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Detailed Contents Preface xvii Acknowledgments xvii 1 Introduction 1 Criminology 1 Fads and Fashions in Crime 2 The Emergence of Criminology 2 Crime and Deviance 3 Sumner’s Types of Norms 3 Crime File 1.1 The FBI’s Ten Most Wanted Fugitives 4 Research Methods Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita 7 2 Social Change and the in Criminology 21 Emergence of Law 8 Theory and Methodology 21 Consensus Versus Conflict The Research Enterprise Versus Interactionist of Criminology 22 Model of Law 9 Objectivity 22 Crime File 1.2 Crimes of the Ethics in Criminological Research 22 Twentieth Century 10 Crime File 2.1 Scientific Evil: Crime and Criminal Law 11 The Guatemala Syphilis Study 23 Who Defines Crime? Who Is Criminal? 24 Criminological Definitions 12 Official Police Statistics—The Crime File 1.3 What Is Crime? 13 Uniform Crime Report (UCR) 25 The Crime Problem 14 Sources of Crime Statistics 25 The Cost of Crime 15 The Crime Indexes: Violent Summary 16 and Property Crime 26 Key Concepts 17 Issues and Cautions in Studying Review Questions 17 UCR Data 29 Web Sources 17 Crime File 2.2 The Crime Dip 31 Web Exercises 17 Alternative Data-Gathering Selected Readings 18 Strategies 33 Experiments in Criminology 34 Some Examples of Experiments in Criminology 34 Evidence-Based Research 35 Crime File 2.3 CrimeSolutions.gov: Research at the Office of Justice Programs 37 Surveys 37 Victim Surveys 37 National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) 38 Crime File 2.4 Were You a Victim of Crime? 38 Issues and Cautions in Studying Crime File 3.4 Racial Profiling 68 Victim Data 39 Crime File 3.5 Native Americans and Self-Report Measures of Crime 40 Crime 69 Crime File 2.5 Self-Reported Regional Variation in Crime 71 Delinquency Items 40 Urban/Rural Differences Participant Observation 41 in Crime 72 Participant Observation of Criminals 41 Institutions and Crime 72 Evaluation of the Method of The Family and Crime 72 Participant Observation 42 Education and Crime 74 Life History and Case Studies 43 Religion and Crime 75 Crime File 2.6 Confessions of War and Crime 75 a Dying Thief 43 Economy and Crime 76 Unobtrusive Measures 44 Mass Media and Crime 76 Crime File 2.7 Useful Sources for Summary 78 Criminological Research 44 Key Concepts 79 Crime File 2.8 The Black Dahlia Review Questions 79 Murder 45 Web Sources 80 Validity, Reliability, and Triangulation 46 Web Exercises 80 Crime File 2.9 The FBI Reading Selected Readings 80 Room 47 Summary 48 Key Concepts 49 Review Questions 50 Web Sources 50 Web Exercises 50 Selected Readings 51 4 What Is Victimology? 83 Leah Daigle, Georgia State University 83 The Nature of Victimization 83 The Typical Victimization and Victim 85 The Costs of Victimization 86 3 General Characteristics of Economic Costs 86 Crime and Criminals 53 System Costs 88 Crime File 4.1 The Story of James 88 Caution in Interpreting Crime Data 53 Mental Health Consequences International Variations in Crime 54 and Costs 89 The Prevalence of Crime 56 Fear of Crime 90 Trends in Crime 57 Recurring Victimization 90 Crime File 3.1 American Crime Theories of Victimization 91 Problems From a Global The Role of the Victim in Crime 92 Perspective 58 Crime File 4.2 When Offender Age and Crime 59 Becomes Victim 92 Crime File 3.2 Meeting the Challenge of Routine Activities and Lifestyles Transnational Crime 60 Theory 94 Crime File 3.3 What Is the Relationship Structural Causes of Victimization 95 Between Age and Crime? 62 Caring for the Victim 96 Gender Differences in Criminality 64 Victims’ Rights 96 Social Class and Crime 65 Victim Remedies and Services 97 Race and Crime 66 Summary 101 Key Concepts 102 Review Questions 103 Web Sources 103 Web Exercises 103 Selected Readings 103 6 Biological and Psychological Theories 129 Positivist Theory 129 Precursors of Positivism 130 Biological Theories 130 Cesare Lombroso 130 Charles Goring 132 The Jukes and Kallikaks 133 5 Early and Classical Earnest Hooton 133 Criminological Body Types 134 A Critique of Early Biological Theories 107 Theories 135 More Recent Biological Theories 136 Theory 108 Brain Disorders 136 Crime File 5.1 The Nacirema Twin Studies 137 Undergraduate as Criminal: A Adoption Studies 137 Criminological “Why do it?” 108 Problems With Twin/Adoption Major Theoretical Approaches 111 Studies 137 Demonological Theory 111 XYY Syndrome 138 Classical Theory 112 Other Biological Factors 138 Neoclassical Theory 116 A Critique of Neobiological Crime File 5.2 “Designing Out” Theories 141 Gang Homicides and Street Psychological Theories 142 Assaults: Situational Crime Freudian Theory 142 Prevention 117 Psychometry 143 Crime File 5.3 Justifications Hans Eysenck 144 for Punishment 118 Crime File 6.1 Crime Profiling 144 Ecological Theory 119 B. F. Skinner 145 Forerunners of Modern Albert Bandura 145 