En Lorraine Et Barrois Vers La Fin De L'indépendance M

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

En Lorraine Et Barrois Vers La Fin De L'indépendance M EN LORRAINE ET BARROIS VERS LA FIN DE L'INDÉPENDANCE par M. ANDRÉ BELLARD Introduction Les Archives de Moselle conservent, dans un dossier de pièces du Gouvernement militaire de Metz (sous C. 8), un docu­ ment manuscrit intitulé Mémoire pour servir de réponse à plusieurs questions concernant la Lorraine et le Barrois, et dont l'intérêt pour l'histoire de la province à la veille du rattachement nous a paru réclamer la reproduction textuelle. Il n'est pas daté ni signé — et pour cause — mais il est manifeste qu'il se situe sous le règne du duc François III (1729-1737), dans les temps qui ont précédé et préparé la cession des duchés à Stanislas, beau-père de Louis XV. C'est évidemment l'œuvre d'un personnage diligent opérant à la faveur de la quatrième occupation de Nancy (13 octo­ bre 1733) et riche de renseignements généraux, dirons-nous en usant à dessein des deux mots qui, de nos jours, désignent l'insti­ tution à quoi ressortirait cette sorte d'enquête. Le mémoire se présente sous l'aspect de trois feuillets doubles de papier vergé à filigrane (une couronne de marquis surmontant un cartouche avec cœur séparant les initiales M et L, auquel est appendue une grappe de raisin) ; le texte, calligraphié, est un travail'-de secrétaire mettant des notes ati clair à l'intention d'un personnage important : les seize questions auxquelles il s'est donné à tâche dé répondre sont inscrites en marge, et la seule liberté que nous aurons prise avec le document a consisté à les insérer, en italiques, en début de paragraphe. EN LORRAINE ET BARROIS 181 Mémoire pour servir de réponse " à plusieurs questions concernant la Lorraine et le Barrois 1° Sur le nombre des habitants. — On petit compter au moins sur cent vingt mille chefs de famille, dont les deux tiers habi­ tent la Lorraine et l'autre tiers le Barrois, et sur environ un million d'âmes. 2° Les revenus du prince. — Les revenus actuels de S.A.R. (1) ne montent en argent au cours du Païs qu'à 5.160.000 livres. 3° La manière dont il les perçoit. — La subvention, qui est comme la taille en France, se paye de six mois en six mois, le premier payement se fait au mois de janvier et le second au mois de juillet. Le prix des adjudications des Bois se paye à la St Jean et à la St Remy. ^ Les fermes Générales de trois mois en trois mois. Et les deux tiers du Bénéfice desd. fermes réservés par le bail après une somme prélevée par les Fermiers généraux se payent lorsqu'ils ont rendu à S.A.R. le compte de chaque année. Cet excédent est d'une modique conséquence. 4° Son commerce intérieur. — On ne considère le commerce des Lorrains avec les Lorrains que comme un très petit objet, parce que la richesse du païs consiste en denrées qui se trouvent presque également communes dans tous les endroits. 5° Ce que la Lorraine tire de l'Etranger et ce que l'Etranger tire de la Lorraine. — La Lorraine tire de l'Etranger : Le sucre et toutes les épiceries ; Des vins de Bourgogne et de Champagne ; Des eaux-de-vie du Languedoc ; Des mousselines, toiles fines d'Holande, de Silésie et de Suisse ; Des toiles peintes des Indes et d'Holande ; Toutes sortes d'étoffes de soye ; Des draps fins et de toutes les autres petites étoffes de laine ; (1) C'est à partir de 1579 que le duc Charles III s'était fait donner de 1' « Altesse », à l'instar de sa mère ; c'est au début du xvme siècle que ses successeurs se qualifieront d' « Altesse Royale ». Cf. Emile DUVERNOY, dans l'Histoire de Lorraine, 1939, p. 3184. 132 EN LORRAINE ET BARROIS Des galons d'or et d'argent, rubans de toutes façons et autres galanteries ; Chapeaux fins ; Bas de soye ; Pelleterie ; Cuirs pour les selliers et cordonniers ; Glaces de miroirs : et chevaux de carrosses et de maîtres. La Lorraine fournit aux Etrangers : Des bleds, de l'avoine et de la navette ; Des vins et eaux-de-vie ; Des laines ; Des tapisseries de Nancy ; Des beurres et fromages ; Des verres en tables, bouteilles et autres vases ; Des fers propres à tous usages ; Des bois aussi à tous usages même pour la marine ; Des bœufs et des moutons ; Des sels dont le produit est considérable. Le tout balancé par les plus habiles négociants du Païs, on a reconnu que la Lorraine fournissait à l'Etranger depuis plusieurs années pour un million par an de plus qu'elle ne tire. 6° Le produit des salines, du tabac et des fers. — La vente des sels provenant des salines tant pour l'intérieur du païs que pour l'Etranger produit actuellement 2.380.000 livres par an, sur quoi on doit distraire pour toutes les dépenses que la formation et le transport occasionnent 