The Case for Zoysiagrass – India Cultivars, Cultivation, and Pests – Philippines – Australia J

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Case for Zoysiagrass – India Cultivars, Cultivation, and Pests – Philippines – Australia J Species Origin and Diversity • Native to the Pacific Rim – Japan – Korea – China – Taiwan The Case for Zoysiagrass – India Cultivars, Cultivation, and Pests – Philippines – Australia J. Bryan Unruh, Ph.D. – New Zealand University of Florida ‐ IFAS West Florida Research and Education Center Species Origin and Diversity Species Origin and Diversity • Native to the Pacific Rim • Zoysia japonica • Z. macrantha – Japan • Z. macrostachya – Korea • Z. matrella • – China Z. minima • Z. pacifica – Taiwan • Z. pauciflora – India • Z. planifolia • Z. seslerioides – Philippines • Z. sinica – Australia • Z. tenuifolia – New Zealand Japanese Lawngrass Japanese Lawngrass Zoysia japonica Steud. Zoysia japonica Steud. 5 6 1 Zoysiagrass Bermudagrass Bermudagrass 7 8 Strengths and Uses Strengths and Uses • Adapted to a variety of soil types • Some cultivars have shade tolerance • Drought response • Heat tolerant • Low water use requirement • Low fertility requirement • Wear tolerant • Salt tolerant Strengths and Uses Strengths and Uses • …and others do not • Great amount of genetic variation for: – Color – Leaf texture – Fall dormancy – Winter hardiness – Spring green‐up – Leaf orientation – Establishment rate 2 Strengths and Uses Weaknesses • Home lawns • Variable drought response • Tees • Variable cold hardiness • Fairways – Fine textured species • Roughs • Slow Spring green‐up • Approaches • Slow establishment • Collars • Slow recovery from injury • Bunker Faces Weaknesses Weaknesses • Shredded leaf tips • Helminthosporium • Develop ridges with mowing patterns – Bipolaris • Can become thatchy • Large patch – Scalping – Rhizoctonia – Mower will “walk” • Dollar spot – Sclerotinia • Dog spot ‘Meyer’ USDA –USGA (1951) • “Z‐52” or “Amazoy” • Most cold‐hardy zoysiagrass • Deep green color • Medium leaf texture • Slow to establish from plugs • Very dense once established • Less shade tolerance • Potentially susceptible to infestation from hunting billbugs, mole crickets, and nematodes 3 ‘El Toro’ ‘JaMur’ University of California (1986) Bladerunner Farms (1996) • “Toro” • “Jack Murray” • Good winter color • Adapted to a wide range of soil conditions • Early spring green‐up • Coarse leaf texture • Quick establishment • Fast recuperative potential for zoysiagrass • Fast recuperative potential for zoysiagrass • Less dense and less thatch • Medium to coarse leaf texture • Fair shade tolerance • Does well in high pH soils • Dense Canopy • Lower water use requirement • Good shade, wear, and drought tolerance ‘Palisades’ ‘Crowne’ Texas A&M University (1997) Texas A&M University (1997) • Very good shade tolerance • Utility turfgrass • Medium broad textured leaf • Coarse leaf texture • High density • Drought tolerant • Vigorous recuperative ability • Low water use requirement • Good winter hardiness • Cold hardiness • Lower water use requirement • Rapid recuperative ability ‘Empire’ ‘UltimateFlora’ Sod Solutions (1999) University of Florida (2005) • Blue‐green leaf color • “Ultimate” • Excellent spring green‐up • Fast establishment • Coarse leaf texture • Medium leaf texture • Slow vertical growth • Upright leaf orientation • Open growth habit • Very dense • Tolerance of rotary mowers • Good drought tolerance • Reduced maintenance turfgrass 4 JaMur Palisades ‘Emerald’ Georgia AES –USGA (1955) • Deep green color • Widely adapted • Fine leaf texture – Good winter hardiness • Good shade tolerance • Good density • Without time and effort for maintenance: – Develop thatch – Susceptible to dollar spot and large patch Empire UltimateFlora ‘Zeon’ Bladerunner Farms (1996) • Deep green color • Few insect and disease problems • Medium to fine leaf texture • Upright leaf orientation • Less thatch • Medium shade