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Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) Con Sus Plantas Huésped

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Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) Con Sus Plantas Huésped El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Ecología y estructura genética de la interacción de Arsenura armida (Cramer 1779) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) con sus plantas huésped Tesis Presentada como requisito parcial para optar al grado de Doctora en Ciencias en Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable Con orientación en Conservación de la Biodiversidad Por Mayra Carolina Molina Nery 2018 i Agradecimientos Al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) por la beca otorgada. Al personal de El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR) por su apoyo durante este período. A mi directora de Tesis, Dra. Lorena Ruíz, por su acompañamiento, dirección y apoyo en el ámbito académico, económico y emocional. A mi Consejo Tutelar: Dra. Adriana Castro, Dra. Adriana Caballero y Dr. Alfonso González por sus comentarios y aportaciones a la Tesis. A mis sinodales: Dra. Carmen Pozo, Dra. Bárbara Cruz y Dr. Alejandro Morón por revisar el documento de Tesis y ayudar a su enriquecimiento. A mis padres: Alfonso Mariano Molina Cruz y Gaudencia Neri Jiménez; y hermanos: Selene y Ángel, por sus palabras de aliento y cariño. A mis amigas y amigos: Brenda, Adriana, Zule, Olga, Eli, Claudia, Ruth, Karen, Avril, Xochitl, Keni, Zenaida, Daniel, Iván, José Alfonso por la compresión, amor y disponibilidad para escucharme y darme sus consejos. A la Biol. Marisela García Bautista por su valiosa colaboración en los análisis genéticos. A la QFB María Guadalupe Pérez Escobar y Biol. Esther del Carmen García Rodas, por su apoyo con los análisis bromatológicos, amistad y amabilidad para atender mis dudas. A la Ph.D. María Fernanda Pérez Trautmann por darme la oportunidad de realizar una estancia de investigación bajo su dirección y apoyo en la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. A Aurora, Carmen, Ale, Javiera, Isabel, Vero, Isi, Nico Venegas, Nico, Benito, Luis y Jennifer, gracias por recibirme y acompañarme durante mi estancia en el maravilloso país de Chile. A todos… Gracias. iii ÍNDICE Resumen……………………………………………………………………………………... 1 Capítulo I. Efecto del manejo agropecuario sobre la distribución y abundancia local de Arsenura armida (Cramer 1779) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) en Chiapas, Mé xico.. 13 Resumen……………………………………………………………………………………. .. 13 Introducción………………………………………………………………………………… .. 15 Materiales y Métodos……………………………………………………………………….. 17 Resultados…………………………………………………………………………………… 19 Discusión……………………………………………………………………………………... 36 Agradecimientos……………………………………………………………………………. 38 Literatura citada…………………………………………………………………………….. 40 Capítulo II. Relación del contenido nutrimental de Arsenura armida (Lepidoptera: Sat urniidae) con la composición fitoquímica de sus árboles hospederos en Chiapas, México…………………………………………………………………………….. 46 Resumen…………………………………………………………………………………….. 46 Introducción………………………………………………………………………………….. 48 Método………………………………………………………………………………………... 52 Resultados…………………………………………………………………………………… 56 Discusión……………………………………………………………………………………. 67 Agradecimientos……………………………………………………………………………. 68 iv Literatura citada…………………………………………………………………………….. 69 Capítulo III. Ausencia de pareo entre la diversidad genética de Arsenura armida (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) y la de sus plantas hospederas………………... ………….. 75 Resumen……………………………………………………………………………………... 75 Introducción………………………………………………………………………………… 76 Método………………………………………………………………………………………. 78 Resultados…………………………………………………………………………………… 82 Discusión…………………………………………………………………………………… .. 89 Literatura citada…………………………………………………………………………….. 91 v Ecología y estructura genética de la interacción de Arsenura armida (Cramer 1779) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) con sus árboles hospederos Resumen Arsenura armida pertenece al orden Lepidoptera, es un insecto fitófago y se encuentra distribuido desde el Centro de México hasta América del Sur. Sus plantas hospederas son 15 especies pertenecientes a dos familias. La distribución y abundancia de las poblaciones de A. armida son altamente dependientes de la disponibilidad de sus hospederos, por lo que, los cambios genéticos y bioquímicos en ellas pueden llegar a tener impacto en la presencia, abundancia, contenido nutrimental (humedad, cenizas, proteínas, grasas, carbohidratos, kcalorías, kjoules y relación C/N) y en la diversidad genética del insecto. Este estudio se guió con las siguientes preguntas: ¿ Arsenura armida responde ecológica y genéticamente, así como en contenido nutrimental de manera diferente según las plantas hospederas?, ¿Se relacionan los niveles de diversidad genética de las plantas hospederas con los de A. armida ? Que derivaron en los objetivos siguientes: 1) determinar la