this is not always New radiographs need not be in history to receive the diploma conferring the D.D.S careers in dentistry she had directly and indirectly predictable. Treatment should not taken following periodontal treat­ degree. guided and aided. be considered a failure if some mo­ ment period was unduly long. If ex­ The possession of a degree encouraged her to seek bility remains post-surgically. tensive restorative therapy is to fol­ Some of the factors that influence low, then radiographs may be helpful post-treatment mobility are: in determining the cariogenic status ISLAM'S GREATEST SURGEON WHO ALSO A. Pre-surgical mobility. of the dentition. PROVIDED DENTAL TREATMENT B. The extent and pattern of bone If the patient is to be discharged Abulcasis (ca. 936.1013) resorption. . without further therapy, radiographs C. Clinical-crown or root ratio need not be taken for at least two (tooth morphology). years, since time is essential for new D. Occlusion. bone formation. A complete radio­ E. Intrinsic or extrinsic factors. graphic survey annually is usually F. Morphology of gingival tissue. recommended after the initial two- G. Height of the alveolar bone. year period. ABOL AS1S H. Width of the periodontal ligament space. The resorption of bone may be visualized radio­ (ea 916· !013) f!> i.o: m\. G re ~ te!1 t Surr f on; ,'I 1. Biologic status of the supporting tissues. graphically in the interseptal regions, but this evidence W,,,,te A bout and Pro ~ r ded ~ J. Systemic health of patient. is not proof that gingival pockets are present, nor does DC:J ti11 ffll;u ment. ~ K. Age of individual. the absence of bone resorption rule out the existence .~~ The prognosis is better when the cause of mobility of gingival pockets. Pockets may have been eliminated His writings on dentistry in these books were among can be eliminated or controlled. Every tooth has some by therapy before the radiographs were taken without The Moslem world was at the zenith of a glorious degree of movement. The prognosis of a tooth that changing the appearance of the alveolar process. culture which covered every field of knowledge at a his greatest contributions. He laid the groundwork for can be rotated or depressed is poor compared to one Radiographs do not indicate whether the involve­ time when the western world was just awakening from modern periodontology by recognizing and stressing that can be luxated buccolingually or mesiodistally. ment is on the buccal or lingual aspect, or both. The the Dark Ages. One of its outstanding luminaries was the need for thorough dental prophylaxis and by de­ As stated earlier, some mobility may remain after location of deformities can be determined with a perio­ Abul-Casem. His name has been westernized as Abul­ voting a chapter to "the scraping of the teeth." Abul­ treatment. Moderate or advanced mobility may re­ dontal probe. casis or, sometimes, Albucasis. Abulcasis was a Moor casis thus accorded this subject as much importance main unchanged due to one or several of the reasons The radiographic appearance of the alveolar process born near Cordova, Spain who achieved the position as other surgical procedures while Christian physicians stated. Post-surgically mobility of Class 2 or more is does not always show improvement in successful of physician to the Caliph who ruled Spain. The exact were still irrationally instilling worthless materials an indication for fixed splinting. Fixed splinting may periodontal therapy, since lost marginal bone cannot dates of his life are uncertain, but it is generally agreed into the gingival sulcus in an attempt to tighten loos­ change an unfavorable prognosis to a favorable one. be restored and furcation involvement may not be that he was born in about 936 and died in 1013. ened teeth. filled with new bone. The intrabony deformity is an While in the employ of the Caliph, Abulcasis wrote Abulcasis was probably the most advanced dental III. Tissue Color and Gingival Contour exception. Therapy can encourage new bone growth, a magnificent work on medicine and surgery, At Tasrif surgeon until modern times. Since the Koran forbade Some patients lack digital dexterity and motivation, but radiographs cannot distinguish between an intra­ dissection and the mutilation of a corpse, surgery so as an aid to the patient'S home oral physiotherapy, bony and an infrabony deformity. (The Method), and gained fame as Islam's greatest surgeon. This book is an encyclopedic work compris­ languished. It was used only in extreme cases. As a favorable gingival contour will be an asset rather than The diffuse radiolucent-appearing area of bone consequence, the extraction of teeth was avoided a liability. Our objective is post-surgical architecture undergoing active resorption will be changed to a ing thirty sections. Among Abulcasis' major contri­ that closely resembles normal healthy gingival tissue. homogeneous appearance after successful treatment. butions were his descriptions of hemophilia, mam­ generally as too hazardous an operation. But Abul­ Normal gingiva is pale pink which varies according This sometimes gives a false appearance of vertical mectomy in cases of metastases, the use of ligatures casis did not hesitate to perform this needed service, to the degree of vascularity, epithelial keratinization bone growth and osseous regeneration after treatment and cautery for the control of hemorrhage, and litho­ and his instructions for the removal of teeth are essen­ and pigmentation. Attached gingiva is firmly fixed to of deformities with one or two osseous walls. tomy. tially similar to those we use today.

