Reducing Narcissistic Defensiveness Through the Activation of Belonging
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July 19, 2010 WHO ARE YOU? the SELF AS a SYSTEM OF
WHO ARE YOU? THE SELF AS A SYSTEM OF MULTILEVEL INTERACTING MECHANISMS Paul Thagard & Joanne V. Wood University of Waterloo Draft 8, July, 2010; comments welcome. ABSTRACT This paper proposes an account of the self as a multilevel system consisting of social, individual, neural, and molecular mechanisms. This framework provides integrated explanations of many phenomena concerning how people represent, control, and change themselves. The multilevel system theory of the self provides a scientific alternative to transcendental and deflationary views favored by many philosophers. The paper identifies more than seventy aspects of the self that divide naturally into nine groups, and provides multilevel accounts of important representatives from each, including: self-concepts, self-consciousness, self-deception, self-presentation, self- criticism, self-esteem, self-enhancement, self-regulation, and self-development. In place of reductionist and holistic approaches to cognitive science, this paper advocates a method of multilevel interacting mechanisms. WHAT IS THE SELF? The concept of the self has been theoretically important in philosophy, psychology, and related social sciences, including sociology, anthropology, and political science. The nature of the self is relevant to explaining many interesting phenomena, including: self-abnegation, self-absorption, self-actualization, self-admiration, self- affirmation, self-appraisal, self-assessment, self-awareness, self-blame, self-concepts, self-confidence, self-consciousness, self-consistency, -
Psychology of Self-Knowledge 2 Lecture
Psychology of Self-knowledge 2 lecture Olexandra Loshenko, Ph.D. Connection between self-knowledge and psychological categories Reiteration • Self-knowledge is a complex multilevel process, that is individually expanded over time. Man learns the environment and at the same time – himself, through active interaction with the world. • Self-knowledge is a dynamic process that never ends, because, firstly, there is a constant development of cognitive abilities itself; secondly, the object of cognition – person - changes itself. Connection between self-knowledge and psychological categories Reiteration Three important meanings of self-knowledge: . for religious person self-knowledge is a way to unite with God through the knowledge of a Divine origin in himself; . on the facile psychological level self-knowledge is as means of the fullest usage of own abilities, skills in life and activities or as means of managing other people; . on a deep psychological level, which the science is trying to uncover, self-knowledge - is the way of gaining mental and psychological health, harmony and maturity, capacity for self-development and self-actualization. Connection between self-knowledge and psychological categories Self-esteem Experience of different emotions that accompany the processes of self-knowledge, forms a human attitude. Knowledge of himself, combined with a certain attitude toward himself is self-esteem. Connection between self-knowledge and psychological categories Types of self-esteem Adequate and Global and partial inadequate Understated or overestimated Connection between self-knowledge and psychological categories Human self-esteem is influenced by various factors • This is the comparison between image of real "Self" and image of ideal "Self". • This is also appropriation of human estimates and standards, which he receives from others, especially from his immediate environment. -
Chapter 02 Who Am I?