480.000 livres. La ferme du tabac distraction de toutes les dépenses peut produire annuellement 250.000 livres. Et les droits de marques des fers les frais déduits pro­ duisent de 40 à 50.000 livres par an. 70i Les bois et leur administration. — Les bois étaient ancien­ nement très considérables, mais le Duc Léopold pour repeu­ pler un païs presque abandonné permit qu'on en défrichât EN LORRAINE ET BARROIS 133 dans plusieurs endroits à charge d'y bâtir et de former des villages et pendant tout son règne il n'a pu refuser à personne principalement à sa noblesse ou le défrichement de plusieurs cantons ou des quantités d'arbres de haute futaie à choisir dans les forêts les plus à lçur portée ce qui a causé la dimi­ nution qui se trouve actuellement et des dégradations irré­ parables. Cenpendant il en reste encore beaucoup puisque par la vente qui s'en fait annuellement S.A.R. y trouve un produit de 400.000 livres. Pour procéder à la vente les officiers des grueries envoyent tous les ans au Grand Maître de leur département un état contenant la quantité d'arpents en taillis et le nombre des arbres haute futaie qui doivent être mis en vente. Le jour pris par des affiches le Grand Maître se transporte sur les lieux et l'adjudication s'en fait au plus offrant et dernier enchérisseur après quoi le Grand Maître dresse un état géné­ ral de toutes les adjudications qu'il a faites et de leur pro­ duit qui est envoyé au Conseil où l'on fait des états parti­ culiers qui sont remis aux Receveurs des finances pour en faire le recouvrement. Quant à l'exploitation elle se doit faire conformément à l'ordonnance du Duc Léopold (2) extraite de celle de France mais elle est mal exécutée. Outre les bois du souverain, il y en a encore une très grande quantité qui appartient aux communautés ecclésiasti­ ques et séculières, mais ils n'en peuvent faire aucune vente que par le ministère des officiers du prince auquel le tiers du produit appartient. 8° Les privilèges de la noblesse, son caractère, celui des Lorrains en général. — Depuis le duc Charles 4 (2) la noblesse ne jouit d'aucun privilège particulier, elle ne paye aucune impo­ sition et peut faire valoir ses terres par ses mains sans que le nombre de charrues soit limité, leurs fermiers des haute, moyenne et basse Justice sont mêmes exempts de la subven­ tion aussi bien que leurs marcaires et jardiniers. (2) Charles IV (1625-1675) ; Léopold (1690-1729). 134 EN LORRAINE ET BARROIS A Tégard de son caractère il est difficile à définir parce qu'une trop grande dissimulation couvre la vertu et le vice. Quoiqu'il n'y ait pas de règle générale qui n'ait quel­ que exception, il est certain que la Noblesse et le Peuple de Lorraine sont également entichés du péché de l'avarice et s'ils paraissent sobres ce n'est qu'en ce qui leur coûte, que l'on paye on ne les reconnaît plus. Le Peuple en général est chicaneur entêté il faut écrire avec lui et malgré cette précaution il se croit encore fondé à contester, aussi voit-on plus de procès au Conseil et à la Cour souveraine qu'au Parlement et au Châtelet de Paris. Il aime à être flatté, on peut le vaincre par cette voie, mais il faut se garder de dépendre de lui, car en ce cas on serait à plaindre. 9° S'ils sont laborieux et industrieux. — L'industrie n'est abso­ lument point du païs, on y voudrait bien copier les autres nations mais l'incertitude du succès empêche leur travail, la seule nécessité est ce qui les contraint si l'on en excepte l'avarice qui fait tout entreprendre à ceux qui n'ont rien ou peu de chose à perdre. 10° S'il y a des manufactures en Lorraine. — On ne doit point considérer en Lorraine les établissements qu'on y a faits sous le nom de manufactures comme manufactures en effet. L'habi­ tude où l'on est de tirer des païs étrangers les étoffes et autres choses nécessaires pour les habillements et meubles est cause que les sujets mêmes méprisent les ouvrages qui s'y fabriquent sans aucun égard pour la qualité, en voici la raison. Ces établissements ont été faits sous le règne du feu Duc Léopold par des Français dont il avait fait choix et auxquels il avait accordé des privilèges la bonté et la beauté de leurs ouvrages mis en évidence ayant été agréables à ce prince, des sujets jaloux et protégés ont été assez téméraires et heureux pour demander le bénéfice des privilèges accordés et de les obtenir, mais le peuple encore actuellement prévenu contre notre nation s'imagine que ce qui s'y fabrique depuis l'origine ne vaut qu'une partie du prix auquel on peut le vendre, en sorte que jusqu'à présent le bénéfice qui en a été retiré n'est presque EN LORRAINE ET BARROIS 135 provenu que de la vente qui en a été faite pour la maison et les troupes du duc de Lorraine.