tolerance • Good drought tolerance Emerald Zoysiagrass ‘Diamond’ ‘Zorro’ Texas A&M University (1997) Texas A&M University (2002) • Fine to dwarf leaf texture • Fine leaf texture – Slow recuperative potential – Rapid recuperative ability • Very dense • Excellent shade and salt tolerance • Excellent shade and salt tolerance • • Excellent color retention Adapted to the transition zone • Excellent sod strength – Good winter hardiness • Good resistance to the tawny mole cricket, fall • Good resistance to the rust, yellow patch, brown armyworm, and brown patch patch, billbugs, and fall armyworm • Use in areas with poor water quality • Low fertility requirement 5 Zeon Diamond ‘PristineFlora’ University of Florida (2005) • “Pristine” • Deep green color • Fine to dwarf leaf texture – Fast establishment • Very dense – Need thatch management program Cavalier PristineFlora Nutrient Management • Frequent light applications are best – Prevents thatch accumulation – Enhances spring greenup – Prevents disease – Improves wear tolerance – Improves playability • Do Not promote excessive green color – Encourages thatch – Slows spring greenup – Promotes disease development • Early Spring fertilization – Late frost can damage and delay greenup Zoysiagrass Nutrient and Cultural – Promote large patch development Management Practices Nutrient Management • Late Fall fertilization – Delay spring greenup – Promote large patch development Pensacola Tallahassee Jacksonville Gainesville JAN 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 • Enhancing Spring Greenup FEB 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 – MAR 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.05 Apply fertilizer after the turf has become fully green and actively APR 0.11 0.10 0.13 0.12 growing. MAY 0.27 0.26 0.28 0.26 – Apply iron JUN 0.41 0.41 0.40 0.38 JUL 0.45 0.45 0.44 0.42 AUG 0.44 0.44 0.43 0.41 • Potassium SEP 0.37 0.38 0.37 0.35 – Apply at rates equal to nitrogen OCT 0.15 0.14 0.18 0.16 – Improves stress tolerance NOV 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.06 DEC 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.3 6 Nitrogen Rate Study‐ Nitrate‐N Leaching from Empire 50 40 1 lb N 30 4 lb N 20 7 lb N 10 lb N 10 0 NO3-ha-1) (kg N Leached 1 C1 C3 C1 C3 F F F F 3 r 1 FC r Y Yr2 Yr2 Yr3 Y Nitrogen applied as 100% soluble urea Trenholm et al. 2009 37 Mowing Zoysiagrass • Proper mowing – Enhances plant growth and development – Never remove more than 1/3 of top growth – Stimulates lateral growth (tillers and stolons) • Cut too close result in scalping or removal of growing point • Cut too infrequent result in scalping as the growing point may be too high. 39 Mowing Zoysiagrass • Reel and Rotary mowers • Broad range: 0.25 to 2.5 inches – Includes all cultivars • Cultivar and Species Specific – Zoysia matrella (fine textured) • 0.5 to 1.5 inches • Exceptions: Diamond, Pristine, Cashmere – 0.25 inch – Zoysia japonica (coarse textured) Scalping – removing the • 1 to 2.5 inches growing point 7 Thatch and Zoysiagrass Thatch and Zoysiagrass • Zoysiagrass spreads through the production of • Management lateral stems (rhizomes and stolons). – Zoysiagrass in full sun = thatch • Lateral stems are resistant to decay • Don’t fertilize for excess color • Frequent light applications of nitrogen • Easily result in excess thatch – decomposition rates = growth rates – Associated with too much lateral stem production. – Home lawns • Influenced by: • De‐thatch (power rake) or scalp each spring – Nitrogen management – Timing Grass is actively growing – Mowing off of more than 1/3 » Turf will recover with minimum weed encroachment of shoot growth Shade and Zoysiagrass Thatch and Zoysiagrass Cultivar and Species Specific • Management • Zoysia matrella • Zoysia japonica – Golf Courses – Good to excellent shade – Poor to Very good • Aggressive vertical mowing 1 to 2 times per year tolerance • Palisades Very Good • Diamond excellent • Jamur Very Good • Replacement of one normal mowing per week with light vertical • Cavalier Very good • El Toro Fair mowing • Emerald Good • Crowne Fair • Use of groomers in combination with reel mowers • Royal Good • Empire Poor • Zorro Good • Meyer Poor • Zeon ? • Ultimate ? • Pristine ? • Cashmere ? 