4 TIC, SEPTEMBER 1974 TIC, SEPTEMBER 1974 13 ering and, thus, permits tooth decay to begin. Those conferred on him an honorary Ph.D. and in 1902 the A crestal lamina mayor may not be seen on the G. Crown-root ratio. who accepted this acid dissolution theory of dental University of Pennsylvania presented him with a sim­ radiographs after therapy; this depends more on the Therefore, the prognosis of a case may be sum­ caries began t9 take certain steps toward tooth decay ilar Sc.D. Four years later, he was appointed Dean of topography of the bone and the angle of projection of marized as dependent upon: prevention. A slogan was soon developed-"A clean Faculty, School of Dentistry, at the University of the roentgen rays, than on the degree of success A. The experience of the operator, his ability to tooth never decays." This was promulgated through­ Michigan. Dr. Miller returned to the United States to achieved by therapy. examine carefully and interpret his findings. out every dental society with campaigns organized to accept this position-but death intervened. While vis­ V. Electrical and Thermal Tests B. His judgment concerning the healing capacity of save teeth through tooth-brushing. When improvement iting his birthplace in Alexandria in July, 1907, he the patient. did not always follow from toothbrushing, efforts in suffered an attack of appendicitis and died following It is often possible that the vitablity of several teeth may be in question following surgical intervention. C. A knowledge of histology and wound healing. oral hygiene publicity were redoubled. Later, special the surgical operation. D. The technical ability of the referring doctor. medicinal agents were incorporated into powders and The primary purpose of the electrical and thermal Willoughby D. Miller was more than a practicing tests is to determine the vitality of suspicious teeth. pastes with which to brush teeth. These, it was hoped, E. The patient's cooperation. dentist, researcher and teacher; he was recognized as Ethyl chloride or ice may be used to test for cold would neutralize the acid or destroy the mouth bac­ a leader and organizer in the dental profession. He sensation and hot gutta-percha for the sensitivity to VIII. Concept of Cure teria causing caries. This started the toothpaste indus­ did much to promote dentistry in Germany; he was heat. The thermal tests do not give any indication of tryon its path of tremendous growth in the United No comprehensive formula can be given in the president of the National Dental Association of Ger­ the degree of the degenerative process. The electrical evaluation of the treated periodontal case in order to States. many, the Association of Dental F aculties of Ger­ pulp tester gives far more reliable information, but has arrive at a concept of cure or failure. One rule that W. D. Miller was admired by the dental profession many, the American Dental Society of Europe and its limitations. may be helpful is "any tooth or collection of teeth and was considered the outstanding scientist of his later also of the Federation Dentaire Internationale. that have become capable of functioning in health VI. Occlusal Re-evaluatian day in dentistry. In 1885, the University of Michigan may be considered to be cured of disease." The elimination of occlusal disharmonies should be In periodontics, as in all healing arts, the result of FIRST WOMAN GRADUATE OF A DENTAL COLLEGE performed before, during and after the planned perio­ treatment is relative. Occasionally, the situation be­ Lucy Beaman Hobhs (1883-1910) dontal surgery. The initial occlusal adjustment should comes hopeless and some teeth may have to be ex­ be accomplished during the pre-surgical phase of tracted or complete dentures may become necessary. therapy. If there is significant mobility, gross adjust­ The degree of success is a variable that