Recommended publications
  • Alsace Lorraine Champagne Free
    FREE ALSACE LORRAINE CHAMPAGNE PDF Michelin Travel & Lifestyle | 490 pages | 07 Aug 2015 | Michelin Editions Des Voyages | 9782067203372 | English | Paris, France Grand Est - Wikipedia Belgium and Luxembourg lie to the north, Germany to the east and north, Alsace Lorraine Champagne Switzerland to the south. The capital is Strasbourg. In June French Pres. The reorganization was designed to address redundancies in regional bureaucracies and to reduce costs. In November the National Assembly approved the measure, and it took effect on January 1, Area 22, square miles 57, square km. Print Cite. Facebook Twitter. Give Feedback External Websites. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article requires login. External Websites. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica's Alsace Lorraine Champagne oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content Alsace Lorraine Champagne via study for an advanced degree See Article History. Learn More in these related Britannica articles:. Francecountry of northwestern Europe. Historically and culturally among the most important nations in the Western world, France has also played a highly significant role Alsace Lorraine Champagne international affairs, with former colonies in every corner of the globe. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean…. History at your fingertips. Sign up here to see what happened On This Dayevery day in your inbox! Email address. By signing up, you agree to our Privacy Notice. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The Northeast: Champagne, Lorraine, Alsace – France Revisited - Life in Paris, Travel in France Three areas with strong identities comprise the region officially called Grand Est: Champagne, Lorraine and Alsace.
    [Show full text]
  • About Fanjeaux, France Perched on the Crest of a Hill in Southwestern
    About Fanjeaux, France Perched on the crest of a hill in Southwestern France, Fanjeaux is a peaceful agricultural community that traces its origins back to the Romans. According to local legend, a Roman temple to Jupiter was located where the parish church now stands. Thus the name of the town proudly reflects its Roman heritage– Fanum (temple) Jovis (Jupiter). It is hard to imagine that this sleepy little town with only 900 inhabitants was a busy commercial and social center of 3,000 people during the time of Saint Dominic. When he arrived on foot with the Bishop of Osma in 1206, Fanjeaux’s narrow streets must have been filled with peddlers, pilgrims, farmers and even soldiers. The women would gather to wash their clothes on the stones at the edge of a spring where a washing place still stands today. The church we see today had not yet been built. According to the inscription on a stone on the south facing outer wall, the church was constructed between 1278 and 1281, after Saint Dominic’s death. You should take a walk to see the church after dark when its octagonal bell tower and stone spire, crowned with an orb, are illuminated by warm orange lights. This thick-walled, rectangular stone church is an example of the local Romanesque style and has an early Gothic front portal or door (the rounded Romanesque arch is slightly pointed at the top). The interior of the church was modernized in the 18th century and is Baroque in style, but the church still houses unusual reliquaries and statues from the 13th through 16th centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • TOURING CHAMPAGNE PROVINCE Sumptuous Hotels, Stellar Restaurants, Idyllic Countryside, Unspoiled Towns, Cellar Tours and Tastings
    INSIDE: NEW DISCOVERIES & OLD FAVORITES IN FRANCE’S CHAMPAGNE REGION + LOS ANGELES BOUTIQUE HOTELS JUNE 2019 SINCE 1979 Traveling the world in search of truly enchanting places Junior Suite terrace at the new Royal Champagne Hotel & Spa, Champillon TOURING CHAMPAGNE PROVINCE Sumptuous hotels, stellar restaurants, idyllic countryside, unspoiled towns, cellar tours and tastings he pop of a Champagne cork signals and several of the country’s best hotels — softened it by adding honey. It wasn’t Tcelebration and promises pleasure. including a superb new one — Champagne until the Benedictine monk Dom Pierre The world’s most joyous drink was born today is a more alluring destination for Pérignon began working with the wines around 350 years ago on the wind-swept oenophiles, gourmets and history buffs of Champagne in 1668 that the drink chalk plains of eastern France. Just than ever before. so prized today was invented. He was 45 minutes east of Paris by high-speed The region first acquired its wine- the first winemaker to understand that train, the Champagne region has long making vocation when the Romans grapes grown on different plots of land been popular with travelers fascinated by planted vineyards on the rolling slopes could have very different characters, the history and taste of this elegant wine between Durocortorum — the city now a seminal idea that led to the cuvée, or with its signature effervescence. Endowed known as Reims — and Épernay. Their the carefully studied blending of grapes. with a constellation of great restaurants pale-pink wine was highly acidic, so they He also perfected the best technique for Hideaway Report editors travel anonymously and pay full rate for all lodging, meals and related expenses.
    [Show full text]
  • Champagne & Alsace 2021 Brochure
    Champagne & Alsace April 25 - 1 May, 2021 What to expect Deposits are refundable until 31st December This is a private tour with Allison and Chris 2020. Once the tour go ahead is confirmed Wallace, hosted by Jeremy Shaw and (for the (probably in January) normal Iberian Wine Champagne leg) James Lawther MW. Starting Tours cancellation terms would apply. in Paris, it spans 2 of the great wine regions, Champagne and Alsace and ends in the Highlights picturesque Alsatian town of Colmar. We enjoy • Visits and long lunches at the best wineries in the classic visits and the lesser known gems in Champagne and Alsace each location, from hipster wine growers in • Access to wine expert James Lawther MW Champagne’s deep south to their aristocratic • Walk around historic village of Nancy northern neighbours and we span the 400 year • Walk around Reims Cathedral old grand winemakers and the innovative new • Michelin star dinner in Alsace producers of Alsace, France with a German accent. Prior nights are available in Paris. Winery visits The itinerary is provisional and subject to the hosts’ policies in respect of the ongoing and Jean Josselin, Krug, Taittinger, Bollinger, AR evolving Covid situation, particularly with Lenoble, Weinbach, Zind Humbrecht, Marcel Deiss, regard to the rules and laws in France. Our Domaine Cattin, Josmeyer intention is to make a firm decision in January about whether the tour can go ahead and, assuming it can, at that stage we will review the itinerary and amend if necessary to ensure the best experience possible in the circumstances. Although we expect that the itinerary would be very similar to that in the brochure, it is subject to more than usual uncertainty and it is possible that there could be a small price change and/or some changes to the itinerary.