January 8, 2013 at 10:30 AM 452_chapter_02.docx page 1 of 52 CHAPTER 02 WHO AM I? I. WHO AM I? ...................................................................................................................................... 3 A. THREE COMPONENTS OF THE EMPIRICAL SELF (OR ME) ............................................................................. 4 B. EXTENSIONS AND REFINEMENTS OF JAMES’S THEORY ................................................................................ 9 II. SELF-FEELING, SELF-SEEKING, AND SELF-PRESERVATION ............................................................... 14 A. SELF-FEELINGS AS BASIC EMOTIONS ..................................................................................................... 15 B. SELF-CONSCIOUS EMOTIONS .............................................................................................................. 15 C. SELF-FEELINGS AND SELF-STANDARDS .................................................................................................. 17 D. SELF-FEELINGS AND SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS ........................................................................................... 20 E. SUMMARY AND SYNTHESIS ................................................................................................................. 21 III. GROUP DIFFERENCES IN THE SELF-CONCEPT .................................................................................. 21 A. CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN THE SELF-CONCEPT ..................................................................................... -
Self-Perception and Performance
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Self-Perception and Performance. Exploratory research into the narcissists’ first 20 months within a corporate graduate recruitment programme. A dissertation presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Human Development Studies Massey University, Palmerston North New Zealand Jeff Simpson 2012 Dedicated to, Tracy, Sarah, Hannah, and Jamie. i Abstract The intent of this exploratory study was to examine the nature and impact of narcissism in the early career stages of a graduate cohort, where there has previously been little applied narcissism research. Self-reports on self- perception and critical self-insight were obtained individually from 63 new recruits in a multi-national company as part of a graduate recruitment programme. Self-report data were collected on day one of the recruits’ induction programme followed by repeated data collections at nine months and at twenty months into their employment. In addition, at months nine and twenty, two line managers of each recruit completed indicators on their perceptions of the recruits’ actual work performance. Using a newly designed narcissistic traits indicator, line managers also indicated their views of each recruit’s narcissistic tendencies. Results obtained indicated ten of the sixty three graduates had significant narcissistic tendencies. The self-ratings of recruits were subsequently compared to their actual performance as rated by their managers. -
Self-Esteem: an Evolutionary-Developmental Approach
Available online at www.worldscientificnews.com WSN 66 (2017) 225-237 EISSN 2392-2192 Self-esteem: An Evolutionary-Developmental Approach Madhavi Menon Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, College of Psychology, Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA E-mail address: [email protected] ABSTRACT While the research literature is replete with studies focusing on the developmental factors that affect self-esteem, little attention has been paid to the source or functions of the self-esteem motive itself. The present paper aims at exploring some ways in which an evolutionary-developmental- psychological (EDP) perspective can explain the adaptive nature of self-esteem. This paper attempts to address some important issues that are the focus of evolutionary psychology, including, possible evolutionary functions of self-esteem, by focusing on two theories namely, the Terror Management Theory (TMT) and the Sociometer Theory. Additionally, this review also attempts to identify some of the links between self-esteem and social relationships using an evolutionary-developmental- psychological (EDP) framework. Keywords: Self-esteem, adaptation, sociometer theory, evolutionary psychology, terror management INTRODUCTION Whilst reading newspapers, reviewing professional association conference programs, or even watching television sitcoms, we fairly quickly get the impression that a person's self- esteem is a major determinant of what a person accomplishes, and how fulfilled and rewarding a life he or she lives. Historically, no aspect of personality has received greater theoretical and empirical attention than self-esteem. Many theorists have emphasized the World Scientific News 66 (2017) 225-237 centrality of the self-concept as an object of self-awareness and as a determinant of behavior (e.g., Cooley, 1902; Epstein, 1973; Greenwald, 1980; Harter, 1983; James, 1890 etc.). -
Sonic, Infrasonic, and Ultrasonic Frequencies
