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Gut Microbiota & Gut Barrier GUT MICROBIOTA RESEARCH & PRACTICE edited by ESNM GUT MICROBIOTA & GUT BARRIER A selection of content from the Gut Microbiota for Health 2017 & 2018 November 2018 www.gutmicrobiotaforhealth.com TABLE OF CONTENT EDITORIAL 3 SELECTED CONTENT FROM GUTMICROBIOTAFORHEALTH.COM • Gut microbiota changes are related to intestinal permeability in adults under physiologic stress 7 • A fiber-deprived diet may degrade the colonic mucus barrier and promote enteric pathogen infection in mice 9 • Probiotics may help reduce stress-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction in newborn rats 11 • Gut microbiota modulation offers a new therapeutic approach for treating non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced small intestinal damage 13 • The probiotic L. rhamnosus CNCM I-3690 counteracts pathobiont-driven metabolic effects and gut barrier dysfunction in mice 15 • A review explores the influence of probiotics on intestinal barrier integrity in various disease states 17 GUT MICROBIOTA RESEARCH & PRACTICE edited by ESNM 2 EDITORIAL The human gut is the habitat to transport, and limiting pathogens trillions of microbial cells with over and harmful substances’ penetration 1,000 diverse microbial species that from the luminal content to the contribute to the primary functions underlying immune system and the of the gastrointestinal tract, rest of the body (Zhou & Zhong, including nutrition and defense. On 2017). Translocation of nutrients to the other hand, the gastrointestinal systemic tissues occurs via the tract mucosa constitutes the major portal vein, through the gut vascular interface that separates the luminal barrier that impedes bacterial environment from the internal milieu translocation to the liver (Spadoni et and it is also the body’s primary site al., 2015). for interaction with the microbial world living within the gut lumen. Western diets high in fats and The surface of the gastrointestinal sugars, modern lifestyles with stress Dr. Maria Rescigno mucosa is estimated at up to 4,000 and sedentarism and the square feed when laid out flat and, indiscriminate use of antibiotics Maria Rescigno graduated in most importantly, contains adapted together with other frequently Biology in 1990 at the University structures allowing bi-directional host- prescribed drugs −such as of Milan, Italy. From 1991 to 1994 microbe communication (Lozupone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory she worked at the University of et al., 2012). drugs and proton pump inhibitors− Cambridge, UK, in the are major drivers of changes in Department of Biochemistry, as The gut barrier has to guarantee microbiota composition and gut a visiting scholar. From 2001 she nutrient and metabolite exchange barrier disruption (Odenwald & directs her own group in with the microbiota but at the same Turner, 2017). Mucosal Immunology. She was time also protection against the the first to show that dendritic microbial world. The gut barrier cells actively participate to consists of three major components bacterial uptake in the gut and including a mucus layer, an intact the existence of a gut vascular epithelial monolayer and a lamina barrier that resembles the blood propria with mucosal immune cells. brain barrier. She authored more All three layers contribute to than 140 publications in high well-functioning of the gut barrier impact journals. In 2016 Maria (Spadoni et al., 2017). The epithelial Rescigno has founded monolayer is not a static structure Postbiotica s.r.l. a start-up that and the tight junctions that seal exploits microbiota-derived spaces between epithelial cells are metabolites as new regulated by the gut microbiota and pharmaceutical agents. From dietary components (Shen, 2008; 2018 she is full professor at Zhou & Zhong, 2017; Ulluwishewa et Humanitas University and group al., 2011). leader at Humanitas Research hospital, Milan. Regarding intestinal barrier functions, it can be considered a functional unit involved in supporting water, nutrient and ion GUT MICROBIOTA RESEARCH & PRACTICE edited by ESNM 3 EDITORIAL Disruption of this barrier may result Many promising approaches to in an increased intestinal permeability, target and restore the epithelial which in turn facilitates translocation barrier from both an anatomic and a of water, ions, macromolecules, functional point of view, especially microbial molecules (like in the preclinical setting, have been Dietary fiber and lipopolisaccharide) and pathogens proposed. Among them, dietary probiotics have been to the bloodstream and the fiber and probiotics have been underlying tissues. It leads to the shown to protect the gut barrier and shown to protect the popularization of the leaky gut counteract many of the deleterious gut barrier and syndrome, which is a term restricted effects triggered by Western dietary