DOCSLIB.ORG

A Baseline to Understand and Reduce Acoustic Impact on Biodiversity

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Baseline to Understand and Reduce Acoustic Impact on Biodiversity Biodiversità Mediterranea – Internazionale Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali BIO/06 Mining extraction in the ocean depths: a baseline to understand and reduce acoustic impact on biodiversity PhD CANDIDATE PhD COORDINATOR MANUELA MAURO PROF.SSA MARIA ANTONIETTA GERMANA’ SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR PROF.SSA MIRELLA VAZZANA PROF.SSA ISABEL PÉREZ ARJONA PROF. EDUARDO JORGE BELDA PÉREZ DOTT.SALVATORE MAZZOLA CICLO XXXII 2020 2 To my mom, to her dream began reality 3 4 Abstract Throughout history, man has exploited the earth's mineral resources for its survival and for technological development without regard for their regeneration. Given the growth of the world population and given the fall in resources, man started looking for new deposits, which were found in 1960s in the ocean depths. Humankind then began to consider extracting minerals from these deposits and this gave origin to Deep Sea Mining (DSM). The consequences of mining activities in the deep sea are not entirely known and the effects can be varied: noise pollution, light pollution, chemical pollution, habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation and the loss of species which we consider the basis of many life systems. The acoustic impact of these activities could have significant consequences on marine species; nevertheless, this has been the most overlooked issue to date. The aim of this PhD project was to provide baseline knowledge of possible acoustic impacts of DSM on biodiversity before mining begins. In order to do this, the PhD project was organised into 3 different stages. First, during an indoor experiment, the biochemical responses of invertebrates Arbacia lixula and Mytilus galloprovincialis subjected to acoustic stress were analysed. The results showed significant changes in cytotoxicity activity, expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs), and enzyme activities (esterases, alkaline phosphatases, peroxidases) in the coelomic fluid of sea urchins subjected to acoustic stress. Significant effects were also observed in glucose levels, cytotoxicity and enzyme activities (esterase, alkaline phosphatase, peroxidase) in the digestive gland of the mussel. Second, the biochemical responses of vertebrates and invertebrates subjected in-situ to watergun emission were analysed: Chromis chromis, Holothuria tubulosa and Arbacia lixula. Significant effects on fish cortisol levels and on enzyme activities in sea urchin peristomes were found. Furthermore, 5 the enzyme biochemical responses analysed in the coelomic fluids of echinoderms showed significant effects only in A. lixula sea urchin and only in peroxidase activity. Third, behavioural changes in experimental conditions were studied in juveniles of Sparus aurata subjected to 4 different acoustic emission frequencies. This experiment showed that only low frequencies had effects on all the behavioural responses analysed: swimming height, motility and dispersion of the group. Based on behavioural data obtained in vivo on juvenile fish, a numerical model was created to predict the impacts of different acoustic emission frequencies. Using the results obtained and literature, a first technical standard useful for mining activities was drawn up. Keywords: biochemical parameters; behavioural responses; Deep Sea Mining; noise pollution; physiological responses 6 Resumen A lo largo de la historia, el hombre ha explotado los recursos minerales de la tierra para su supervivencia y desarrollo tecnológico sin un equilibrio con su regeneración. Dado el crecimiento de la población mundial y la reducción de recursos, el hombre comenzó a buscar nuevos depósitos que se encontraron en la década de 1960 en las profundidades de los océanos. Con estos, la humanidad empezò