SONIC, INFRASONIC, AND ULTRASONIC FREQUENCIES: The Utilisation of Waveforms as Weapons, Apparatus for Psychological Manipulation, and as Instruments of Physiological Influence by Industrial, Entertainment, and Military Organisations. TOBY HEYS A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Liverpool John Moores University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2011 1 ABSTRACT This study is a trans-disciplinary and trans-historical investigation into civilian and battlefield contexts in which speaker systems have been utilised by the military-industrial and military-entertainment complexes to apply pressure to mass social groupings and the individuated body. Drawing on authors such as historian/sociologist Michel Foucault, economist Jacques Attali, philosopher Michel Serres, political geographer/urban planner Edward Soja, musician/sonic theorist Steve Goodman, and cultural theorist/urbanist Paul Virilio, this study engages a wide range of texts to orchestrate its arguments. Conducting new strains of viral theory that resonate with architectural, neurological, and political significance, this research provides new and original analysis about the composition of waveformed geography. Ultimately, this study listens to the ways in which the past and current utilisation of sonic, infrasonic, and ultrasonic frequencies as weapons, apparatus for psychological manipulation, and instruments of physiological influence, by industrial, civilian, entertainment, and military organisations, predict future techniques of socio spatialised organisation. In chapter one it is argued that since the inception of wired radio speaker systems into U.S. industrial factories in 1922, the development of sonic strategies based primarily on the scoring of architectonic spatiality, cycles of repetition, and the enveloping dynamics of surround sound can be traced to the sonic torture occurring in Guantanamo Bay during the first decade of the twenty-first century. -
Reading the Surface: the Danish Gothic of B.S. Ingemann, H.C
Reading the Surface: The Danish Gothic of B.S. Ingemann, H.C. Andersen, Karen Blixen and Beyond Kirstine Marie Kastbjerg A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2013 Reading Committee: Marianne Stecher. Chair Jan Sjaavik Marshall Brown Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Scandinavian Studies ©Copyright 2013 Kirstine Marie Kastbjerg Parts of chapter 7 are reprinted by permission of the publishers from “The Aesthetics of Surface: the Danish Gothic 1820-2000,” in Gothic Topographies ed. P.M. Mehtonen and Matti Savolainen (Farnham: Ashgate, 2013), pp. 153–167. Copyright © 2013 University of Washington Abstract Reading the Surface: The Danish Gothic of B.S. Ingemann, H.C. Andersen, Karen Blixen and Beyond Kirstine Marie Kastbjerg Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor in Danish Studies Marianne Stecher Department of Scandinavian Studies Despite growing ubiquitous in both the popular and academic mind in recent years, the Gothic has, perhaps not surprisingly, yet to be examined within the notoriously realism-prone literary canon of Denmark. This dissertation fills that void by demonstrating an ongoing negotiation of Gothic conventions in select works by canonical Danish writers such as B.S. Ingemann, Hans Christian Andersen, and Karen Blixen (Isak Dinesen), as well as contemporary writers such as Peter Høeg and Leonora Christina Skov. This examination does not only broaden our understanding of these culturally significant writers and the discourses they write within and against, it also adds to our understanding of the Gothic – an infamously malleable and indefinable literary mode – by redirecting attention to a central feature of the Gothic that has not received much critical attention: the emphasis on excess, spectacle, clichéd conventions, histrionic performances, its hyperbolic rhetorical style, and hyper-visual theatricality. -
Self-Identity Processes in Adult Female Running Enthusiasts and Their Impact on Self-Esteem and Consumption Behaviour
____________________________________________________ SELF-IDENTITY PROCESSES IN ADULT FEMALE RUNNING ENTHUSIASTS AND THEIR IMPACT ON SELF-ESTEEM AND CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOUR ____________________________________________________ Dissertation submitted as part requirement for the degree of Masters of Arts in Marketing of the University of Durham 2014 Declaration This dissertation is the result of my own work. Material from the published or unpublished work of others, which is referred to in the dissertation, is credited to the author in question in the text. The dissertation is 12,041 words in length. Research ethics issues have been considered and handled appropriately within the Durham Business School guidelines and procedures. Acknowledgement I would like to thank Hazel Huang my mentor for her support during this dissertation. Hazel provided important and inspirational guidance during the early stages of this project and helped me to focus the approach and output to achieve the best possible result. Thank you Hazel. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables................................................................................................................................... 1 List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. 1 Abstract .............................................................................................................................................. 2 Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................... -
The Psychology of Self‐Defense: Self‐Affirmation Theory
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SELF‐DEFENSE: SELF‐AFFIRMATION THEORY David K. Sherman GeoVrey L. Cohen I. Introduction In major league baseball, a hitter could have a long and productive career by maintaining a .300 average, that is, by getting a base hit 30% of the time. A great deal of money could be earned and fame accrued. Yet the other 70% of the time, this player would have failed. The vast majority of attempts to hit the ball would result in ‘‘making an out’’ and thus pose a potential threat to the player’s sense of personal worth and social regard. Like major league baseball players, people in contemporary society face innumerable failures and self‐threats. These include substandard perfor- mance on the job or in class, frustrated goals or aspirations, information challenging the validity of long‐held beliefs, illness, the defeat of one’s politi- cal party in an election or of one’s favorite sports team in a playoV, scientific evidence suggesting that one is engaging in risky health behavior, negative feedback at work or in school, rejection in a romantic relationship, real and perceived social slights, interpersonal and intergroup conflict, the misbehav- ior of one’s child, the loss of a loved one, and so on. In the course of a given day, the potential number of events that could threaten people’s ‘‘moral and adaptive adequacy’’—their sense of themselves as good, virtuous, successful, and able to control important life outcomes (Steele, 1988)—seems limitless and likely to exceed the small number of events that aYrm it. -