presencia y abundancia de A. armida en función de la identidad y abundancia de plantas hospederas, 2) relacionar la concentración de los metabolitos secundarios y el contenido nutrimental de los árboles hospederos con el contenido nutrimental de A. armida , y 3) determinar si la estructura genética de las plantas hospederas se correlaciona con la del insecto. El área de estudio se ubicó en los municipios de Chiapas: Ocozocoautla, en la Reserva de la Biosfera Selva El Ocote, Simojovel y Huitiupán. Se registraron diversos datos para A. armida: 1) presencia y abundancia por planta hospedera, 2) análisis del contenido nutrimental, y 3) diversidad genética. De las plantas hospederas: 1) abundancia, distribución y DAP (diámetro a la altura del pecho), 2) análisis fitoquímico y nutrimental, y 3) diversidad genética. Se reportan dos nuevas especies hospederas de A. armida : Heliocarpus americanus y Rollinia mucosa. A nivel ecológico se encontraron indicios de preferencia de A. armida por las especies hospederas R. mucosa y Heliocarpus appendiculatus , ya que presentaron mayor porcentaje de ocupación de larvas; se observó que el manejo agropecuario de las especies hospederas no afecta la abundancia y presencia de A. armida, aunque se debe considerar que en los árboles 1 con DAP> 20 cm se observó mayor presencia. A nivel nutrimental, A. armida mostró diferencias entre localidades y especies hospederas en humedad y cenizas respectivamente. La especie R. mucosa y la localidad La Pimienta contribuyeron a la nutrición de las larvas. Las especies hospederas sí presentaron diferencias significativas en contenido nutrimental y de metabolitos secundarios; A. armida ocupó árboles con mayor contenido nutrimental y energético, y se observó correlación negativa de las saponinas sobre algunas variables nutrimentales del insecto. Con respecto a la estructura genética del insecto, las especies hospedaras asociadas a las localidades explicaron el 1.92 % de la variación genética de las larvas; las poblaciones del insecto más diferenciadas se encontraron en H. donnell-smithii y R. mucosa; y la mayor diversidad genética en ésta última. La relación entre la diversidad genética del insecto y de sus hospederos no fue significativa. Se concluye que A. armida tiene poblaciones diferenciadas genéticamente en relación con sus hospederos, lo cual pude estar contribuyendo a un proceso de adaptación local. Palabras clave : herbivoría, metabolitos secundarios, adaptación local. 2 Introducción Arsenura armida (Cramer 1779) es del orden Lepidoptera y de la familia Saturniidae. El género al que pertenece es un grupo considerado relicto (Peigler 1993). La fase larvaria es fitófaga, llega a medir 11 cm de longitud (Landero-Torres et al. 2007) y es aposemática (Peigler 1993). Se le registra en el Continente Americano en 15 especies de plantas con crecimiento arbóreo de las familias Malvaceae y Annonaceae (APG II 2003). Se distribuye desde la parte tropical de México (Chiapas, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Tlaxcala, Veracruz y Yucatán), hasta Bolivia y el sureste de Brasil (Costa et al . 2003). En Costa Rica y Venezuela se le considera plaga de las plantaciones del pochote ( Bombacopsis quinata (Jacq.) Dugand), guácimo (Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. y Guazuma tomentosa Kunth) y cacao ( Theobroma cacao L.), pero también se encuentra en guasimo (Luehea candida Moç & Sessé ex DC), anona de mono ( Annona montana Macfad) y Rollinia membranacea Triana & Planch (Costa et al. 2003, Nielsen et al. 2004). En México, este insecto forma parte de la dieta de grupos étnicos del centro y sur del país (Guagliumi 1966, Nielsen et al. 2004, Pagaza-Calderón et al . 2006, Landero-Torres et al . 2007, Morales 2010). Por lo que la mayor parte de los estudios realizados con A. armida se enfocan principalmente a evaluar su potencial nutritivo para el hombre, cuyos resultados indican que tiene alto contenido proteico, minerales y grasas insaturadas (Ramos-Elorduy 1993 y 2004, Ramos-Elorduy et al. 2008). Sin embargo, no se ha documentado la relación del valor nutritivo del insecto con la composición fitoquímica de las plantas que consume. Así como, el posible efecto del uso agropecuario de las parcelas (que repercute en la disponibilidad de hospederos) en la presencia, abundancia y distribución de A. armida . En Chiapas se le conoce comúnmente como zat’s (que significa gusano, en lengua tsotsil), y han registrado su presencia en Guazuma tomentosa Kunth, Guazuma ulmifolia Lam, Heliocarpus americanus L. , Heliocarpus appendiculatus Turcz, Heliocarpus donnell-smithii Rose ex Donn. y Pseudobombax ellipticum (Kunth) Dugand de la familia Malvaceae; Rollinia membranacea Triana & Planchon y Rollinia mucosa 3 (Jacq.) Baillon de la familia Annonaceae (Guagliumi 1966, Nielsen et al. 2004). Se sabe que algunas de estas plantas presentan metabolitos secundarios como saponinas, taninos, alcaloides y flavonoides (Baldizán et al. 2006). Estas especies son típicas de
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