a pensar en extraer los minerales de estos depósitos y esto llevò al nacimiento de Deep Sea Mining (DSM). Las consecuencias de las actividades mineras en las profundidades del mar no se conocen realmente y los efectos pueden ser diferentes: contaminación acústica, contaminación lumínica, contaminación química, destrucción del hábitat, fragmentación del hábitat y pérdida de especies que son la base de muchos sistemas vitales. El impacto acústico de estas actividades puede tener importantes consecuencias en las especies marinas, aunque este es el tema más ignorado. El propósito de este proyecto de doctorado fue proporcionar una comprensión básica de los posibles impactos acústicos del DSM en la biodiversidad antes de que comiencen estas actividades. Para hacer esto, el proyecto de doctorado se organizó en varios pasos. Primero, durante un experimento indoor, se analizaron las respuestas bioquímicas en invertebrados sometidos a estrés acústico, Arbacia lixula y Mytilus galloprovincialis. Los resultados demostraron efectos significativos en la actividad de citotoxicidad, expresión de heat shock protein (HSPs) y actividades enzimáticas (esterasas, fosfatasas alcalinas, peroxidasas) en el líquido celomático de los erizos de mar sometidos a estrés acústico. También se observaron efectos significativos en el nivel de glucosa, la citotoxicidad y las actividades enzimáticas (esterasa, fosfatasa alcalina, peroxidasa) de la glándula digestiva del mejillón. En segundo lugar, se analizaron las respuestas 7 bioquímicas de vertebrados e invertebrados sometidos in-situ a la emisión de watergun: Chromis chromis, Holothuria tubulosa y Arbacia lixula. Se encontraron efectos significativos sobre los niveles de cortisol en peces y las actividades enzimáticas (esterasas, fosfatasas alcalinas, peroxidasas y superoxide dismutasas) en membrana peristomial de erizo de mar. Además, las respuestas bioquímicas enzimáticas analizadas en los fluidos celómicos de los equinodermos fue significativa solo por A. lixula y solo en la activade peroxidasica. Tercero se estudiaron los cambios de comportamiento en las condiciones experimentales en juveniles de Sparus aurata sometidos a 4 frecuencias de emisión acústica diferentes. Este experimento demostró que solo las bajas frecuencias tuvieron efectos en todas las respuestas comportamental: altura de natación, motilidad y dispersión del grupo. Sobre la base de los datos de comportamiento obtenidos in vivo en peces jóvenes, se creó un modelo numérico para predecir los impactos de diferentes frecuencias de emisión acústica. Utilizando los resultados obtenidos y la bibliografía científica, se propuso un primer estándar técnico que es útil para la minería. 8 Resumé A lo llarc de l'historia, l'home ha explotat els recursos minerals de la terra per a la seua supervivencia i desenroll tecnologic sense un equilibri en la seua regeneracio. Donat el creiximent de la poblacio mundial i la reduccio de recursos, l'home escomençà a buscar nous deposits que se trobaren en la decada de 1960 en les fondaries dels oceans. En estos, l'humanitat empezò a pensar en extraure els minerals d'estos deposits i aço llevò al naiximent de Deep Sea Mining (DSM). Les conseqüencies de les activitats mineres en les fondaries del mar no se coneixen realment i els efectes poden ser diferents: contaminacio acustica, contaminacio lluminica, contaminacio quimica, destruccio de l'habitat, fragmentacio de l'habitat i perdua d'especies que son la base de molts sistemes vitals. L'impacte acustic d'estes activitats pot tindre importants conseqüencies en les especies marines, encara que este es el tema mes ignorat. El proposit d'este proyecte de doctorat fon proporcionar una comprensio basica dels possibles impactes acustics del DSM en la biodiversidad abans de que escomencen estes activitats. Per a fer aço, el proyecte de doctorat s'organisà en varis passos. Primer, durant un experiment indoor, s'analisaren les respostes bioquimiques en invertebrats somesos a estrés