depends upon ment should be performed prior to surgery. the diagnostic and clinical ability of the therapist, the If marked mobility persists, then temporary splint­ cooperation of the patient, the objectives of treatment, ing is completed before undertaking the surgical phase the systemic status of the patient, and the advancing of treatment. The final occlusal adjustment, if neces­ state of the basic biologic principles and restorative sary, is performed after surgery and following any procedures upon which all therapy rests. If the useful minor orthodontic therapy. lifetime of the dentition has been significantly pro­ longed, then treatment is successful. VII. Prognosis (Copyrig ht by The Journal of the Wisconsin State Dental A provisional prognosis of questionable teeth may Society, Repr inted by p ermission .) be made before treatment. It is equally important to The inclusion of Lucy Beaman Hobbs in the medal­ kindly Dr. Jonathan Taft, Dean of the Ohio College re-evaluate the prognosis during surgery and again lic history series is based on several factors, not only of Dental Surgery, who permitted her to study in his following the healing phase. of personal accomplishment but also of significantly office until she found a preceptorship with Dr. Samuel Prognosis should not be determined only by the important results stemming from her pioneering par­ Wardle. level of remaining bone. The topography of the sur­ ticipation as a graduate member of her profession. In 1861, her preceptorship completed, she applied rounding bone is more important than the actual Lucy Hobbs is a well-deserving symbolic represent­ for admission to the Ohio College of Dental Surgery. quantity of bone remaining. The radiographic density ative of the women who, over many centuries, have Following her rejection, she began a practice on of the bone may be deceiving, because extremely contributed to the development and growth of den­ March 14, 1861 in Cincinnati without a degree, as dense bone may be less resistant to periodontal break­ tistry. was common in those days. However, the far-reaching down than less dense-appearing bone. Less densely calcified bone may be more favorable for the stability economic effects initiated by the outbreak of the Civil Lucy Beaman Hobbs was born in Ellenburg, New of teeth serving as abutments for removable or fixed York on March 14, 1833. The death of her mother War in April, 1861 added greatly to the difficulties she bridges. forced Lucy to become self-reliant before she had would have normally encountered as a woman prac­ The many intangibles that enter in the prognosis of reached her teens. By age sixteen, she had become titioner. Thinking that the western states would offer a case are best described as therapeutic judgment. qualified to teach school. While teaching in Brooklyn, a more appreciative hospitality to women, she moved Some factors that determine the prognosis are: Michigan, she began to study medicine under the her practice to Iowa. A. Age of patient. tutelage of a local physician. In 1859, upon being Miss Hobbs' fine character and her efficient work, B. Extent and type of disease process. refused admission to a medical college, Lucy Hobbs which netted her ·$3,000 in her first year at McGregor, began her campaign to become a dentist. But none Iowa, were also rewarded in the regard shown to her C. Etiology. of the dentists whom she visited would consent to be by the male dentists of the area. Lucy Hobbs was D. Occlusal factors. E. Cooperation of patient. her preceptor. Aware that no dental college would invited by Dr. Luman C. Ingersoll, president of the "Well, I can do one of two things: I can fix your teeth accept her, Miss Hobbs requested the guidance of the Iowa State Dental Society, to attend its 1865 meeting F. The number and distribution of remaining teeth. or touch up the x-rays."