90% Shade Shade and Zoysiagrass • Management Cavalier, Zorro, Emerald – Zeon, PristineFlora, Geo Nitrogen Fertility • Increases elongation of leaves – Excess growth depletes carbohydrates and weakens root system. • Limit nitrogen to maintain acceptable color – Divert Traffic Empire, UltimateFlora, JaMur El Toro, Palisades – Increase mowing heights • Accounts for elongated leaves • ↑ leaf area available for photosynthesis 8 Irrigation/Drought Response and Zoysiagrass • Zoysiagrass will persist through long‐term drought. – Wilts Quickly – Enters Dormancy (avoid) – Texas A&M research • 60 day drought – 7 zoysiagrass cultivars < 1.5% green – Floratam St. Augustinegrass – 20% green – Tifway bermudagrass – 50% green – Celebration bermudagrass – 71% green Zoysiagrass June 23, 2009 Empire Empire Ultimate 9.0 Ultimate 8.0 JaMur 7.0 El Toro 9=Best) 6.0 9; Cavalier ‐ 5.0 (1 4.0 Palisades 3.0 Zorro Quality 2.0 Emerald Turf 1.0 Zeon 0.0 Pristine 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 JaMur El Toro Cavalier Palisades Zorro 9 Zoysiagrass Zoysiagrass June 23, 2009 Empire 9.0 Ultimate Emerald Zeon Pristine 8.0 JaMur 7.0 El Toro 9=Best) 6.0 9; Cavalier ‐ 5.0 (1 4.0 Palisades 3.0 Zorro 2 Days Quality 4 Days 6 Days 2.0 Emerald Turf 1.0 Zeon 0.0 Pristine 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 9 Days 12 Days 15 Days Irrigation Uniformity – ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL Herbicides for Zoysiagrass • Preemergence • Preemergence – Oxadiazon – Ronstar – Oryzalin + benefin –XL2G – Benefin – Balan – Pendimethalin – Pendulum – Benefin + trifluralin –Team 2G – S‐metachlor – Pennant – Bensulide – Betasan – Prodiamine – Barricade – DCPA – Dacthal – Isoxaben – Gallery – Dithiopyr –Dimension – Atrazine – Oryzalin –Surflan – Prodiamine + sulfentrazone – Echelon – Dimethenamid ‐ Tower 10 Herbicides
Recommended publications
  • Construction of High-Resolution Genetic Maps Of
    Huang et al. BMC Genomics (2016) 17:562 DOI 10.1186/s12864-016-2969-7 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Construction of high-resolution genetic maps of Zoysia matrella (L.) Merrill and applications to comparative genomic analysis and QTL mapping of resistance to fall armyworm Xiaoen Huang1†, Fangfang Wang1†, Ratnesh Singh1†, James A. Reinert1, M. C. Engelke1, Anthony D. Genovesi1, Ambika Chandra1,2 and Qingyi Yu1,3* Abstract Background: Zoysia matrella, widely used in lawns and sports fields, is of great economic and ecological value. Z. matrella is an allotetraploid species (2n =4x = 40) in the genus zoysia under the subfamily Chloridoideae. Despite its ecological impacts and economic importance, the subfamily Chloridoideae has received little attention in genomics studies. As a result, limited genetic and genomic information are available for this subfamily, which have impeded progress in understanding evolutionary history of grasses in this important lineage. The lack of a high-resolution genetic map has hampered efforts to improve zoysiagrass using molecular genetic tools. Results: We used restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADSeq) approach and a segregating population developed from the cross between Z. matrella cultivars ‘Diamond’ and ‘Cavalier’ to construct high-resolution genetic maps of Z. matrella. The genetic map of Diamond consists of 2,375 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers mapped on 20 linkage groups (LGs) with a total length of 1754.48 cM and an average distance between adjacent markers at 0.74 cM. The genetic map of Cavalier contains 3,563 SNP markers on 20 LGs, covering 1824. 92 cM, with an average distance between adjacent markers at 0.51 cM.