    [Show full text]
  • Judeo-Provençal in Southern France
    George Jochnowitz Judeo-Provençal in Southern France 1 Brief introduction Judeo-Provençal is also known as Judeo-Occitan, Judéo-Comtadin, Hébraïco- Comtadin, Hébraïco-Provençal, Shuadit, Chouadit, Chouadite, Chuadit, and Chuadite. It is the Jewish analog of Provençal and is therefore a Romance lan- guage. The age of the language is a matter of dispute, as is the case with other Judeo-Romance languages. It was spoken in only four towns in southern France: Avignon, Cavaillon, Caprentras, and l’Isle-sur-Sorgue. A women’s prayer book, some poems, and a play are the sources of the medieval language, and transcrip- tions of Passover songs and theatrical representations are the sources for the modern language. In addition, my own interviews in 1968 with the language’s last known speaker, Armand Lunel, provide data (Jochnowitz 1978, 1985). Lunel, who learned the language from his grandparents, not his parents, did not have occasion to converse in it. Judeo-Provençal/Shuadit is now extinct, since Armand Lunel died in 1977. Sometimes Jewish languages have a name meaning “Jewish,” such as Yiddish or Judezmo – from Hebrew Yehudit or other forms of Yehuda. This is the case with Shuadit, due to a sound change of /y/ to [š]. I use the name Judeo-Provençal for the medieval language and Shuadit for the modern language. 2 Historical background 2.1 Speaker community: Settlement, documentation Jews had lived in Provence at least as early as the first century CE. They were officially expelled from France in 1306, readmitted in 1315, expelled again in 1322, readmitted in 1359, and expelled in 1394 for a period that lasted until the French Revolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Alsace Waterways Guide
    V O L 1 . 1 F R E E D O W N L O A D discover Sharing our love for France's spectacular waterways Alsace Beautiful canalside towns, exceptional wines & fresh produce, complex history, Art Nouveau, Vosges mountains, Nancy & Metz P A G E 2 Afloat in Alsace YOUR COMPLETE GUIDE TO THE PERFECT CANAL CRUISE Why Alsace? Being so close to the German border, Alsace has an interesting mix of Scenery & climate French and German influences. The magnificence of the rolling History landscape can leave some awestruck and certainly snap-happy with Local produce & climate their cameras. The Marne-Rhine canal is the focus for hotel barging as it Wine steers you towards Alsace Lorraine's beautiful towns and cities like Marne Rhine Canal stunning Colmar, and to the flavours of Alsace in flammekueche, Canal des Vosges Riesling and Gewurtztraminer. It's a region that continues to surprise When to go and delight us, we hope it sparks a fondness for you too. How to cruise Ruth & the team Contact us P A G E 3 WHY ALSACE? Because it’s not as well-known as the Canal du Bourgogne or the Canal du Midi, but every bit as beautiful? Because it’s within easy reach of two marvellous French cities – Nancy and Metz? Or is it because it’s a focal point of European history during the last 150 years? Or perhaps for its Art Nouveau or flammekueche? The list of attractions is long. Directly east of Paris, the region of Alsace Lorraine is bordered by the Vosges mountains to the west and the Jura to the south, while boasting plains and wetlands as well, creating striking contrasts which make it an extremely photogenic place to visit.
    [Show full text]
  • Ghost Commandery: Shaping Local Templar Identity in the Cartulary of Provins