12 TIC, SEPTEMBER 1974 TIC, SEPTEMB ER 1974 5 DENTISTRY'S HAll Of fAME by Maurice J. Teitelbaum, D.D.S. THISA AND DATA panies throughout the world, plus a successful film In a sampling of 123 dentists, they were asked version, brought in the profits .... Thirty percent of THE SCIENTIST OF HIS DAY IN DENTISTRY what three subjects interested them the most in post­ American orthodontists have more than one office Willoughby D. Miller (1853.1907) graduate courses. About 65 percent favored crown and only 10 percent have been in practice for more and bridge as their first choice. Periodontia and en­ than 25 years . . . . Hospital charges are highest in Rather than constantly restore teeth destroyed by Department of Dentistry of the University of Penn­ dodontia were equally their second preference, fol­ California, New York, and Connecticut. . . . The decay, some dentists, even long ago, began searching sylvania, where he received a D.D.S. degree in 1879. Archives ot Oral Biology reports that Kanamycin lowed by implantology, pedodontia, orthodontia, and for the cause of tooth decay. The outstanding investi­ Dr. Miller then returned to Germany as a dentist, oral surgery .. .. We've got disposable cups, towels, ointment, applied to the buccal surfaces of teeth at entered practice with Dr. Abbott and married his anesthesia cartridges and needles, contra-angles and least once a day for five-week intervals, can reduce gator of a century ago in this area was W. D. Miller. spatulas. Now there's a throw-away oral thermom­ dental plaque and gingivitis in children who do not His work was epitomized in his book Microorganisms daughter. In 1884, he was made Professor of Oper­ eter. ... Chewing on toothpicks, long frowned upon, brush their teeth .... During the past ye-ar, three ma­ ot the HUman Mouth, a classic in bacteriologic liter­ ative Dentistry in the new Dental Department of the may not be such a bad idea after all, if it's the right jor publications, Harper's Bazaar, Parents' Magazine, ature. University of Berlin where he was the first American type of wood. At least the natives of an African vil­ and Reader's Digest, printed major articles on den­ Willoughby Dayton Miller was born in Alexandria, to receive a professorial appointment in a German lage have been shown to have a significantly lower tistry. At the same time, it is estimated that nearly Ohio on August 1, 1853. As a young man he attended University. He continued his studies and received an rate of dental caries which is attributed to the habit 25 million people viewed ADA dental health films the University of Michigan. There he received an M.D. degree upon taking the "Rigorosum," the most of chewing on wooden sticks that are felt to possess on television .... If your patients are uncertain about A.B. degree in 1875 and made plans for a career in exclusive of all examinations. During the 1880's he a decay-inhibiting substance . . .. Coffee, considered the effects of x-rays on their health, the ADA Bureau science. For this he went to the University of Edin­ rendered professional treatment to the Empress of as taboo for children, has been shown to have a calm­ of Dental Health Education has an excellent four­ burgh to continue his study of chemistry, natural Germany for which the Emperor conferred upon him ing effect on hyperactive children when taken at page leaflet, Dental Xrays and Your Health, that can philosophy and applied mathematics. Then he went the title "Geheim Medizinalrat" (Privy Medical breakfast and lunch, reports the Hall Psychiatric In­ be obtained at the rate of 100 for $2, or 500 for to Germany to study physics at the University of Councilor) . stitute in South Carolina. $9.50 .... One of the costliest toothaches in history Berlin. During that decade, Dr. Miller wrote about the vast Don't-Lose-Any-Sleep-Over-It Dept.: If your last occurred when Sir Hubert Wilkens attempted to cross Miller found other Americans in Berlin, some of amount of original research he conducted in all phases dissatisfied patient aired her complaint to just two the North Pole under the Artic ice in submarine. Just whom were pioneer American dentists studying in of dentistry. Under Dr. Robert Koch, he studied people and each of these persons told others about it 300 miles from the Pole, a crewman became so vio­ Europe. Among these men were Dr. Frank P. Abbott in turn, then in just a matter of hours, everybody in lent when he developed a terrible toothache that he bacteriology as depicted on the accompanying art the country would hear about that "filling that fell damaged a vital part of the submarine apparatus. As and later Dr. James Truman. Both of them advised medal. His most widely recognized work was the book out"! ... Nothing-New-Under-the-Sun-Dept.: With a result, they had to turn back and the mission was him to enter the field of dentistry, because their pro­ entitled Microorganisms of the Human Mouth, pub­ the popularity of trading stamps, dentists have been scratched at a cost of $200,000. fession needed men with scientific training, especially lished in 1890. heard to joke about giving away stamps for fillings , in chemistry and physics. Thus, he first began the study W. D. Miller, thus, exerted a great influence on the etc. But in 1903 some dentists in Indiana were ac­ fOOD FACTS AND