    [Show full text]
  • Physiological and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal the Mechanisms
    Wang et al. BMC Plant Biology (2020) 20:114 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-020-02330-6 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Physiological and transcriptomic analyses reveal the mechanisms underlying the salt tolerance of Zoysia japonica Steud Jingjing Wang, Cong An, Hailin Guo*, Xiangyang Yang, Jingbo Chen, Junqin Zong, Jianjian Li and Jianxiu Liu Abstract Background: Areas with saline soils are sparsely populated and have fragile ecosystems, which severely restricts the sustainable development of local economies. Zoysia grasses are recognized as excellent warm-season turfgrasses worldwide, with high salt tolerance and superior growth in saline-alkali soils. However, the mechanism underlying the salt tolerance of Zoysia species remains unknown. Results: The phenotypic and physiological responses of two contrasting materials, Zoysia japonica Steud. Z004 (salt sensitive) and Z011 (salt tolerant) in response to salt stress were studied. The results show that Z011 was more salt tolerant than was Z004, with the former presenting greater K+/Na+ ratios in both its leaves and roots. To study the molecular mechanisms underlying salt tolerance further, we compared the transcriptomes of the two materials at different time points (0 h, 1 h, 24 h, and 72 h) and from different tissues (leaves and roots) under salt treatment. The 24-h time point and the roots might make significant contributions to the salt tolerance. Moreover, GO and KEGG analyses of different comparisons revealed that the key DEGs participating in the salt-stress response belonged to the hormone pathway, various TF families and the DUF family. Conclusions: Zoysia salt treatment transcriptome shows the 24-h and roots may make significant contributions to the salt tolerance.
    [Show full text]
  • Melatonin Influences the Early Growth Stage in Zoysia Japonica Steud. By
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Melatonin infuences the early growth stage in Zoysia japonica Steud. by regulating plant oxidation and genes of hormones Di Dong, Mengdi Wang, Yinreuizhi Li, Zhuocheng Liu, Shuwen Li, Yuehui Chao* & Liebao Han* Zoysia japonica is a commonly used turfgrass species around the world. Seed germination is a crucial stage in the plant life cycle and is particularly important for turf establishment and management. Experiments have confrmed that melatonin can be a potential regulator signal in seeds. To determine the efect of exogenous melatonin administration and explore the its potential in regulating seed growth, we studied the concentrations of several hormones and performed a transcriptome analysis of zoysia seeds after the application of melatonin. The total antioxidant capacity determination results showed that melatonin treatment could signifcantly improve the antioxidant capacity of zoysia seeds. The transcriptome analysis indicated that several of the regulatory pathways were involved in antioxidant activity and hormone activity. The hormones concentrations determination results showed that melatonin treatment contributed to decreased levels of cytokinin, abscisic acid and gibberellin in seeds, but had no signifcant efect on the secretion of auxin in early stages. Melatonin is able to afect the expression of IAA (indoleacetic acid) response genes. In addition, melatonin infuences the other hormones by its synergy with other hormones. Transcriptome research in zoysia is helpful for understanding the regulation of melatonin and mechanisms underlying melatonin- mediated developmental processes in zoysia seeds. Melatonin (MT, N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine), commonly known as a vertebrate neurohormone released by the pineal gland, is a tryptophan-derived metabolite. Melatonin is a versatile substance with diverse efects in various animal physiological processes.