    Ghost Commandery: Shaping Local Templar Identity in the Cartulary of Provins Michael J. Peixoto New York University In 1133, in the presence of the retinue of the Count of Champagne, the Count of Brie, and more than twenty other men and women from the Champagne nobility, Drogo of Pierrefonds presented a knife to the Knights of the Temple of Solomon. 1 This knife gave tangible form to the orally pledged gift that André, the seneschal of the Count of Champagne, gave to the Templars. 2 The gift itself, a castle in Baudement along with fields, meadows, bridges, and servants, was made for the salvation of André's soul and especially for his son William, who was himself a Templar. André's gift was recorded in a charter, which was copied into the cartulary of the Templar Commandery (or House) at Provins nearly eighty years later. 3 The use of a 1 Victor Carrière, ed., Histoire et cartulaire des Templiers de Provins avec une introduction sur les débuts du Temple en France (Paris: Librairie Ancienne Honoré Champion, 1919), No. 81. The cartulary is found in the Archives Nationales (hereafter AN), S5162B, but I cite the published version in the remainder of this article. 2 For the use of physical objects in land transactions, M. T. Clanchy, From Memory to Written Record: England 1066–1307 (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd., 1993), 254-66; Jacques le Goff, Time, Work, and Culture in the Middle Ages , trans. A. Goldhammer (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1980), 244-48, 354-60. 3 The commandery, or house, was the administrative unit for a group of Templars living in western Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Alsace-Lorraine / Champagne Ardenne Shooting In…
    Alsace-Lorraine / Champagne Ardenne Shooting in… REGION OF ALSACE LORRAINE / CHAM AT THE HEART OF EUROPE In this region, more than anywhere else, identity echoes with heritage legacy. Mix of French and Germanic cultures, the wealth of the past is marked in the landscape of the area. Nature is everywhere with regional parks and nature reserve. Diversified natural sites made of forests, mountains, vineyards, rivers and a large architectural heritage compose two major points for the rich range of sets standing there. Highest point of the area is up to 1 424 meters A quarter of the territory is made of forests and mountains 30 nature reserve More than 50 000 hectares of vineyards with 82 grands crus Crossroads of Europe, being the Euro metropole, Strasbourg is the major city of the region. Nevertheless, a couple of interesting and dynamic cities are also present in the area such as Nancy, Reims, Troyes or Metz. 22 0 days of sunshine Pick season : July, per days August & Christmas 6 international airports season Prodywood, french territory specialist, takes you on a tour to discover the Alsace-Lorraine and Champagne- Ardenne region… TYPICAL SITE : Vineyards Champagne products is worldwide known from the best restaurant to the celebration of sport success. Champagne is the symbol of luxury and “élégance à la française”. The greatest chateaux such as Moët & Chandon cultivate their champagne from the XVIIth century. Strasbourg Venice of the North VILLAGES Pretty villages with their flowers baskets hanging at the windows and colored and timbered house illustrate german influence. Stone village and history lovers must discover these villages ! NATURAL PLACES & LANDSCAPES The region owns a very diversified natural landscape made of forests, valleys and mountains where stands vineyards and orchards.