FALLACIES of dentistry in the office of Dr. Abbott. Later he dental profession with his concept that certain bacteria tually offering trading stamps for each dental visit! As dentists, we should know better, but many of entered the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery. ferment sugars trapped around the teeth, forming ... Wonder why Americans are constantly dieting us are still taken in about food myths. Just to set the In 1878, Miller transferred to the newly-organized lactic acid which dissolves the protective enamel cov- and worrying about gaining weight? Well, last year record straight here are some common facts and fal­ about 800 million gallons of ice cream were consumed lacies about food: in the country and that means some 3,710,400,000,- 1. Mixing certain foods , such as drinking milk after 000 calories! ... If you're thinking of investing in a eating pickles, can cause distress. Not so. As long Broadway show, the odds are about 10 to 1 against as foods are not harmful when eaten singly, the order a return on your money. Of course, if you pick a hit in which they are ingested has no detrimental effect. the return in a modest investment can bring a hand­ 2. Hot bread is hard to digest. Not so. Hot bread some profit. "Godspell," which was a relatively inex­ is no harder to digest than cold bread. It's just that pensive off-Broadway musical, has earned over $4 hot bread is doughy, soft, and moist, and therefore is million for its investors in a few years. Touring com- more difficult to ohew; so people tend to swallow it

G TIC, SEPTEMBER 1974 TIC, SEPTEMBER 1974 II (Continued from Page 8) will help improve the dental health delivery system, so without properly masticating and thereby may have 6. A perfectly balanced occlusion. tal teachers and researchers are needed each year to more dentists can give better care to more patients. difficulty digesting it. 7. Proper extension of the borders and correct maintain present student-faculty ratios and existing To inform the public about the seriousness of den­ 3. Alcohol, in moderate quantities, is a good food. contour of the polished surfaces of the denture base dental research. tal disease and encourage the public to seek good Not so. It has no nutrient value and is simply high dental care and maintain good dental health. so that normal activity of the musculature of the lips, The Research Dilemma in caloric content. cheeks, and tongue help to stabilize the denture rather Some of the world's greatest medical discoveries What the Fund Is Doing Now 4. Toast is less fattening than untoasted bread. than displace it. have been made possible by private funding. Both With its strongly based educational programs, the Not so. Toasting bread makes it easier to chew and the Salk and the Sabin anti-polio vaccines, for ex­ American Fund for Dental Health is providing sub­ digest but unless you actually burn it and destroy its COMMUNITY DENTISTRY ample, were developed through private funding from \ stantial scholarship support for dental students and food value, it is no less fattening than untoasted bread. At a time when widespread dental services are most the National Foundation-March of Dimes. In den­ for dental hygiene, assisting, and laboratory technol­ 5. Raw meat is healthier than meat that is well urgently needed in our society and when Congress is tistry, however, many promising research projects lie ogy students. It has a guaranteed loan program for done. No so. Heat doesn't destroy the protein but idle because of a lack of funds. They cover a range debating national health service plans, Dr. Clifton O. graduate and undergraduate dental students and joint­ makes it more digestible. of problem areas, including the nutritional implica­ Dummett, associate dean of the School of Dentistry at ly administers a loan program for dental hygiene the University of Southern California, has written an tions of tooth decay, the control of pain, and new TEETH INDICATIVE OF ORIGIN students in cooperation with the American Dental important and compelling book, Community Den­ methods to prevent the occurrence of dental disease. Hygienists' Association. Although there is no certainty in determining an tistry. Whatever one's views, the successful imple­ Much dental research in recent years has had to Through its teacher-training fellowship program, individual's geographic, racial or ethnic background depend on government financing. But this is an un­ AFDH is helping to provide qualified teachers for by his teeth, anthropologic studies have revealed some mentation of community dentistry depends upon the stable source, subject to fluctuation from year to year. dental school faculties. It also has a fellowship pro­ interesting possibilities. While, the groups studied practitioner of general dentistry. This book presents An example of the instability of federal funding is the gram in dental administration to provide support in have been rather small and isolated, the findings are " ... the conflicting forces which make living in the drop in the proposed budget for general dental re­ that area to dental schools as well as to state and na­ worth noting. modern world confusing and difficult, yet at the same search from $55,212,000 in 1972 to $38 million in tional dental organizations. For example, the