counteract many of to those situations where epithelial patterns and stress (Bron et al., 2017; the deleterious tight junctional function is impaired. De Santis et al., 2015). That’s why intestinal barrier function effects triggered by is nowadays emerging as a hallmark The maintenance of a healthy Western dietary of intestinal homeostasis and host intestinal barrier is therefore a patterns and stress health (Odenwald & Turner, 2017). prerequisite for homeostasis of gastrointestinal mucosal function, A dysfunctional intestinal barrier which is crucial for allowing has been related with many the mucosal barrier absorptive gastrointestinal diseases, but also capacity while maintaining effective with systemic conditions, including defensive reactions against harmful autoimmune diseases (such as substances and pathogens. inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, autoimmune hepatitis, type In this document Gut Microbiota for 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and Health offers you an overview of key systemic lupus erythematosus), concepts regarding the importance allergic diseases or some of gut barrier in host homeostasis, neurological disorders (Mu et al., along with the current preclinical 2017). Although the majority of and clinical evidence showing the associations between intestinal role of diet in correcting intestinal barrier function and disease are merely barrier dysfunction. correlative, experimental research has demonstrated the role of barrier dysfunction in inflammatory bowel disease and coeliac disease pathogenesis (Quigley, 2016). GUT MICROBIOTA RESEARCH & PRACTICE edited by ESNM 4 EDITORIAL Targeting the epithelial barrier as a degrade mucus as alternative anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) potential therapeutic goal nutrient (including Akkermansia -induced intestinal damage, a muciniphila) and a decrease in narrative review suggests the Research has shown the relevance fiber-degrading bacteria such as potential of probiotics. Based on of environmental triggers such as Eubacterium rectale. Besides this, experimental and clinical data, stress in driving intestinal barrier the lack of fiber also leads to probiotics have been reported as a dysfunction. Besides this, dietetic physiological changes in mucus potential effective therapeutic strategies aimed at maintaining an layer thickness and altered option for preventing NSAID adequate intestinal barrier function inflammatory markers. Although -induced gastrointestinal side homeostasis has been involved as a these preliminary findings allow us effects. potential avenue for preventing understanding why fiber is so gut-related and systemic diseases. important for health, researchers • The probiotic Lactobacillus have used a simple model that does rhamnosus CNCM I-3690 counteracts • Physiologic stress impacts not necessarily reflects the high-fat diet induced metabolic intestinal permeability and both complexity of the real gut impairments and gut barrier gut microbiota composition and ecosystem, which implies that more dysfunction in mice. function in adults. research is needed for a better characterization of host-microbiota The pathobiont Bilophila wadsworthia A multiple-stressor military training interactions in the context of a diet aggravates high fat diet-induced environment −considered as a lack in fiber. deleterious metabolic effects in model of physiologic stress− may mice, which can be partly reversed lead to an increased intestinal • The probiotic Lactobacillus by a probiotic strain L. rhamnosus permeability that has been fermentum CECT 5716 prevents CNCM I-3690. This is a probiotic correlated with increased plasma stress-induced intestinal barrier with documented anti-inflammatory lipopolysaccharide and interleukin-6 dysfunction in rats. properties, protective effects inflammatory markers. Collection of against intestinal barrier dysfunction fecal samples before and after the The probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum and high-fat diet-induced metabolic stress intervention also showed that prevents intestinal epithelium alterations in mice. less dominant bacteria taxa have dysfunction induced by both increased and there was reported an maternal separation and water • Probiotics may modulate human alteration in 23% of bacterial avoidance stress in newborn rats. disease through impacting metabolites. Mechanisms involved include a intestinal barrier function. switch from the T helper 1 immune • A diet lack in fiber leads to gut response phenotype to T helper Data from in vitro cell lines, animal microbiota disturbance and 2-driven immune responses, models and small clinical trials reduction in colonic mucus layer together with an increase in supports the protective role of thickness. exploratory behaviours. probiotics in intestinal epithelial integrity, with
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