    [Show full text]
  • Champagne & Sparkling Orange Wine White Wine
    CHAMPAGNE & SPARKLING Benoît Lahaye ‘Grand Cru’ Brut Nature Champagne NV, France 180 Guy Larmandier ‘Premier Cru’ Brut Zero Champagne NV, France 105 Marie-Courtin ‘Éloquence’ Extra Brut Champagne 2013, France 185 Hermann J. Wiemer Blanc de Noir Finger Lakes New York 2013, USA 80 Marques de Caceres Cava 2015, Spain 56 Schramsberg Blanc de Noirs Napa Valley 2014, USA 89 Sommariva ‘Il Rosa’ Extra Dry Veneto 2014, Italy 56 La Caravelle Brut Rosé Champagne NV, France 88 WHITE WINE PINOT BLANC Elk Cove Willamette Valley 2017, USA pinot blanc 65 Nals Margreid ‘Sirmian’ Alto-Adige 2016, Italy pinot blanc 82 SAUVIGNON BLANC Chateau Carbonnieux ‘La Croix de Carbonnieux’ Pessac Léognan 2015, France 80 Lail ‘Georgia’ Napa Valley 2013, USA 340 ALBARIÑO & FIANO Fento Wines Rías Baixas 2018, Spain albariño 60 Unico Zelo ‘Jade and Jasper’ Riverland 2017, Australia fiano 69 Rocca del Principe Fiano di Avellino Campania 2006, Italy fiano 58 MALVASIA, MOSCATO, & ZIBBIBO Birichino Monterrey County 2016, USA malvasia 55 I Clivi ‘Vigna 80 Anni’ Collio 2017, Italy malvasia 56 Occhipinti ‘Sp 68’ Sicily 2016, Italy zibbibo 72 Giovanni Montisci ‘Modestu’ Sardinia 2017, Italy moscato 99 CHARDONNAY & GODELLO Mac Forbes Yarra Valley Victoria 2017, Australia chardonnay 72 Dominique Lafon ‘Les Narvaux’ Meursault 2016, France chardonnay 198 Flowers ‘Camp Meeting Ridge’ Sonoma Coast 2013, USA chardonnay 215 Rafael Palacios ‘As Sortes’ Valdeorras 2016, Spain godello 135 Mayacamas Napa Valley 2001, USA chardonnay 415 GRENACHE BLANC, ROUSSANNE, & ENCRUZADO Gota Wine ‘Prunus’
    [Show full text]
  • H-France Review Vol. 20 (December 2020), No. 209 Theodore Evergates
    H-France Review Volume 20 (2020) Page 1 H-France Review Vol. 20 (December 2020), No. 209 Theodore Evergates, Marie of France: Countess of Champagne, 1145-1198. Philadelphia: University of Pennyslvania Press, 2019. ix + 180 pp. Maps, illustrations, notes, bibliography, and index. $69.95 U.S. (cl). ISBN 9780812250770. Kimberly A. LoPrete, National University of Ireland Galway. Ted Evergates has been conversant with the extensive charters and administrative registers of Champagne since the days when computers were programmed with punch cards and his magisterial The Aristocracy in the County of Champagne, 1000–1300 contains many rich fruits of his research.[1] While specialists in medieval France rely on his well-annotated editions of cartularies, including two compiled during the tenure of Countess Blanche and replete with transactions between lay parties,[2] teachers and a new generation of medieval historians are indebted to his 1993 Feudal Society in Medieval France: Documents from the County of Champagne, the first anthology of French records published in English, and his 1997 examination of the “Duby thesis,”’ “The Feudal Imaginary of Georges Duby.”[3] In recent years Evergates has turned to biography, with his 2016 study of Count Henry the Liberal, and, in the book under review, Henry’s wife, Countess Marie of France, who outlived her husband by some seventeen years.[4] This biographical approach, in Evergates’s skilled hands, is to be welcomed not only by scholars, but also by students at all levels--and indeed by general readers or those whose main interests in women’s and social history lie in other times or places.