    [Show full text]
  • ORIGIN, BIOGEOGRAPHICAL MIGRATIONS and DIVERSIFICATIONS of TURFGRASSES James B Beard1
    Research Report | SR132 ORIGIN, BIOGEOGRAPHICAL MIGRATIONS AND DIVERSIFICATIONS OF TURFGRASSES James B Beard1 Executive Summary Whether a turfgrass species is characterized as Primitive ancestral grasses are now proposed native or naturalized to North America has been to have appeared during the Late Cretaceous based on world-wide simplistic observations between 65 and 96 mya (million years ago) in focused on where the greatest genetic diversity Gondwanan Africa. The ancestral Pooideae are occurred, termed center-of-origin. Research infor- estimated to have migrated to the steppes of mation as to dating and locations of subsequent Laurasian Eurasia during the Eocene ~ 38 to migration and diversification has been minimal 47 mya. Taxonomic divergence of the base C3 due to a lack of needed research technologies. Pooideae group appears to have been initiated in Intercontinental migration of grasses has been Europe ~ 26 to 33.5 mya. The base C4 Pooideae assumed to have been unlikely due to oceanic apparently arose in Africa ~ 30 to 33 mya, followed separation. Recent development of paleobotanical by migration to West Gondwana South America studies using ultrastructural electron microscopic and to East Gondwana India and Australia. techniques and stable carbon isotope dating instrumentation and research procedures, plus Diversification led to the emergence of an ancient molecular phylogenetic research and cladistic Poeae group known as the fine-leaf fescues biogeographic analysis of large data sets are (Festuca) in central-Europe during the mid- clarifying our understanding of migration patterns Miocene ~ 13 mya. Subsequent migration occurred and dating of multiple secondary centers-of-origin via the mountains of central and eastern Asia, for grasses.
    [Show full text]
  • Zoysiagrass (Zoysia Spp.) History, Utilization, and Improvement in the United States: a Review
    Published August 16, 2017 RESEARCH Zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) History, Utilization, and Improvement in the United States: A Review Aaron J. Patton,* Brian M. Schwartz, and Kevin E. Kenworthy A.J. Patton, Dep. of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue ABSTRACT Univ., 625 Agriculture Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907; B.M. Since its introduction into the United States in Schwartz, Dep. of Crop & Soil Sciences, Univ. of Georgia, 2360 1892, zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp. Willd.) has made Rainwater Rd., Tifton, GA 31793; K.E. Kenworthy, Dep. of Agronomy, a tremendous impact on the US turfgrass indus- Univ. of Florida, PO Box 110500, Gainesville, FL 32611. Received 3 try. Three species of zoysiagrass [Z. japonica Feb. 2017. Accepted 17 May 2017. *Corresponding author (ajpatton@ Steud., Z. matrella (L.) Merr., and Z. pacifica purdue.edu). Assigned to Associate Editor Jack Fry. (Goudswaard) M. Hotta & S. Kuroki] collected Abbreviations: ET, evapotranspiration; FAW, fall armyworm; from East Asia and the Pacific Islands were FAES, Florida Agriculture Experiment Station; GRIN, Germplasm introduced into the United States and are used Resources Information Network; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; directly as turf or by turfgrass breeders in the NIFA, National Institute of Food and Agriculture; SCRI, Specialty development of advanced lines. Golf courses, Crop Research Initiative; TSW, tropical sod webworm; USGA, lawns, grounds, sod farms, athletic fields, road- United States Golf Association. sides, and airports are some of the many loca- tions where zoysiagrass is used. While almost oysiagrass (Zoysia1 spp. Willd.2) is an introduced, perennial, 50 improved cultivars of zoysiagrass have been Zsod-forming species in the United States that is well adapted developed to date, active efforts to improve for use as a turf in the transitional and warm climatic regions and zoysiagrass further and expand its utilization requires minimal maintenance inputs.
