UBC School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture LARC 444/553 Green Network Planning

September 7, 2017 GREEN NETWORKS A Short History A Very Selective History….

THEMES 1. Origins of green space systems 2. Greenspace systems influence urban form 3. Early green infrastructure 4. Origins- Green networks in Vancouver EARLY GREEN SYSTEMS THINKING & PLANS Olmsted(s), Kessler, Cleveland FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED

by creativemarket.com FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED (FLO)

First to coin “landscape architect”/ Father of Landscape Architecture

With Calvert Vaux, designed Central Park in 1858

Landscape architecture consulting firm 1865- 1898

Olmsted Brothers: FLO Junior

and John Charles 1898- ?? source Getty Images BUFFALO PARK SYSTEM Olmsted & Vaux 1868-1872

USA- “first system of parks and historic parkways” Buffalo Olmsted Parks Conservancy

Source: Albert Fein, (1972) FLO and the American Environmental Tradition. BOSTON PARK SYSTEM aka Emerald Necklace (1878-1895) Frederick Law Olmsted, Charles Elliot, John Charles Olmsted, Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr.

(Olmsted coined the term “park system”) source wikimedia.org BACK BAY FENS First Green Infrastructure

“Frederick Law Olmsted….proposed to flush out the stagnant waterway and add naturalisc planngs to emulate the original de marsh ecology of the Fenway area. His plan was true to both the character of the land and the needs of the growing populaon.” Boston Mayor Marn J. Walsh

Boston Park Department & Olmsted Landscape Architects, “Map of the Back Bay Fens,” The Urban Imagination, accessed September 4, 2017, http:// dighist.fas.harvard.edu/courses/2015/HUM54/items/show/70. KANSAS CITY PARK SYSTEM (1883- present) George Kessler 1893 1977

Heckscher: Planning the “bones” or structure of the city & Expandable system

source Heckscher 1977, page 200, 201 MINNEAPOLIS PARK SYSTEM (1880’s) H.W.S. (Horace) Cleveland

Heckscher: Protecting and interconnecting natural features

A city of parkways A city characterized by natural features

source Heckscher 1977, page 207 94

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minneapolisparks.org LEONARD H. NEIMAN SPORTS COMPLEX

FORT SNELLING GOLF 35W INFLUENCES IN CANADA

1877 Mount Royal Park, Montreal F. L. Olmsted Sr. FREDERICK TODD, Landscape Architect First resident landscape architect in Canada

EXAMPLES OF WORK: 1904 Assiniboine Park, Winnipeg

1899 Park system of the National Capital- Ottawa

1905 Park system, Edmonton

Residential developments in Vancouver- Shaughnessy and Point Grey Greenspaces along the North Saskatchewan River, Edmonton OLMSTED BROTHERS- PORTLAND

John Charles Olmsted, December 1903 Proposed system of parks for Portland, Oregon

• parks should be part of a system • park systems should be comprehensive • connected by boulevards and parkways • sited to take advantage of natural landscapes & scenery • include ill-drained areas and areas subject to flooding Unknown author_graphic interpretation of the John Charles Olmsted proposal PORTLAND 2035 Comprehensive Plan (2016)

Vision for greenways and habitat areas OLMSTED BROTHERS- SEATTLE (1903 - 1941) 1903 Plan for a parks system

“The primary aim should be to secure and preserve for the use of the people … these advantages of water and mountain views and of woodlands… An ideal system would involve taking all of the borders of the different bodies of water…and to enlarge these fringes at suitable and convenient points.” John Charles Olmsted, 1903

Source: Heckscher 1977, page 75 VANCOUVER CANADA- LARGE PARKS

1870 - 1900 Major parks acquired in most major cities

Stanley Park, Vancouver established 1887 (incremental development)

Stanley Park, 1916, source: City of Vancouver Archives HASTINGS PARK Acquired by the City in 1889

Looking northeast 1960

Sources: City of Vancouver Archives, Plan 1915 Hastings Park Masterplan HASTINGS PARK returning to early visions….

The sanctuary in Hastings Park (PFS Studio)

Sources: Hastings Park Masterplan, Friends of Hastings Park VANCOUVER- 1928 Harland Bartholomew Plan Comprehensive plan for the City of Vancouver

PLEASURE DRIVE SYSTEM PLEASURE DRIVE —> Heritage Landscape

1993 designated a heritage landscape by City of Vancouver

1968 1982 PARKS MASTERPLAN 1992 URBAN LANDSCAPE TASK FORCE

CHAIR: Moura Quayle, Landscape Architect

PRINCIPLES • Recognize legacies • Recognize diversity and balance • Care for/respect the environment • Make connections • Create a community • Encourage innovation • Be fair and equitable • Make informed decisions 1992 URBAN LANDSCAPE TASK FORCE

