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Diets of Muskellunge in Northern Wisconsin Lakes

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Diets of Muskellunge in Northern Wisconsin Lakes North American Journal of Fisheries Management ISSN: 0275-5947 (Print) 1548-8675 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ujfm20 Diets of Muskellunge in Northern Wisconsin Lakes Michael A. Bozek , Thomas M. Burri & Richard V. Frie To cite this article: Michael A. Bozek , Thomas M. Burri & Richard V. Frie (1999) Diets of Muskellunge in Northern Wisconsin Lakes, North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 19:1, 258-270, DOI: 10.1577/1548-8675(1999)019<0258:DOMINW>2.0.CO;2 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1999)019<0258:DOMINW>2.0.CO;2 Published online: 08 Jan 2011. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 150 View related articles Citing articles: 15 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ujfm20 Download by: [Minnesota Department Of Natural Resource] Date: 02 October 2015, At: 12:17 North American Journal of Fisheries Management 19:258±270, 1999 q Copyright by the American Fisheries Society 1999 Diets of Muskellunge in Northern Wisconsin Lakes MICHAEL A. BOZEK AND THOMAS M. BURRI*1 Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research Unit,2 College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin±Stevens Point, Stevens Point, Wisconsin 54481, USA RICHARD V. F RIE3 College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin±Stevens Point, Stevens Point, Wisconsin 54481, USA Abstract.ÐThe muskellunge Esox masquinongy is an important sport ®sh in Wisconsin and elsewhere, but more information about its diet is needed to better understand its role in aquatic systems and its effects on other ®sh. Stomach contents were examined for 1,092 muskellunge (226±1,180 mm total length, TL) captured in the littoral zone from 34 Wisconsin water bodies from July 1991 to October 1994. Food occurred in 34.3% (N 5 375) of the stomachs, with most (74%) containing a single item. Overall, the proportion of muskellunge with food differed sig- ni®cantly among seasons, with the greatest proportion occurring in fall (69.0%), followed by summer (53.5%) and then spring (25.4%). Prey items consisted of 547 ®sh, representing 12 families and 31 species, along with 35 non®sh items; ®sh composed 98% of the diet. Relative importance values of diet items varied by taxa, season, and water body, but the main food items eaten by muskellunge in each season were yellow perch Perca ¯avescens and white sucker Catostomous commersoni. Black basses Micropterus spp., northern pike Esox lucius, walleye Stizostedion vitreum, cyprinids, and other taxa were less common in the diet. Prey ®sh ranged in size from 6% to 47% of muskellunge total length and prey length increased signi®cantly as muskellunge size increased. Yet the size of prey in proportion to muskellunge size remained the same for all sizes of mus- kellunge. The results of this study indicate that, if readily available, yellow perch and catostomids will compose a large proportion of the muskellunge diet. Additional studies assessing muskellunge diet among lakes having different prey community types and assessing diet in deeper offshore areas of lakes are needed to better understand the role that muskellunge play in aquatic communities. Muskellunge Esox masquinongy are ecologically oversaturation stocking or ``cramming'' occurs, important to aquatic systems (Mooradian and may negatively affect other sport ®sh (Crossman Shepherd 1973; Belusz and Witter 1986; Hanson 1986; Ragan et al. 1986; Seelbach 1988). 1986; Smith 1996) and their ®sheries are econom- Although the muskellunge is an important sport ically important to communities near them. Be- ®sh in Wisconsin and elsewhere, more information cause of their increasing popularity, the range of about its food habits is needed to better understand the muskellunge is being expanded in North Amer- its role in aquatic systems and its effects on other ica as many states and provinces introduce mus- ®sh species. Limited diet studies on muskellunge kellunge to new water bodies and initiate more have been conducted (Hourston 1952; Krska and intensive stocking programs (Crossman 1978; Ra- Applegate 1982; Deutsch 1986), but sample sizes gan et al. 1986). However, some ®sheries person- have been small, and generally only smaller mus- nel and sport anglers are concerned that the intro- kellunge were sampled. These studies have shown duction of muskellunge to new waters and addi- muskellunge to be primarily piscivorous, although tional supplemental stocking of lakes where mus- they are opportunistic feeders that eat a variety of Downloaded by [Minnesota Department Of Natural Resource] at 12:17 02 October 2015 kellunge ®sheries already exist, particularly where prey, from aquatic insects to ®sh to small mam- mals. Moreover, ontogenetic shifts in diet occur as * Corresponding author: [email protected] age-0 ®sh shift from zooplankton and invertebrate 1 Present address: Minnesota Department of Natural Re- prey to cyprinids and later to