    [Show full text]
  • Miscanthus Sinensis
    Miscanthus sinensis Miscanthus sinensis INTRODUCTORY DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS FIRE ECOLOGY FIRE EFFECTS MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS REFERENCES INTRODUCTORY AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION FEIS ABBREVIATION NRCS PLANT CODE COMMON NAMES TAXONOMY SYNONYMS LIFE FORM James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION: Waggy, Melissa A. 2011. Miscanthus sinensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2011, January 26]. FEIS ABBREVIATION: MISSIN NRCS PLANT CODE [108]: MISI COMMON NAMES: Chinese silvergrass Chinese silver grass eulalia http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/missin/all.html[1/26/2011 11:50:53 AM] Miscanthus sinensis Japanese silver grass zebra grass TAXONOMY: The scientific name of Chinese silvergrass is Miscanthus sinensis Andersson (Poaceae) [24,36,38,50,65,116]. Hitchcock [38] recognizes 3 varieties in the United States: Miscanthus sinensis var. gracillimus Hitchc. (narrow blades) Miscanthus sinensis var. variegatus Beal (blades striped with white) Miscanthus sinensis var. zebrinus Beal (blades banded or zoned with white) Various Chinese silvergrass infrataxa occur in Taiwan and Japan ([8], review by [96]). Under cultivation, Chinese silvergrass is often hybridized with other species of this genus [12], particularly with M. sacchariflorus to create the hybrid Miscanthus × giganteus [49]. More than 50 cultivars of Chinese silvergrass have been introduced to North America since 1980 [70]. SYNONYMS: None LIFE FORM: Graminoid DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE SPECIES: Chinese silvergrass GENERAL DISTRIBUTION HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES GENERAL DISTRIBUTION: Chinese silvergrass is nonnative to North America.
    [Show full text]
  • Zoysia Japonica (Zoysia Grass) Size/Shape
    Zoysia japonica (Zoysia grass) Z. japonica is a dense low-growing, slow-growing perennial. Excellent drought and heat tolerance, but turns straw colored when temperatures its cold and temperture is below 5 C. Good shade tolerance, prefers well drained soils with a pH between 6 and 7. It can be planted anytime of year with sod or plugs. The leaves are slightly hairy and are the most coarse-textured of the zoysias. Drought and salt tolerant. Landscape Information French Name: Zoysia du Japon Pronounciation: ZOY-shuh juh-PON-ih-kuh Plant Type: Lawn Heat Zones: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 Hardiness Zones: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 Uses: Sports Field Size/Shape Growth Rate: Slow Tree Shape: Spreading Height at Maturity: Less than 0.5 m Spread at Maturity: Less than 50 cm Time to Ultimate Height: 1 Year Plant Image Notes Zoysia grass produces a dense grass good for golf courses, parks and athletic fields as well as residential and commercial lawns Zoysia japonica (Zoysia grass) Botanical Description Foliage Leaf Arrangement: Spiral Leaf Venation: Parallel Leaf Persistance: Evergreen Leaf Type: Simple Leaf Blade: Less than 5 Leaf Shape: Linear Leaf Margins: Entire Leaf Textures: Fine Leaf Scent: No Fragance Color(growing season): Green Flower Image Color(changing season): Green Flower Flower Showiness: False Flower Size Range: 0 - 1.5 Flower Type: Spadix Flower Sexuality: Monoecious (Bisexual) Flower Scent: No Fragance Flower Color: Green Seasons: Year Round Fruit Fruit Type: Follicle Fruit Showiness: False Fruit Size Range: 0 - 1.5 Fruit Colors: Green Seasons: Year Round Zoysia japonica (Zoysia grass) Horticulture Management Tolerance Frost Tolerant: No Heat Tolerant: Yes Drought Tolerant: Yes Salt Tolerance: Moderate Requirements Soil Requirements: Clay, Loam, Sand Soil Ph Requirements: Acidic, Neutral, Alkaline Water Requirements: Moderate, Low Light Requirements: Full, Part Management Mowing Height: 5 - 7 cm Edible Parts: Plant Propagations: Seed, Sod Leaf Image.