acustic, Arbacia lixula i Mytilus galloprovincialis. Els resultats demostraren efectes significatius en l'activitat de citotoxicidad, expressio d'heat shock protein (HSPS) i activitats enzimáticas (esterasa, fosfatasas alcalina, peroxidasas) en el liquit celomático dels capellanets de mar somesos a estrés acustic. Tambe s'observaren efectes significatius en el nivell de glucosa, la citotoxicidad i les activitats enzimáticas (esterasa, fosfatasa alcalina, peroxidasas) de la glandula digestiva de la clochina. En segon lloc, s'analisaren les respostes bioquimiques de vertebrats i invertebrats somesos in-situ a l'emissio de watergun: Chromis chromis, Holothuria 9 tubulosa i Arbacia lixula. se trobaren efectes significatius sobre els nivells de cortisol en peixos i les activitats enzimáticas (esterasas, fosfatasas alcalines, peroxidasas y superoxide dimutases) en peristomes de capellanet de mar. Ademes, les respostes bioquimiques enzimáticas analisades en els decorreguts celómicos dels equinoderms fon significativa nomes per A. lixula i nomes en l'activade peroxidasica. Tercer s'estudiaren els canvis de comportament en les condicions experimentals en jovenils de Sparus aurata somesos a 4 freqüencies d'emissio acustica diferents. Este experiment demostrà que nomes les baixes freqüencies tingueren efectes en totes les respostes comportamental: alçada de natacio, motilidad i escampada del grup. Sobre la base de les senyes de comportament obtinguts in vivo en peixos jovens, se creó un model numeric per a predecir els impactes de diferents freqüencies d'emissio acustica. Utilisant els resultats obtinguts i la bibliografia cientifica, se propongue un primer estandart tecnic que es util per a la mineria. 10 Index 1.Introduction ............................................................................................................ 13 1.1 General
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Assessment of Coastal Water Resources and Watershed Conditions at Katmai National Park and Preserve (Alaska)
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resources Program Center Assessment of Coastal Water Resources and Watershed Conditions at Katmai National Park and Preserve (Alaska) Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/NRWRD/NRTR—2007/372 Cover photo: Glacier emerging from the slopes of Mt Douglas toward the Katmai coastline. August 2005. Photo: S.Nagorski 2 Assessment of Coastal Water Resources and Watershed Conditions at Katmai National Park and Preserve (Alaska) Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/NRWRD/NRTR-2007/372 Sonia Nagorski Environmental Science Program University of Alaska Southeast Juneau, AK 99801 Ginny Eckert Biology Program University of Alaska Southeast Juneau, AK 99801 Eran Hood Environmental Science Program University of Alaska Southeast Juneau, AK 99801 Sanjay Pyare Environmental Science Program University of Alaska Southeast Juneau, AK 99801 This report was prepared under Task Order J9W88050014 of the Pacific Northwest Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Unit (agreement CA90880008) Water Resources Division Natural Resource Program Center 1201 Oakridge Drive, Suite 250 Fort Collins, CO 80525 June 2007 U.S. Department of Interior Washington, D.C. 3 The Natural Resource Publication series addresses natural resource topics that are of interest and applicability to a broad readership in the National Park Service and to others in the management of natural resources, including the scientific community, the public, and the NPS conservation and environmental constituencies. Manuscripts are peer-reviewed to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the audience, and is designed and published in a professional manner. The Natural Resource Technical Reports series is used to disseminate the peer-reviewed results of scientific studies in the physical, biological, and social sciences for both the advancement of science and the achievement of the National Park Service’s mission.