larger prey (MacKay sources, 392 Highway 11 E, International Falls, Min- and Werner 1934; Elson 1940; Muir 1960). Ca- nesota 56649, USA. tostomids, cyprinids, and percids have been re- 2 The U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Di- ported to be important foods of muskellunge vision; the Wisconsin Cooperative Fishery Research (Hourston 1952; Krska and Applegate 1982; Unit; the University of Wisconsin±Stevens Point; and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources coop- Deutsch 1986), yet in waters beyond the native erating. range of the muskellunge, (e.g., southern reser- 3 Deceased. voirs) gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum and 258 MUSKELLUNGE DIETS 259 common carp Cyprinus carpio are also known prey Additional boats were used on large lakes so that items (Vasey 1972; Axon 1981; Kinman 1989). the entire shoreline could be electro®shed in one Comprehensive studies of muskellunge diet night. Although electro®shing may cause regur- have been hampered by a variety of dif®culties gitation in ®sh (Bowen 1983), this was not ob- that stem from the problem of obtaining adequate served during this study. numbers of samples. Muskellunge usually occur Muskellunge were measured to the nearest 0.5 at low densities, are dispersed over large areas, cm total length (TL), stomach contents were re- often have empty stomachs, and are dif®cult to moved by ¯ushing with a pump, and the ®sh were handle. Muskellunge are usually considered too then released. Muskellunge were restrained in a valuable to kill for removal of stomach contents, 1.0-m by 0.4-m cradle with 1.0-cm stretched-mesh and agency personnel often are reluctant to remove netting during stomach ¯ushing. One person re- stomach contents from live ®sh for fear of injuring strained the muskellunge and massaged the stom- the ®sh (Deutsch 1986; Ragan et al. 1986; Kinman ach to maneuver food items anteriorly in the stom- 1989). Thus, ®sheries personnel have indicated ach cavity. The pump used for ¯ushing stomachs that more studies are needed to determine the diet was a modi®cation of the one described by Cross- of muskellunge and the effects of the species on man and Hamilton (1978; see Burri 1997). A cop- other ®shes (Ragan et al. 1986). The objective of per probe used for insertion into stomachs was this study was to determine the diet of muskellunge af®xed to a bilge pump powered by a 12-V battery. in a suite of water bodies across northern Wis- Stomach contents were ®rst ¯ushed into a 25-cm consin during spring, summer, and fall and to as- by 18-cm aquarium net of 2-mm stretched mesh, sess any patterns of prey consumption. and then the stomach was examined for residual prey items. On four occasions, we also used tubes Methods similar to those described by Van Den Avyle and Muskellunge were collected from 34 water bod- Roussel (1980) to visually identify and estimate ies in Wisconsin from July 1991 to October 1994 size of food items not removable by ¯ushing. to determine their diet. The lakes were predomi- Food items were identi®ed in the ®eld to the nantly in the northern third of the state and in- greatest level of taxonomic resolution possible, cluded those scheduled for routine assessments by grouped into taxonomic categories for analyses the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. (Table 1), and measured to the nearest millimeter Study lakes contained diverse assemblages of prey (TL for ®sh). Stomach contents that were dif®cult and a wide range of muskellunge densities (Tonn to identify were labeled, frozen in separate con- and Magnuson 1982). tainers ®lled with water, and brought to the lab- Data collection and analyses were strati®ed into oratory for identi®cation using taxonomic keys spring (April and May), summer (June, July, and (Hilsenhoff 1981; Becker 1983; Pennak 1989; August), and fall (September and October) peri- Oates et al. 1993). ods. Fyke netting, electro®shing, and angling were In the laboratory, whole food items were thawed the primary methods used to collect muskellunge. and blotted dry, and volume was determined by Fyke nets were ®shed from ice-out until after the water displacement. Fish specimens from the Uni- peak of spawning in spring and occasionally dur- versity of Wisconsin±Stevens Point Ichthyological ing summer ®sh removal projects. The fyke nets Museum were used to estimate initial volume for (13±38-mm stretched mesh) were ®shed with leads diet items that were partially digested. For prey perpendicular to shore. All ®sh were removed once ®sh where neither weight nor volume was mea- daily to minimize postcapture digestion and feed- sured, length±weight regression equations from Downloaded by [Minnesota Department Of Natural Resource] at 12:17 02 October 2015 ing while captured. After peak spawning until sam- Carlander (1969, 1977) were used to estimate vol- pling ceased in October, muskellunge were caught ume. The mean of the ®ve length±weight regres- using electro®shing boats operating with 175±425 sion equations (i.e., coef®cients were averaged) V, 1±4 A of AC and two dippers.
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