taurus mandibularis, a usually time, fulfilling and challenging." Only by an under­ 1974. By providing support in other areas, such as re­ infrequent condition, is found in 35 percent of the standing of the roles played by the producer and con­ Private funding is needed now in all areas of dental search and dental health delivery, both AFDH and Aleutian population. Likewise, the taurus palatinus sumer of health services, and of the role of the disad­ research for deserving projects which can make im­ the ADA Health Foundation have been supporting is common in Eskimos and was found in 44 percent vantaged Americans can one begin to comprehend portant contributions to the prevention and relief of programs of quality and scope equal to many of those of Icelandic skulls. Among American Indians, 95 what community dentistry really means. All this, plus dental disease. It is through private funding, more­ funded by other leading national health agencies. It percent of them have shovel-shaped incisors. This a review of the "new concepts of dental practice de­ over, that the continuity and the highest possible is hoped that support in these areas will be substan­ type of incisor is found in 45 percent of the Pales­ signed to improve delivery systems of dental care are standards of research can be maintained. tially increased. tinian Arabs. The largest teeth are found in the examined, their assets portrayed and their liabilities Dental Health Delivery Australian aborigines, where the edge-to-edge bite is 1973 Fund-Raising Results noted." Many special projects are needed so the profession. common. Pity the oral surgeon in China where the Community Dentistry is published by Charles C. can begin to solve some of the serious problems in the In 1973, for the second consecutive year, the three-rooted lower molar is common, a condition that American Fund for Dental Health's total income ex­ Thomas, Springfield, Ill., a monograph in the Ban­ delivery of dental care. Many people lack access to is rare among Europeans. nerstone Division of American Lectures in Dentistry. care because there are inadequate numbers of den­ ceeded $1 million, achieving a total of $1,018,000. tists in the community. This is often the plight of the This total does not include the $4.7 million grant from THE TROUBLESOME LOWER DENTURE poor, the institutionalized, the aged, the handicapped, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation for the train­ Probably more dentists have feelings of uncertainty and residents of rural and inner-city communities. ing of dentists in treatment of the handicapped, the and insecurity about the success of a full lower den­ There is a great need to find new ways to bring the Foundation's second major grant to dentistry. Both ture than any other dental operation. Because of the dental health message to the public. Dentists need to grants are being administered by AFDH. many shapes, varieties, and changes of the alveolar find new methods of motivating patients to maintain Unrestricted support in 1973 totaled $489,000, ridge, these feelings are probably justified. Careful good oral hygiene. Those who neglect their dental while gifts designated for specific programs or projects evaluation of the tissue and underlying structure, ad­ health by not seeing a dentist also need strong moti­ totaled $529,000. The cost of fund raising as a per­ herence to detail in the construction of the denture, vation. centage of total income was 9 % . and preparation of the patient can help to bring suc­ cess. Among the important factors in the actual con­ Meeting the New Potential National Objectives of AFDH struction of the successful mandibular full denture Now and in succeeding years the American Fund Declared AFDH President Galagan, "With re­ are: for Dental Health is dedicating itself to the achieve­ newed and greater support from the dental profession 1. Impressions that allow for a retentive base. ment of the following objectives: and dental industry, the American Fund for Dental To provide greater financial assistance to the na­ Health can begin to meet its high potential for fund­ 2. Obtaining the correct vertical relation of the tion's dental schools and their students. This will in­ ing in all program areas. Support from the profession occlusion. clude direct support to the schools as well as teacher and dental industry is essential to our efforts to obtain 3. A centric occlusion in harmony with the centric fellowships and scholarship and loan assistance to major grants from foundations and non-dental busi­ relation. dental and dental auxiliary students. ness and industry. To fund research projects that show promise of "1974 has already shown itself to be a year of great 4. Correct level and orientation of the occlusal producing significantly new results through which the promise as the Fund begins to fulfill its commitment plane. dental profession can provide better care to the gen­ to the profession and the general public as the primary 5. The proper placement of teeth on the ridge in eral public. national agency in helping to meet dental health the neutral zone of the face between lips, cheeks, and "Then, of course, you run into your accessories, such as To generate funds for use in special projects which needs." tongue. the motor and so forth."

