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Orchestration of Lymphocyte Chemotaxis By Published December 4, 2006 ARTICLE Orchestration of lymphocyte chemotaxis by mitochondrial dynamics Silvia Campello,1 Rosa Ana Lacalle,2 Monica Bettella,1 Santos Mañes,2 Luca Scorrano,3 and Antonella Viola1,4 1Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, 35100 Padua, Italy 2Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia, 28049 Madrid, Spain 3Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padua, Italy 4Istituto Clinico Humanitas, 20089 Rozzano (MI), Italy Lymphocyte traffi c is required to maintain homeostasis and perform appropriate immuno- logical reactions. To migrate into infl amed tissues, lymphocytes must acquire spatial and functional asymmetries. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that distribute in the cytoplasm to meet specifi c cellular needs, but whether this is essential to lymphocyte Downloaded from functions is unknown. We show that mitochondria specifi cally concentrate at the uropod during lymphocyte migration by a process involving rearrangements of their shape. Mito- chondrial fi ssion facilitates relocation of the organelles and promotes lymphocyte chemo- taxis, whereas mitochondrial fusion inhibits both processes. Our data substantiate a new role for mitochondrial dynamics and suggest that mitochondria redistribution is required to regulate the motor of migrating cells. jem.rupress.org CORRESPONDENCE Lymphocytes are able to sense extracellular results from a regulated balance between fusion Antonella Viola: directional chemoattractant gradients and and fi ssion events, tightly controlled by a grow- [email protected] to respond with asymmetric changes in cell ing family of so-called “mitochondria-shaping” morphology (polarization) and mobility (che- proteins. These include both profusion mem- Abbreviations used: AKTPH- on May 10, 2016 GFP, pleckstrin homology motaxis). Cell polarization and chemotaxis de- bers, such as the large dynamin-like GTPases domain of AKT fused to GFP; pend on the signaling of seven-transmembrane Opa1 and mitofusin (Mfn) 1 and 2, and profi s- CCL, CC chemokine ligand; CXCL, CXC chemokine receptors coupled to heterotrimeric Gi proteins sion members, such as the cytosolic GTPase ligand; dHL-60, diff erentiated (G protein–coupled receptors). To achieve di- dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and its outer HL-60; Drp1, dynamin-related rected movement, cells organize and maintain mitochondrial membrane adaptor hFis1 (7). To protein 1; fMLP, N-formyl- Met-Leu-Phe; Mfn, mitofusin; spatial and functional asymmetry with a defi ned move, the extensive mitochondrial network MLC, myosin light chain; anterior (leading edge) and posterior (uropod) must be divided into smaller organelles that can MTOC, microtubule organizing (1, 2). In lymphoid cells, the leading edge con- be readily cargoed by plus- and minus-end di- The Journal of Experimental Medicine center; mtRFP and mtYFP, tains the cell machinery for actin polymeriza- rected motors (8). To this end, the machinery mitochondrially targeted red fl uorescent protein and yellow tion and gradient sensing, whereas the uropod that transports mitochondria is likely coordi- fl uorescent protein, respectively; contains certain adhesion molecules, the mi- nated with mitochondria-shaping proteins, as PB T cell, peripheral blood crotubule organizing center (MTOC), and the substantiated by the fi nding that disruption of T cell; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3–kinase; PTx, Pertussis toxin. majority of cellular organelles and cytoplasmic the dynein complex results in mitochondrial volume (3). elongation dependent on Drp1 blockage (9). Mitochondria, highly mobile and dynamic Mitochondria cluster at the site of high organelles (4), can accumulate in subcellular re- ATP demands in diff erent cell types, and previ- gions requiring high metabolic activity, such as ous studies suggested a possible direct functional active growth cones of developing neurons (5) interaction between these ATP-producing or dendritic protusions in spines and synapses (6). organelles and ATP-consuming cellular struc- Intracellular distribution of mitochondria is tures (6, 10–13). It has been recently demon- controlled by their movement along micro- strated that in Drosophila neuromuscular junctions, tubules, mediated by kinesin and dynein motors. mitochondria positioning at the synapse is This is coordinated with changes in the mor- required to fuel the myosin ATPase that mobi- phology of the organelles. Mitochondrial shape lize reserve pool vesicles (13). Whether, how, or why mitochondria redistribute during lym- The online version of this article contains supplemental material. phocyte migration is totally unknown. Supplemental Material can be found at: JEM © The