    [Show full text]
  • Trade in Seahorses and Other Syngnathids in Countries Outside Asia (1998-2001)
    ISSN 1198-6727 Fisheries Centre Research Reports 2011 Volume 19 Number 1 Trade in seahorses and other syngnathids in countries outside Asia (1998-2001) Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Canada Trade in seahorses and other syngnathids in countries outside Asia (1998-2001) 1 Edited by Amanda C.J. Vincent, Brian G. Giles, Christina A. Czembor and Sarah J. Foster Fisheries Centre Research Reports 19(1) 181 pages © published 2011 by The Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia 2202 Main Mall Vancouver, B.C., Canada, V6T 1Z4 ISSN 1198-6727 1 Cite as: Vincent, A.C.J., Giles, B.G., Czembor, C.A., and Foster, S.J. (eds). 2011. Trade in seahorses and other syngnathids in countries outside Asia (1998-2001). Fisheries Centre Research Reports 19(1). Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia [ISSN 1198-6727]. Fisheries Centre Research Reports 19(1) 2011 Trade in seahorses and other syngnathids in countries outside Asia (1998-2001) edited by Amanda C.J. Vincent, Brian G. Giles, Christina A. Czembor and Sarah J. Foster CONTENTS DIRECTOR ’S FOREWORD ......................................................................................................................................... 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................. 2 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 2 Methods ...........................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Aphanomyces Invadans R NUMBER: R6979 PROGRAMME: Aquaculture Research Programme (ARP) PROGRAMME MANAGER (INSTITUTION): Prof J.F
    DFID Applied studies on epizootic ulcerative syndrome Final Report February 2001 Project R6979 of the Aquaculture Research Programme of the Department for International Development of the United Kingdom This document is an output from a project funded by the UK Department for International Development (DFID) for the benefit of developing countries. The views expressed are not necessarily those of DFID. Hard copies of this report can be obtained from: ARP Manager Institute of Aquaculture University of Stirling Stirling FK9 4LA Scotland, UK Institute of Aquaculture University of Stirling, Scotland Aquatic Animal Health Research Institute Department of Fisheries, Thailand PROJECT COMPLETION SUMMARY SHEET Sheet Completed 28 February 2001 TITLE OF PROJECT: Applied studies on EUS - The ecology, immunogenicity and treatment of Aphanomyces invadans R NUMBER: R6979 PROGRAMME: Aquaculture Research Programme (ARP) PROGRAMME MANAGER (INSTITUTION): Prof J.F. Muir PROGRAMME PURPOSE: Productive benefits of aquatic resources for poor people generated through improved knowledge of aquaculture processes and their management PRODUCTION SYSTEM: Land/Water Interface BENEFICIARIES: Asian freshwater fish farmers TARGET INSTITUTIONS: AAHRI, FRI, BAU, CARE-LIFE, CIFA, BFAR, FDD, FRTI, RIA1 GEOGRAPHIC FOCUS: Southeast and South Asia Planned Actual START DATE: 1 July 1997 1 July 1997 FINISH DATE: 31 December 2000 28 February 2001 TOTAL COST: £250,613 £248,613 1. Project purpose: To generate the information needed for the formulation of strategies to contain EUS; and to develop and introduce improved prophylactic and therapeutic treatments to provide fish farmers with a means of reducing losses due to EUS. 2. Outputs: Some modifications were made to the original logical framework in January 1999.
    [Show full text]
  • Bonneville Tule Fall Chinook
    HATCHERY AND GENETIC MANAGEMENT PLAN (HGMP) Hatchery Program: Bonneville Hatchery Tule Fall Chinook Salmon Program Species or Tule Fall Chinook Salmon Hatchery Stock: Stock 14 Agency/Operator: Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife Watershed and Region: Lower Columbia River Date Submitted: May 10, 2016 First Update Submitted: October 18, 2017 Date Last Updated: October 17, 2017 1 SECTION 1. GENERAL PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 1.1) Name of hatchery or program. Bonneville Hatchery, tule fall Chinook Salmon program. 1.2) Species and population (or stock) under propagation, and ESA status. Tule fall Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (stock 14) is under this propagation program. Several races and populations of Chinook Salmon produced within the sub-basins of the lower Columbia River are part of the Lower Columbia River Chinook Salmon Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU)), which is listed as “Threatened” under the federal Endangered Species Act (ESA). The early-run tule race of fall Chinook Salmon produced at Bonneville Hatchery is not considered as part of the ESU, and therefore, not listed under the ESA. 1.3) Responsible organization and individuals. Lead Contact: Name (and title): Scott Patterson, Fish Propagation Program Manager Agency or Tribe: Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Address: 4304 Fairview Industrial Drive SE, Salem, OR 97302 Telephone: (503) 947-6218 Fax: (503) 947-6202/6203 Email: [email protected] Onsite Hatchery Contact: Name (and title): Greg Davis, Bonneville Hatchery Manger Agency or Tribe: Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Address: 70543 NE Herman Loop Telephone: (541) 374-8393 Fax: (541) 374-8090 Email: [email protected] Other agencies, Tribes, co-operators, or organizations involved, including contractors, and extent of involvement in the program: National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) provides funding for Bonneville Hatchery tule fall Chinook program.