Self and Identity
Chapter 16 Self and Identity W ILLIAM B. S WANN J R AND J ENNIFER K. B OSSON From the beginning, psychology ’ s relationship with the cultural settings (e.g., Banaji & Prentice, 1994). And “ self ” has been a tempestuous one. When, for example, modern researchers have complemented their long - stand- William James (1890/1950) marched the self to psychology ’ s ing interest in personal self - views or identities (we use center stage in his classic text, the field promptly ushered these terms interchangeably) with investigations of social it to the wings. There it languished for more than half a identities. It was this growing interest in social identity century, ignored by a psychological mainstream whose that prompted us to cover this work and title the chapter embrace of positivism made it squeamish about constructs “ Self and Identity ” instead of simply “ The Self, ” the title that seemed to lack clear empirical referents (e.g., Allport, of Baumeister ’ s (1998) earlier contribution to this volume. 1943). And when the self finally did gain admission into Before turning to the specific substantive issues that the social psychological mainstream in the 1960s, it had we cover here, we place our analysis in historical context. been stripped of some crucial features of the construct In particular, we briefly describe the chain of events that led that James introduced. Whereas James saw the self as a to the legitimization of a multifaceted, enduring conception source of continuity that gave the individual a sense of of the self. “ connectedness ” and “ unbrokenness ” (p. 335), the 1960s were dominated by an ephemeral, shape - shifting self that routinely reinvented itself in the service of winning social EMERGENCE OF THE “ NEO - JAMESIAN ” SELF approval (e.g., Scheibe, 1985). -
A Wolf in Sheep's Clothing: Decoding the Language of a Psychopath BY
A Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing: Decoding the Language of a Psychopath BY KERRI ANDERSON A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Forensic Psychology California Baptist University School of Behavioral Sciences 2017 ii SCHOOL OF BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES The thesis of Kerri Anderson, approved by her Committee, has been accepted and approved by the Faculty of the School of Behavioral Sciences, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Forensic Psychology. Thesis Committee: _____________________________ [Name, Title] _____________________________ [Name, Title] _____________________________ [Name, Title] Committee Chairperson [Date] iii DEDICATION It is so common to be traditional and dedicate a work of science to one’s parents, spouses, children, friends, and mentors. As if one felt the need to give back for what has been taken. But a contribution to science, and I have desperately tried here to make a contribution to science, always includes a vast amount of taking from previous researchers, professors, and scholars. Then adding a little bit according to one’s ability and then giving back not to one’s scholars and colleagues but to the whole community and to other people as well, who might find the work interesting and resourceful, and bring it on. It is for those individuals that this work has been written and to them that it is dedicated so, here is my Forensic Psychology Master’s Thesis to whoever finds it interesting and a viable contribution to uncovering the root causes of psychopathy. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would first like to thank my thesis advisor, Dr. -
Boasting in Weakness
1 Boasting in Weakness Date: 29 November 2020, 1st Sunday in Advent Location: St George’s Series: God’s Power in Our Weakness Texts: 2 Corinthians 11:16-33; Jeremiah 9:23-24; Mark 10:35-45 10 years or so ago I went to hear a rock star preacher visiting from the US. Mark Driscoll was the flavour of the month. He had planted a church in Seattle that had grown into the thousands within a decade. He had started a church planting network. His style particularly appealed to young men. He told them to stop playing video games, grow up, get a job, move out of home and get married. He inspired hordes of young men to try their hand at church planting. I remember listening to one of his sermons with Claire and she asked me - why is he shouting at us? She, like other women, did not find his aggressive, hyper masculine approach appealing. Sadly, a few years later Driscoll spectacularly fell from grace. He was sacked from his church for bullying. One of the questions Driscoll’s story raises is What does Christian leadership look like? Being a great preacher and a charismatic leader clearly is not the whole or even the key. There has to be something deeper. One of the things that drives bullying is when a person gets their sense of self worth from being in control. There is an underlying pride that means you have to be at the centre, in charge, in the spotlight. And when that is threatened, you lash out in anger.