    [Show full text]
  • 403 Duval Leroy Champagne Brut, France 60
    ~ SPARKLING ~ 401 Santa Margherita Prosecco, Italy 40- 403 Duval Leroy Champagne Brut, France 60- 404 Moet & Chandon Ice Imperial Champagne, France 90- 406 Veuve Clicquot Yellow Label Reims, France 90- 407 Roederer Brut Premier Champagne, France 65- 408 Cleto Chiarli Brut de Noir Rose, Italy 45- ~~~ CALIFORNIA WHITE WINES ~~~ 103 Mer Soleil Chardonnay Rsve 2014, S Lucia Highland 50- The palate is an inviting medley of peach and D’Anjou pear; layered with . tropical notes of pineapple and banana. 203 Lewis Chardonnay 2014, Napa Valley 75- Remarkably ripe and saturated with stone fruit, pear and mineral. 205 Chalk Hill Chardonnay 2013, Sonoma 45- Fruit aromas of yellow apple, lemon curd and a nice minerality. 206 Cakebread Cellars Chardonnay 2013, Napa Valley 55- Boasts fresh, fragrant, apple, melon and pear aromas with a hint of oak spice. 326 Lake Sonoma Chardonnay 2012, Russian River 45- Aromas of lemon cream pie and vanilla with lingering flavors of tropical fruit. 382 Jack Nicklaus Private Reserve White Wine 2011, Napa 48- Lush fruit at the front palate followed by a rich texture, delicate and long. ~~~SAUVIGNON~SAUVIGNON BLANC ~~~ 219 Craggy Range S. Blanc 2014, Marlborough New Zealand 36- A complete palate feel with crunchy nectarine and citrus flavors. 302 Hedges Family C.M.S. S. Blanc 2014, Columbia Valley 32- Light straw color and aromas of pear, grapefruit peel. ~~~PINOT~PINOT NOIR ~~~ 101 Twomey Pinot Noir 2013, Russian River Valley 80- Rose color and a nose that displays succulent fruit, violets and strawberry jam. 102 Domaine Anderson Pinot Noir 2012, Anderson Valley 70- Smoky, meaty aromas lead to spice-accented plum and berry flavors.
    [Show full text]
  • A Strange Story: When Crisis Leads to Wealth—The Institution of Champagne Wine As a Luxury Good
    A Strange Story: When Crisis Leads to Wealth—The Institution of Champagne Wine as a Luxury Good Christian Barrère The very profitable Champagne industry now belongs to the luxury field; indeed, Champagne wine was the first example of a new mass luxury. However, the history of Champagne is special, because initially Champagne was not a good wine but only a standard one. It was one of the numerous white sparkling wines, and under the Champagne name, both the best and the worst could be found. By means of a unique historical process of creativity, the industry succeeded in transforming Champagne wine into a luxury good and in segmenting the old market into two strongly separated compartments, one for Champagne and one for all other sparkling wines. Moreover, this evolution resulted from a major crisis in the Champagne vineyards. On April 11, 1911, the red flag was flying over the vineyards and people were singing the “Internationale”; the vineyards were occupied by 40,000 soldiers. The crisis compelled the sector to evolve or perish. A small group of actors took the lead in the evolution process, creating a strategy based on high quality. This essay tells this success story and considers its conditions. The Champagne industry now belongs to the luxury field; indeed, Champagne wine was the first case of a new mass luxury. In the 1950s, 50 million bottles were sold, but today the number surpasses 322 million, of which 141 million bottles are exported. In addition, Champagne wine has a special position among white sparkling wines: the market for Champagne is a closed market, strongly separated from those for all the other sparkling wines.
    [Show full text]