Criminological Thought 123 Samuel Yochelson and Economic Theory 123 Stanton Samenow 145 The Theory–Policy Intelligence and Crime 146 Connection 124 Crime File 6.2 The Insanity Summary 125 Defense 147 Key Concepts 126 Crime File 6.3 The Flynn Effect: Review Questions 126 Sex, Race, and IQ 151 Web Sources 127 The Theory–Policy Connection 151 Web Exercises 127 Summary 152 Selected Readings 127 Key Concepts 154 The Theory–Policy Connection 177 Review Questions 154 Summary 178 Web Sources 154 Key Concepts 179 Web Exercises 154 Review Questions 179 Selected Readings 155 Web Sources 180 Web Exercises 180 Selected Readings 180 7 Sociological Mainstream Theories 157 Major Sociological Theoretical Approaches in Criminology 158 8 Sociological Critical Anomie Theories 158 Theories and Integrated Émile Durkheim and Anomie 158 Theories 183 Merton’s Theory of Anomie 159 Robert Agnew’s General Strain Mainstream Versus Critical Theory (GST) 161 Criminology 183 Subcultural Theories 162 Critical Criminology 184 Cohen’s Lower-Class Reaction Labeling Theory 184 Theory 162 Lemert’s “Secondary Deviance” 186 Cloward and Ohlin’s Differential A Critique of Labeling Theory 186 Opportunity Theory 163 John Braithwaite’s Shaming Social Process Theories 164 Theory 187 The Chicago School 164 Conflict Criminology 188 Shaw and McKay’s Social Austin Turk 188 Disorganization Theory 165 William Chambliss and Richard Sutherland’s Theory of Differential Quinney—Conflict Theory 189 Association 167 W. E. B. Du Bois 189 Crime File 7.1 Designing Out Jeffrey Reiman 190 Crime 168 Feminist Criminology 190 Miller’s Focal Concerns Theory 170 New Critical Criminology 191 Matza’s Delinquency and Drift Left Realism 191 Theory 171 Peacemaking 192 Social Control Theories 173 Crime File 8.1 Incorporating Restorative Reckless’s Containment Theory 173 and Community Justice Into American Hirschi’s Social Bond Theory 174 Sentencing and Corrections 192 Gottfredson and Hirschi’s General Postmodernism 196 Theory of Crime 174 Radical “Marxist” Criminology 196 John Hagan’s Power-Control Richard Quinney—Radical Theory 175 Criminology 196 Developmental and Life William Chambliss 197 Course (DLC) Theories 175 Conflict Versus Marxist Criminology 198 Farrington’s Antisocial Potential Critiques of Conflict and Radical (AP) Theory 176 Criminology 198 Sampson and Laub’s Life Course Klockars’ Critique 198 Criminality 177 Integrated Theories of Crime 199 Delbert Elliott’s Integrative Theory 199 Crime File 9.6 The Problem of Terence Thornberry’s Interactional Acquaintance Rape of College Theory 200 Students 228 Criminal Typologies 201 Robbery 229 A Critique of Typologies 202 Conklin’s Typology of Robbers 230 A Defense of Typologies 202 Domestic Violence 231 Criminal Behavior Systems 202 Child Abuse 231 Crime File 8.2 Some Sociological Spouse Abuse 232 Typologies of Criminal Behavior 203 Elder Abuse 234 Theoretical Range and Criminological Kidnapping 234 Explanation 204 Criminal Careers of Violent The Global Fallacy 204 Offenders 234 The Theory–Policy Connection 205 Culture of Violence 234 Summary 208 Subculture of Violence 235 Key Concepts 208 Career Criminals/Violent Review Questions 209 Offenders 236 Web Sources 209 Societal Reaction 236 Web Exercises 209 Theory and Crime 237 Selected Readings 209 Summary 237 Key Concepts 238 Review Questions 239 Web Sources 239 Web Exercises 239 Selected Readings 239 9 Violent Crime 211 History of Violence in the United States 211 Murder and Mayhem 212 Types of Multiple Murder: Multicide 213 Crime File 9.1 International Violent Crime 214 Crime File 9.2 The Virginia Tech Massacre 216 Crime File 9.3 The D.C. Snipers, the BTK Killer, and the Red Lake Massacre 217 Victim Precipitation 218 10 Property Crime: Typology of Violent Offenders 219 Occasional, Legal Aspects 219 Homicide and Assault Statistics 219 Conventional, and Patterns and Trends in Violent Crime 221 Professional 241 Workplace Violence 222 Crime File 9.4 Workplace Violence: Occasional Property Crimes 242 Issues in Response 222 Shoplifting 242 School Violence 223 Vandalism 244 Guns 224 Crime File 10.1 Graffiti 245 Crime File 9.5 Deadly Lessons: Motor Vehicle Theft 245 The Secret Service Study of School Check Forgery 246 Shooters 225 Conventional Property Sexual Assault 226 Crimes 246 Acquaintance Rape 227 Burglary 247 Rape as a Violent Act 227 Fencing Operations 248 Stings 248 Larceny-Theft 248 Arson: A Special-Category Offense 249 Criminal Careers of Occasional and Conventional Property Criminals 250 Societal Reaction 251 Professional Crime 252 The Concept of Professional Crime 252 Characteristics of Professional Crime 253 Argot 253 A Model of Professional Crime 254 Edelhertz’s Typology 254 Scams 255 Big Cons 257 Maurer’s The Big Con 257 Identity Theft 258 Ponzi Schemes 258 White-Collar Crime: Crime File 10.2
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