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(D. Don Endl) and Taxodium Distichum (L. Rich) Cultivated in Egypt

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(D. Don Endl) and Taxodium Distichum (L. Rich) Cultivated in Egypt Comparative Pharmacognostical Study and Tissue Culture of Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don Endl) and Taxodium distichum (L. Rich) Cultivated in Egypt A thesis submitted by: Mahmoud Anter Mohamed Arafat Demonstrator of Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University For the partial fulfillment of the M.Sc. in Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacognosy) Under the supervision of: Prof. Dr. Seham Salah El-Din El-Hawary Professor of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University Assistant Prof. Mohamed Abd El-Atty Rabeh Assistant Professor of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University Assistant Prof. Essam M. Abd El-Kadder Assistant Professor at Horticulture Research Institute Agricultural Research Center Pharmacognosy Department Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University 2018 1 Abstract: Aiming to identify and authenticate Sequoia sempervirens (D.Don Endl) and Taxodium distichum (L.Rich) cultivated in Egypt. RAPD technique was employed to identify unique DNA markers and establish a typical fingerprint for S. sempervirens and T. distichum. The amplification profile of S. sempervirens was screened and a total of 18 different RAPD fragments had been recorded while the amplification profile of T. distichum was screened and a total of 15 different RAPD fragments had been recorded. Macromorphological and micromorphological studies of S. sempervirens and T. distichum had been done. The results of preliminary phytochemical screening of both plants showed the absence of alkaloids, anthraquinones, catechol tannins or cardiac glycosides in non-flowering parts of S. sempervirens and T. distichum. Sterols and/or triterpenoids, pyrogallol tannins, carbohydrate and/or glycosides and flavonoids were detected in all of the tested parts of the plants. Volatile substances were detected in very low amounts in non-flowering parts of both plants. GC/MS analysis of hexane extract of non-flowering parts of S. sempervirens and T. distichum revealed that unsaturated fatty acids were present in higher percentage than saturated fatty acids in both S. sempervirens and T. distichum. 8β-hydroxypimar-15-en- 19-oic acid had been isolated from hexane fraction of T. distichum. Apigenin, luteolin and tricetin had been isolated from ethyl acetate fraction of S. sempervirens and hyperoside and catechin had been from ethyl acetate fraction of T. distichum. Total phenolics and flavonoids content were measured by Folin–Ciocalteu and AlCl3 methods respectively in non- flowering parts of S. sempervirens and T. distichum. S. sempervirens contained higher amount of phenolics and flavonoids than T. distichum. HPLC analysis of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in leaves and stems of S. sempervirens 2 and T. distichum identified four flavonoids (apigenin, kaempferol, quercetin and luteolin). A tissue culture study was conducted to investigate the possibility of in vitro propagation of the plants and enhance its production of secondary metabolites. Different parts of the plant (young and fully grown leaves and stem nodes) and different growth regulators were used for callus production and all treatments produced callus in case of S. sempervirens but no callus was formed in case of T.distichum. The formed callus was treated with different physical and chemical elicitors. Total phenolics and flavonoids contents with their HPLC analysis were estimated for callus formed. Antimicrobial, anti-arthritic, anti-diabetic and hepatoprotective studies had been done for ethanolic extract of non-flowering parts of S. sempervirens and T. distichum. Introduction: I. Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don Endl): Genus Sequoia includes one species sempervirens which belongs to the gymenosperms, class Coniferophytes, order Coniferales, sub-order Abietales, family Taxodiaceae. Redwoods Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don Endl) are one of the most productive timber types in the United States and provide an important supply of high quality wood fiber. Several other tree species occured in the middle and lower strata and among them evergreen broad leaf trees were most important. Average tree height of the upper stratum is 87.6 m. The range of Sequoia sempervirens extends along the Pacific Coast of the United States from the extreme southwestern corner of Oregon southward to Salmon Creek Canyon in the Santa Lucia Mountains of southern Monterey County. The tree is characterized by a thick, fibrous, and deeply furrowed bark along with fire-resistant reddish-brown heartwood. Leaves of S. sempervirens 3 are dimorphic, including linear and scale-like leaves. The linear leaves are spirally arranged or occasionally sub-opposite. II. Taxodium