    [Show full text]
  • Fish in Renaissance Dietary Theory Ken Albala University of the Pacific, [email protected]
    University of the Pacific Scholarly Commons College of the Pacific aF culty Books and Book All Faculty Scholarship Chapters 1-1-1998 Fish in Renaissance Dietary Theory Ken Albala University of the Pacific, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/cop-facbooks Part of the Food Security Commons, History Commons, and the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Albala, K. (1998). Fish in Renaissance Dietary Theory. In Harlan Walker (Eds.), Fish: Food from the Waters (9–19). Totnes, Devon, England: Oxford Symposium/Prospect https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/cop-facbooks/32 This Contribution to Book is brought to you for free and open access by the All Faculty Scholarship at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in College of the Pacific aF culty Books and Book Chapters by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Fish in Renaissance Dietary Theory Ken Albala It is clear that the rising consumption of fish in recent decades can be ascribed in large measure to the favorable verdict of physicians and nutritionists. Fish offers a nutritional profile that fits in well with current dietary principles. Was this not also the case with past nutritional theory? Did the advice of physicians formerly dissuade consumers from eating fish, so that a modern revival was required? This paper will attempt to answer that question by examining European nutritional theory from the invention of printing to the mid-seventeenth century to establish the possible origin of fish aversion. The story, however, is not simply that past physicians banned fish from a healthy diet; the situation is far more complicated.
    [Show full text]
  • Aquaculture in Africa = La Pisciculture En Afrique
    459 Chapitre 22 AQUACULTURE IN AFRICA LA PISCICULTURE EN AFRIQUE P. B. N Jackson 1 - INTRODUCTION Though aquaculture is of considerable antiquity especially in the Far East, and even though the first record of fish in ponds is from an Egyptian bas-relief of yet greater age @mignon, 1962 ; Balarin & Hatton, 1979), fish farming in Afiica is an activity of very recent origin. This is because until recently, human populations in Afiica were small enough for their needs to be met by the natural reproduction of fish, without having to breed and grow them artificially. SO a tradition of the culture of fish and other aquatic organisms never became established in Aftica as it did in the Orient. However though fish were not held in captivity, practices such as the trapping of fish behind fentes or weirs, which are widespread in many areas, and espe- cially the concentrating of fish in lagoons or floodplains in Benin by means of «acadjas» or fish-parks made of brushwood (Welcomme, 1971), are certainly steps in this direction. Given time, therefore, a fish culture tradition may have evolved independently in Africa, but events were overtaken and the process hastened by the importation of culture techniques from elsewhere. Such importations generally began with the techniques of breeding sport angling fish, parti- cularly trout and vatious bass species,also the «Sandre» (Stizostedion Iucioperca into Morocco (J. Arrignon pers. com.), for sport fishing, but even the earliest hatcheries for this purpose are less than a hundred years old. The breeding of fish for food is still more recent and correlated with the great increases in human populations, whose impact, especially the need to provide more food, only began to be felt well into the twentieth Century.
    [Show full text]
  • Fishes of the World
    Fishes of the World Fishes of the World Fifth Edition Joseph S. Nelson Terry C. Grande Mark V. H. Wilson Cover image: Mark V. H. Wilson Cover design: Wiley This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with the respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be createdor extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation.