    [Show full text]
  • Flora of China 22: 496–498. 2006. 151. ZOYSIA Willdenow, Ges
    Flora of China 22: 496–498. 2006. 151. ZOYSIA Willdenow, Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin Neue Schriften 3: 440. 1801, nom. cons. 结缕草属 jie lü cao shu Chen Shouliang (陈守良); Sylvia M. Phillips Osterdamia Necker ex Kuntze, nom. illeg. superfl. Perennials, rhizomatous and/or stoloniferous, sward forming. Culms arising from nodes along stolons, often densely branched at ground level. Leaf blades conspicuously distichous, stiff, flat or involute; ligule short, ciliolate. Inflorescence a cylindrical, dense, spikelike raceme; spikelets appressed to axis, falling entire; pedicels persistent, flattened, sometimes widened upward. Spikelets lat- erally compressed, floret 1; lower glume usually absent; upper glume as long as spikelet, enclosing floret, laterally compressed, leathery, rounded on back, smooth, glossy, apex acute or midvein excurrent into mucro; lemma membranous, 1–3-veined, apex acute or emarginate; palea reduced or absent. Lodicules absent. Styles connate at base, stigmas apically exserted. Caryopsis ovoid. x = 9, 10. Nine species: tropical and subtropical coasts of the Indian Ocean, W Pacific, and Australasia; several species widely introduced elsewhere as tropical lawn grasses; five species in China. The spikelets often consist of only two scales: a leathery, glossy glume (technically the upper glume) enclosing a much thinner lemma. The species are good sand-binding and lawn grasses. 1a. Spikelets usually ca. 2 mm wide; uppermost leaf sheaths inflated, enclosing base of inflorescence .................. 1. Z. macrostachya 1b. Spikelets less than 1.5 mm wide; uppermost leaf sheaths not inflated. 2a. Spikelets ovate, 2–2.5 times as long as wide; pedicels flexuous, usually longer than spikelet ............................. 2. Z. japonica 2b. Spikelets lanceolate to oblong, 3–4 times as long as wide; pedicels straight, usually shorter than spikelet.
    [Show full text]
  • Nutrient Uptake Responses of Tropical Turfgrass Species to Salinity Stress
    AJCS 5(6):620-629 (2011) ISSN:1835-2707 Effect of salinity stress on nutrient uptake and chlorophyll content of tropical turfgrass species Md. Kamal Uddin1*, Abdul Shukor Juraimi1, Mohd. Razi Ismail1, Md. Alamgir Hossain1, Radziah Othman2 and Anuar Abdul Rahim2 1Department of Crop Science, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 2Department of Land Management, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Seawater of different salinity levels (0, 24, 48, and 72 dSm-1) were applied to 16 turfgrass species that grown in plastic pots filled with a mixture of sand and peat (9:1v/v). Chlorophyll concentration decreased significantly with increasing salinity. P. vaginatum and Z. japonica maintained greater amount of total chlorophyll than the others turfgrass species under salt stress. Increasing salinity also decreased K, Ca, Mg content and K/Na ratio but increased Na content in the shoot tissue. The K, Ca, Mg content reduction was the lowest in the species of Paspalum vaginatum, Zoysia japonica and Zoysia matrella while the highest K reduction was in the species of Digitaria didactyla at all salinity levels followed by Axonopus affinis, Cynodon dactylon ‘tifdwarf’, Cynodon dactylon ‘greenlesspark’ and Axonopus compressus (pearl blue). Other species were the intermediate. The overall, shoot K/Na ratio was the highest in Paspalum vaginatum followed by Zoysia japonica, whilst the lowest K/Na ratio was in Axonopus compressus (pearl blue) followed by C. dactylon ‘greenless park’. The results revealed that K, Ca and Mg ions uptake and their distribution to shoot tissues under salinity stress may be relevant issues for salt (Na+) exclusion studies and for plant nutrition as well.