10 TIC, SEPTEMBER 1974 TIC, SEPTEMBER 1974 7 AMERICAN FUND FOR DENTAL HEALTH- The new national agency formed to meet dental health needs

E very member of the dental profession would be and a much stronger emphasis on personal solicita­ quick to agree that in the concern for man's total tion. Over the years, the dental profession and dental health one of the less well-recognized needs is for industry have been two of the Fund's major sources good oral care, the province of dentistry. The im­ of support, and it will continue to rely heavily on these portance of dental health has not been brought to the two sources to further its goals. attention of the American public forcibly enough. Commenting on the potential of the new AFDH, Nor is the private sector, for the most part, aware of President Donald J. Galagan, D.D.S., who also serves the great need for financial support of dental educa­ as Executive Director of the American Association of EDUCATION tion and research, the mainsprings of good dental Dental Schools, said: "Last year 15 of the leading care. Increasing awareness anq support of these needs national health agencies raised $324.6 million in pri­ is the challenge and the charge of the new American vate, voluntary support for education and research. Fund for Dental Health. This was a 12 percent increase over the $289.9 mil­ During 1973 the groundwork was carefully laid to lion raised in 1972. Among these organizations, den­ meet this challenge with a broadening in scope of the tal health was not represented. interests of AFDH's predecessor, the American Fund "Until this year, in fact, dental health was con­ for Dental Education. This culminated in the change spicuously absent from the roster of major health in name to American Fund for Dental Health to re­ organizations. Through the American Fund for Den­ flect the new directions. The Fund's plan of action tal Health we now have the potential to bring to den­ includes many new programs and new efforts to tistry the major support that has been so long needed achieve objectives that are vitally important to the -both within the profession and in its relations with dental health of the American public and to the den­ the public it serves." tal profession. Needs in Education Three Main Thrusts: Dental schools and their students are suffering from Education, Research, and Health the financial demands of providing and obtaining a dental education. In four years of dental school, for Through your support... The Fund will continue and increase its support of example, the cost to the student of tuition, equipment, the nation's dental schools through various programs and living expenses can run as high as $25,820 for a of student aid and faculty support. This will include single student or $36,200 for a married student; and Now, the New AFDH helps assistance to dental and dental auxiliary students­ this is with minimum living expenses. Dental educa­ hygienists, assistants, and laboratory technicians. tion is one of the most expensive of all health pro­ In meeting new objectives, it will also be involved fessions to the student. Dentistry 3 Ways: in generating urgently needed funds for research in Beset by financial pressures caused by the upward the treatment, prevention, and cure of dental disease. inflationary spiral and cutbacks in government fund­ It will also be channeling major efforts in a third di­ ing, many of the nation's dental schools are financially rection: to improve the dental care delivery system. distressed. There are now 58 operating dental schools. 1. Aiding EDUCATION-to meet increasing needs for dental care This effort has already borne fruit with a $4.7 million The majority, 34, are supported by public funds; 16 with personnel qualified to maintain the high standards of Dentistry. grant from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, are supported by private funds; and eight by both administered by AFDH, to train dentists in treatment 2. Aiding RESEARCH-to strengthen the effectiveness of the entire private and public funds. In the past two years two profession, keeping Dentistry in pace with progress in other fields. of the handicapped. private schools have been forced to close because The American Fund for Dental Health is now the they could not afford to continue to operate. 3. Expanding DENTAL SERVICE-by encouraging the development primary agency for fund raising in dentistry. It has of facilities and techniques, and by building public recognition of assumed the fund-raising and research granting re­ Faculty Vacancies the importance of Dentistry. sponsibilities of its predecessor, the American Fund Many dental schools are understaffed because for Dental Education, as well as the American Den­ there aren't enough qualified teachers. In 1973 the tal Association Health Foundation. ADA Council on Dental Education reported 483 faculty vacancies-positions that had been provided People-Oriented Programs for in school budgets. The Council also reported an All of the Fund's efforts will be conducted at both additional 515 unfilled vacancies because of lack of national and local levels, with the assistance of volun­ funds. According to the American Association of American Fund for teers who will personally solicit the Fund's sources Dental Schools, at least 200 scientifically-trained den- of support. This will require many more volunteers (Continued on Page 10) Dental Health Suite 1630,211 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, Illinois 60611 EDUCATION 8 TIC, SEPTEMBER 1974 TIC, SEPTEMBER 1974 9