    [Show full text]
  • Late 17Th Century AD Faunal Remains from the Dutch 'Fort Frederik Hendrik'
    10. ARCH. VOL. 18 (2ª):Maquetación 1 25/9/09 11:43 Página 159 Archaeofauna 18 (2009): 159-184 Late 17th century AD faunal remains from the Dutch ‘Fort Frederik Hendrik’ at Mauritius (Indian Ocean) NOUD PETERS1, WIM VAN NEER2, SOFIE DEBRUYNE3 & SEM PETERS4 1Markt 11, 5492 AA Sint-Oedenrode. The Netherlands. 2Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium and Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Laboratory of Animal Biodiversity and Systematics, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven. Belgium. 3Flemish Heritage Institute, Phoenix building, Koning Albert II-laan 19 box 5, B-1210 Brussels. Belgium. 4BAAC (Bureau for Building History, Archaeology, Architectural and Cultural History), Graaf van Solmsweg 103, 5222 BS, ‘s Hertogenbosch. The Netherlands. [email protected] (Received 24 April 2009; Revised 27 May 2009; Accepted 2 June 2009) ABSTRACT: The fauna is described from a refuse layer, excavated at Fort Frederik Hendrik on the island of Mauritius and dating to the last quarter of the 17th century AD. The animal remains enable the reconstruction of the food procurement strategies of the Dutch inhabitants of the fort and document the fauna at a time when the island’s original fauna had apparently already suf- fered heavily from human interference and from the negative impact of introduced species. The animal remains do not include any bones from the dodo, or other endemic birds, and neither is there evidence for the exploitation of the large, endemic terrestrial tortoises, also now extinct. Dugong, which are locally extinct nowadays, and marine turtles were also exploited as food, but the major meat providers were the introduced mammals: cattle, pigs, and especially, goat and Java deer.
    [Show full text]
  • Une 1991/$ 1.50 V
    une 1991/$ 1.50 V r^ i ^ » v-^.V, 4 8fymU7(M Historic Decision To most Pennsylvania trout fishermen, and to many others, the names Spring Creek and Fisherman's Paradise are synonymous with quality trout fishing. The Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission has deep roots in the Spring Creek Watershed, and to many employees the watershed is both their workplace and home. Three very important fish culture facilities are located on lands adjacent to Spring Creek. These include the Bellefonte trout production station and the Upper Spring Creek warm water/cool water propagation facility, and the combination trout produc­ tion station and world-renowned fisheries research station at Benner Spring. The Pleasant Gap Fish Culture Station is also located on the headwaters of the Logan Branch of Spring Creek, together with the headquarters of two of the Commission's largest Bureaus: Fisheries, and Property and Facilities Management. The H. R. Stackhouse School of Fishery Conservation and Watercraft Safety, which serves as the training center for Commission employees and volunteers, is also located adjacent to Spring Creek, together with a firearms training center for conser­ vation officer instruction. The best known section of Spring Creek is the world-famous Fisherman's Paradise, a specially regulated one-mile length of stream adjacent to the Bellefonte hatchery. Farther downstream, on lands owned by the Commission, is the Spring Creek Slalom Course, which is heavily used for training and recreation by kayak and canoe enthusiasts. The borough of Bellefonte maintains a trout exhibition area adjacent to the Tallyrand public park where the stream passes through the center of the commu­ Edward R.
    [Show full text]
  • Instream 7: Instream Flow Assessment and Management Model For
    InSTREAM 7: Instream flow assessment and management model for stream trout In press at: Rivers Research and Applications August, 2021 Running title: InSTREAM 7 Salmonid Population Model for Instream Flow Assessment Steven F. Railsback Humboldt State University, Department of Mathematics, and Lang Railsback and Associates, Arcata, CA, 95521 Daniel Ayllón Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Faculty of Biology, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Madrid, Spain Bret C. Harvey USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 1700 Bayview Drive, Arcata, CA Corresponding author: Steven Railsback, [email protected]. 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Development of inSTREAM and related models has been funded by the U.S. Forest Service, Environmental Protection Agency, Fish and Wildlife Service, and Bureau of Reclamation; the Electric Power Research Institute; and the Pacific Gas and Electric and Southern California Edison companies. Development of inSTREAM 7 was funded in part by the U.S. Forest Service’s Pacific Southwest Research Station and by the River Ecology & Management Research Group of Karlstad University and Vattenfall AB (Sweden). 2 ABSTRACT Mechanistic, individual-based simulation models have been used for >25 years to overcome well-known limitations of “habitat suitability” models. InSTREAM 7 is the latest of our individual-based models for predicting effects of flow and temperature regimes on stream salmonid populations. Unlike PHABSIM (or other methods based on habitat “quality,” e.g., as net rate of energy intake), inSTREAM mechanistically represents specific effects of flow and temperature on all life stages, and how those effects combine into testable predictions of population measures such as abundance, relative abundance of multiple trout species, and persistence.