    [Show full text]
  • Grass Subfamilies III
    Grass Subfamilies III Subfamily Panicoideae • 12 tribes • 3560 species • mostly tropical to warm temperate • economically important for: – Zea mays – Saccharum officinale – Sorghum bicolor – various weeds Subfamily Panicoideae • Tribe Paniceae • Tribe Andropogoneae Subfamily Panicoideae • Tribe Paniceae – Digitaria – Dichanthelium – Echinochloa – Panicum – Cenchrus – Setaria Digitaria Dichanthelium Echinochloa Panicum Cenchrus Setaria Setaria Pennisetum Cenchrus Subfamily Panicoideae • Tribe Paniceae • Tribe Andropogoneae Subfamily Panicoideae • Tribe Paniceae • Tribe Andropogoneae – Andropogon – Schizachyrium – Miscanthus – Sorghum – Zea Andropogon Sorghum Schizachyrium Zea Miscanthus Subfamily Panicoideae • Tribe Andropogoneae – Saccharum officinarum (sugar cane) used for sugar in India since at least 3000 BCE – Columbus brought sugarcane to the New World on his second voyage and successfully established crops – Sugar Triangle in 1700s • Raw sugar or molasses from West Indies to Connecticut • Rum made in Connecticut sent to Africa to buy slaves • Slaves brought to West Indies for labor in cane fields • Sugar Act – British taxes on sugar in colonies Subfamily Panicoideae • Sorghum bicolor – up to three separate domestications in Africa 2000-4000 BCE – grain sorghum – sweet sorghum – kafir – careful with usage of term – durra – milo – ethanol – edible oils Subfamily Panicoideae • Zea mays – maize, corn – base crop of New World civilizations including Maya, Aztecs, Incas – domesticated in Mexico around 7000 BCE – by the time Columbus arrived,
    [Show full text]
  • Empire Zoysia Lawn Maintenance Calendar
    Empire Zoysia Lawn Maintenance Calendar General Information for Empire Zoysia grass Empire Zoysia grass is a native proprietary selection of Zoysia japonica. It is said to be dark green in color with a wide leaf blade and open growth habit. It has performed well in sandy and clay soil types with aggressive growth from its stolons and rhizomes, but can be mowed with a standard rotary mower due to its broader leaf and open growth habit. Fertilizing Proper fertilization is an important component of the best management practices of your turf. Fertilization and other cultural practices influence the overall health of the turf and can reduce or increase its vulnerability to many stresses, including weeds, insects and disease. Having soil tests done annually to determine the exact fertility need is advisable. Your local UF Cooperative Extension Service county office has instructions and bags for taking soil samples and submitting to the UF Extension Soil Testing Lab for analysis. These tests form the basis for your turf fertility program and recommendations from the soil tests should take precedence over recommendations given in publications or on fertilizer bags. In particular, phosphorous levels are best determined by soil testing. Since many Florida soils are high in phosphorous, little or no phosphorous may be needed for satisfactory turf growth. The exception to this may be during establishment. In general, two weeks following complete spring green-up, apply fertilizer at the rate of ½ (water-soluble) to 1 (slow-release) pound of nitrogen per 1000 square feet. The three numbers on a fertilizer bag refer to percent nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, respectively, in the bag.
    [Show full text]
  • Zoysiagrass Evaluation for Dna Content, Sting Nematode Response, Nitrogen Management, and Estimates of Heritability for Turfgrass Performance Traits
    ZOYSIAGRASS EVALUATION FOR DNA CONTENT, STING NEMATODE RESPONSE, NITROGEN MANAGEMENT, AND ESTIMATES OF HERITABILITY FOR TURFGRASS PERFORMANCE TRAITS By BRIAN M. SCHWARTZ A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2008 1 © 2008 Brian M. Schwartz 2 To Süz 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my sincere appreciation to Dr. Kevin Kenworthy, the members of my advisory committee, the Agronomy Department, and the staff at the Plant Science Research and Education Unit for all of the guidance, support, and help. Thanks are also in order for the generous donation of laboratory equipment from Mark Kann and the Seven Rivers Golf Course Superintendents Association. This research would not have been possible without these efforts. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES...........................................................................................................................7 LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................9 ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................12 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................14
    [Show full text]