distichum (L. Rich): Taxodium distichum Rich (Taxodiaceae), commonly known as “bald” or “swamp” cypress, is well known as an extant deciduous, living fossil conifer indigenous to the southern part of North America. Its location is primarily in the South East United States. Taxus is a conifer and grows in similar habitats to bald cypress. Both genera are evergreens with linear two- ranked leaves and both prefer damp environments. Its heartwood is used for building materials because of its resistance to attack from subterranean termites. It is growing over 25 m in height and over 300 cm d.b.h. (diameter at breast height). The leaves are small, 5–20 mm long, green to yellow-green and appearing two-ranked. Young trees have a pyramid shape but eventually form an irregular flattened canopy. The fruits are cones and are composed of pellate scales forming a woody, brown sphere with rough surface 1.5 to 4 cm in diameter. The cones disintegrate into irregular seeds. Aim of work: This work is designed to provide the basic pharmacognostical characteristics of S. sempervirens (D.Don End) and T. distichum (L. Rich) introduced in Egypt through: - Characterization of the S. sempervirens (D. Don Endl) and T. distichum (L. Rich) including DNA fingerprinting and botanical study. - Phytochemical investigation, isolation and identification of the major secondary metabolites from S. sempervirens (D. Don Endl) and T. distichum (L. Rich) non-flowering parts. 4 - Exploring possible bioactivities of S. sempervirens (D. Don Endl) and T. distichum (L. Rich) extracts from non-flowering parts. The objectives of tissue culture study were:- - To develop biotechnological methods for culturing plant cells and tissue to provide a new mean of conserving and rapidly propagating the plant. - Establish a protocol for callus culture (initiation and growth) from S. sempervirens (D. Don Endl) and T. distichum (L. Rich). - Study the effect of different chemical and physical elicitors on growth and secondary metabolites production from callus cultures. Review: A- Constituents review: I. Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don Endl): (Son et al. 2005) isolated abietane diterpene called 20-hydroxyferruginol, ferruginol, 18-hydroxyferruginol, sugiol, and 6-hydroxysugiol from ethanolic extract of cones using preparative reverse phase HPLC. (Zhang et al. 2004) isolated norlignane called sequosempervirin A from acetone extract of branches and leaves. (Zhang et al. 2005) isolated norlignanes called sequosempervirins B-E, agatharesinol and agatharesinol acetonide from acetone extract of branches and leaves. Other norlignanes called sequosempervirins F-G and sugiresinol were isolated from methanolic extract of branches and leaves. (Balogh & Anderson 1965) isolated and identified three phenolic compounds called sequirins A, B, and C from the extractives of redwood heartwood (bark). (Begley et al. 1978) isolated and identified phenolic compound called sequirins D from the extractives of redwood heartwood (bark) and this compound was determined by X-ray analysis. (Taha & El Shakour 2017) identified and quantified twelve phenolic acids 5 called caffeic acid, sinapic acid, cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, coumaric acid, protocatechuic acid, gentisic acid, chlorogenic acid, salicylic acid, syringic acid and hydroxybenzoic acid from ethyl acetate fraction of the leaves using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). (Anderson et al. 1968) isolated four cyclitols compounds called myo-inositol, (+)-inositol, sequoyitol and pinitol from the extractives of redwood heartwood using cellulose-column chromatography. (Riffer et al. 1969) obtained essential oils from Sequoia sempervirens and analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The main compounds were α-pinene (77%), β-pinene (1%), myrcene (1%), and Limonene (21%). (Okamoto et al. 1981) isolated about thirty-five volatile components from the leaves by steam distillation and pentane extraction. These components were characterized by GC-MS and infrared spectra. Four resin acids were obtained from Sequoia sempervirens and analyzed by gas- liquid chromatography (GLC) by (Riffer et al. 1969) . The main compounds were levopimaric acid, isopimaric, a small amount of sandaracopimaric, and a trace of pimaric acid. (Stafford & Lester 1986) isolated four flavonoids called catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin and epigallocatechin from aqueous methanolic extract of the leaves. (Taha & El Shakour 2017) identified and quantified fifteen flavonoids called luteolin-7-O-glucoside, vicenin-II, mangiferin, quercetin-3,7-di-O-glucoside, isovitexin, kaempferol, vitexin, quercetin, luteolin, apigenin, orientin, isoorientin, rutin, apigenin-7-O- rutinoside and epicatchin from ethyl acetate fraction of the leaves using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). II. Taxodium distichum (L. Rich): (Morris et al. 1969) isolated two diterpenoids structures
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