Rockefeller University Press $8.00 http://jem.rupress.org/content/suppl/2006/12/04/jem.20061877.DC1.html 2879 Vol. 203, No. 13, December 25, 2006 2879–2886 www.jem.org/cgi/doi/10.1084/jem.20061877 Published December 4, 2006 In this study, we demonstrate that mitochondria are trans- visualize the leading edge (15). We found that uropod redis- ported to the uropod along microtubules during lymphocyte tribution of mtRFP paralleled the AKTPH-GFP accumula- migration in a process requiring Gi protein signaling and mi- tion at the leading cell edge (Fig. 2 and Video S3, available tochondrial fi ssion. By interfering with the expression of at http://www.jem.org/cgi/content/full/jem.20061877/DC1), mitochondria-shaping proteins that regulate the dynamics of demonstrating that mitochondria specifi cally redistribute to the organelles, we show that fusion-fi ssion of mitochondria and accumulate at the uropod during directed leukocyte constrains lymphocyte polarization and migration. Our data migration. The specifi c accumulation of mitochondria at the suggest that accumulation of mitochondria at the uropod of uropods of migrating leukocytes was further confi rmed in a migrating cell is required to regulate the cell motor of experiments in which the distribution of mitochondria was migrating lymphocytes. compared with the distribution of the endoplasmic reticulum in Jurkat T cells (Fig. 3, A and B) or the cytoplasm in dHL-60 RESULTS cells (Fig. 3 C). These fi gures clearly indicate that the loca- Mitochondria concentrate at the uropod tion of mitochondria during leukocyte chemotaxis is specifi c of migrating lymphocytes and not a consequence of space constraints. Similar results To analyze mitochondria dynamics during leukocyte migra- were obtained using human PB B cells stimulated with tion, we expressed a mitochondrially targeted red fl uorescent CXCL12 and the human breast cancer cell line MCF7 stimu- protein (mtRFP) or yellow fl uorescent protein (mtYFP) in lated with insulin-like growth factor–I, indicating that redis- Jurkat T cells, human peripheral blood T cells (PB T cells), tribution of mitochondria to the rear edge is a general event Downloaded from and diff erentiated HL-60 (dHL-60) myelocytic cells, a model occurring in migrating cells (Fig. S1). neutrophil-like cell line. In all of the following experiments, mitochondria were visualized using either mtRFP or mtYFP, Mitochondria redistribution requires Gi protein signaling obtaining identical results. Mitochondrial positioning was and microtubule integrity analyzed in response to chemotactic factors such as CXC Classically, one of the initial events in chemoattractant recep- chemokine ligand (CXCL) 12 or CC chemokine ligand tor signaling is the physical association of heterotrimeric Gi jem.rupress.org (CCL) 21 for Jurkat and PB T cells or the tripeptide attrac- proteins to the receptor, leading to the inhibition of ade- tant N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) for dHL-60 cells. In nylate cyclase and intracellular calcium mobilization (16). polarized T cells, mitochondria concentrated in a region of Nonetheless, chemokine receptors may be coupled to other the cell corresponding to the uropod (Fig. 1 and Videos S1 G proteins upon ligand stimulation in specifi c circumstances and S2, available at http://www.jem.org/cgi/content/full/ (17, 18). We found that Pertussis toxin (PTx) treatment (19) jem.20061877/DC1), as indicated by colocalization of the or- inhibits CXCL12-induced mitochondria redistribution in on May 10, 2016 ganelles with the uropodal marker CD44 (Fig. 1, G and H) (14). T cells (Fig. 4), thus confi rming that mitochondria polariza- Similar results were obtained using dHL-60 cells express- tion is coupled to Gi-induced signaling. ing mtRFP to visualize mitochondria and the pleckstrin ho- mology domain of AKT fused to GFP (AKTPH-GFP) to Figure 1. Mitochondria accumulate at the uropod of polarized lymphocytes. (A–D) Distribution of mitochondria (mtRFP) in Jurkat T cells Figure 2. Mitochondria accumulate at the uropod of a migrating untreated (A and B) or polarized with 100 nM CXCL12 (C and D). 310 un- leukocyte. fMLP-induced migration of dHL-60 cells expressing mtRFP treated and 395 polarized cells were analyzed. (B and D) Volume-rendered and AKTPH-GFP monitored by time-lapse confocal microscopy. Images three-dimensional reconstructions of mitochondrial networks (see also were taken at 5-s intervals. Representative images taken from the digital Videos S1 and S2). (E–H) Distribution of mitochondria (mtRFP) in PB T movie (Video S3) at the indicated times are shown. 14 cells expressing cells resting (E and F) and polarized with 100 nM CCL21 (G and H). Staining mtRFP and AKTPH-GFP were analyzed by real-time microscopy, and all of of the uropod marker CD44 (blue)
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