    [Show full text]
  • Instream Flow Assessment and Management Model for Stream Trout
    Received: 7 April 2021 Revised: 27 July 2021 Accepted: 28 July 2021 DOI: 10.1002/rra.3845 RESEARCH ARTICLE InSTREAM 7: Instream flow assessment and management model for stream trout Steven F. Railsback1 | Daniel Ayllon 2 | Bret C. Harvey3 1Department of Mathematics, Humboldt State University and Lang Railsback and Associates, Abstract Arcata, California, USA Mechanistic, individual-based simulation models have been used for >25 years to 2 Faculty of Biology, Department of overcome well-known limitations of “habitat suitability” models. InSTREAM 7 is the Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), latest of our individual-based models for predicting the effects of flow and tempera- Madrid, Spain ture regimes on stream salmonid populations. Unlike PHABSIM (or other methods 3Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA “ ” Forest Service, Arcata, California, USA based on habitat quality, e.g., as net rate of energy intake), inSTREAM mechanisti- cally represents specific effects of flow and temperature on all life stages, and how Correspondence Steven F. Railsback, Department of those effects combine into testable predictions of population measures such as abun- Mathematics, Humboldt State University and dance, relative abundance of multiple trout species, and persistence. InSTREAM 7 is Lang Railsback and Associates, Arcata, CA 95521, USA. the first version to also represent the daily light cycle (dawn, day, dusk, and night) Email: [email protected] and how feeding, predation risk, and individual behavior vary among light phases. An Funding information example assessment illustrates the importance of inSTREAM's multiple mechanisms: River Ecology & Management Research Group predicted trout population response to flow and temperature regimes depended on of Karlstad University and Vattenfall AB (Sweden); Pacific Southwest Research Station, the effects of sub-lethal temperatures on feeding behavior and effects of tempera- U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Dismantling Media Produced Fear Toward Predators
    Running head: PREDATOR RELATIONS IN THE MEDIA i Dismantling media produced fear toward predators Nicole Pavla Schafer University of Otago 2011 PREDATOR RELATIONS IN THE MEDIA ii Abstract Top predators like the shark were once revered as guardian deities - now they are demonized as terrorizing killers. While once respected and worshipped they are now considered to be the epitome of evil and malevolence. This transformation in our emotional response and perception is due in large part to the media. The media creates fear with their use of framing, images, and agendas that emphasize the sensational. Fear is a motivating force and a compelling emotion used by the media to increase ratings and keep the reader or viewer interested. Predators are receiving negative publicity and it is impairing conservation efforts launched on their behalf. A change in the media’s treatment of predators and a significant change in their audience’s expectations may be the only way to develop a more realistic and appropriate public attitude toward predators. This thesis will explore this predicament by creating an understanding of what fear is, how it is generated, and how the media uses it, before suggesting solutions that might decrease sensationalism and increase the factual content of media reports. The creative component of the thesis, the twenty-five minute film Tangled Waters, illustrates how the small community of Dunedin, New Zealand brought an end to a forty-year practice of shark netting. In 1967, Dunedin placed anti-shark nets off three beaches to protect beachgoers from great white sharks. Ratepayers came together and campaigned to not only save themselves $38,000 a year of council spending, but also to positively support their local marine wildlife.
    [Show full text]