RECOMMENDATIONS (select) PROMOTE THE URBAN FOREST • Establish urban greenways • Increase the amount and improve • Celebrate legacies the health of the urban forest over • Prepare a public realm plan the next 10 years • Reclaim local streets for bicycles • A heritage tree inventory & • Undertake a landscape inventory heritage tree protection • Prepare an ecological management • Reforestation plan • Research into tree planting • Ecological performance standards • Master street tree planting plan- • Promote the urban forest every street • Cultivate the city of gardens • Urban villages ESTABLISH URBAN GREENWAYS Urban Landscape Task Force City of Vancouver 1995 GREENWAYS PLAN A system of paths for walking and cycling across the city. Legend Updated: May 2017 Cambie St Bridge Inset AAA Network Shared Use Lanes Hospital Most comfortable for A relatively busy NELSON ST people of all ages and street with painted Cycling in Vancouver Community Centre D abilities to cycle markings that indicate EXPO BLV where people cycling Protected Bike Lanes School Depending on your ability, should position & Off-Street Paths you may find some routes to themselves (see PAC Viaducts Inset People cycling are SkyTrain / Bus Loop IFIC BLVD Disclaimer of responsibility: be more comfortable than protected from motor sharrow in Symbols Coopers’ Park This map is produced as a guide to cycling opportunities in the others. Routes designated to Know section vehicles by a physical SeaBus TE A City of Vancouver. The City, its overleaf) y G Andy a S for All Ages and Abilities barrier. (Note: Some w N employees, officers, directors n IO Livingston off-street paths Passenger Ferry e L To North E GEORGIA ST and representatives do not (AAA) are comfortable and Moderate Uphill Route re Shore located in parks may Seasi e G Park guarantee the accuracy of the low-stress for everyone, d DU information contained therein Bridge / Overpass S MAIN ST not be paved) N nor warrant the safety of any including children, the Steep Uphill Route MU EXPO BLVD QUEBEC ST (insets only) IR route, highway, road, street,

Local Street Bikeways UNION ST ST GORE elderly, and new riders. N V I A D designated cycling route or People cycling One Way U CT On busy streets, they are 2 other shown in the share the roadway Bike Route map or information. physically protected from Seaside GEORGIA VIADUCT with motor vehicles Greenway © 2017 City of Vancouver motor vehicle traffic. on relatively quiet (Seawall) neighbourhood streets Burrard St Bridge Inset PACIFIC BLVD PRIOR ST

CAMBIE ST BRIDGE

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T ABBOTT ST A CARRALL ST typically located MAIN ST N Phone / T-T-Y: 1 L between a parking BURRARD ST E THURLOW ST Y BEACH AVE Seaside PA WAY 3-1-1 / 7-1-1 S R N ST STATION lane and a moving e Greenway K Stanley Park O a S s (Seawall) C Bus Loop I

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Dunbar St

WALLACE ST HIGHBURY ST W 36TH AVE Botanical KINGSWAY Camosun St E 34TH AVE HORLEY ST Joyce– W 37TH AVE W 37th Ave Gardens Oak Mountain View Kensington Collingwood W 37TH AVE Meadows Park PRINCE EDWARD ST Cemetery E 35TH AVE Joyce– SW MARINE DRIVE W 37th Ave Park E 36TH AVE E 35TH AVE W 38TH AVE Collingwood

Cartier FRASER ST Ride Safely Symbols to know Park E 36TH AVE Station Norquay Collingwood W 39TH AVE W 39th Ave W 38TH AVE E 37th Ave E 37TH AVE Park W 39TH AVE E 37TH AVE Park E 38th Ave KINGSWAY Gaston W 40TH AVE Kerrisdale W 39TH AVE E 38TH AVE Jones SCHOOL AVE Park Park Park W 41ST AVE E 39TH AVE Follow the rules of the road: CAMBIE ST Bicycle: Sharrow Dunbar W 41ST AVE E 39TH AVE Aberdeen Bus Loop Park

W 41ST AVE Willow St People who cycle have Elm E 40TH AVE E 40TH AVE Indicates that you are (Shared Roadway): OLYMPIC ST Park Kerrisdale W 42ND AVE Earles

Windsor St Windsor ST CLAIR PLACE Centennial W 42ND AVE E 41ST AVE Park E 41ST AVE E 41ST AVE Dumfries St Park W 43RD AVE the same rights and on a bicycle route. Indicates where Oakridge– W 42nd Ave

COLLINGWOOD ST Oakridge– Musqueam ALMA ST W 43RD AVE Park Malkin 41st Avenue41st Avenue E 42ND AVE KINGSWAY people cycling should Park W 44TH AVE responsibilities as drivers. HOLLAND ST Montgomery Station ColumbiaW 43RD AVE Memorial BALACLAVA STBALACLAVA SELKIRK ST E 43RD AVE

ATHLONE ST W 44TH AVE Park Earles St E 43RD AVE DUNBAR ST W 45TH AVE Park South Park W 46TH AVE SW W 45th Ave

generally position Nanaimo St YUCULTA CRESCENT MAR Prince Edward St The Motor Vehicle Act and Dedicated bicycle MUSQUEAM DRIVE W 48TH AVE INE DRIVE W 45TH AVE E 43rd Ave E 44TH AVE themselves while STAUTLO AVE MacDonald Tecumseh ROAD BOUNDARY W 47TH AVE Park E 45th Ave

Park E 45TH AVE KILLARNEY ST To Burnaby E

W 46TH AVE ST GEORGE ST E 45TH AVE E 45TH AVE City by-laws apply to people A lane: S W 47TH AVE Y

sharing the roadway R W 48TH AVE W S

VICTORIA DRIVE

E E 46TH AVE VINE ST T Ma YEW ST W 47TH AVE E 46TH AVE

ELM ST LARCH ST

Motor vehicles, buses, B M who cycle too. THELLAIWHALTUN AVE r BALSAM ST

ADERA ST with other vehicles. O O i MCCLEERY ST Tisdall

W 49TH AVE n E 47th Ave Nanaimo E 47TH AVE e G MACDONALD ST U W 48TH AVE WILTSHIRE WILTSHIRE ST Killarney ANGUS DRIVE Park E 47TH AVE GRANVILLE ST CAMBIE ST Dr CHURCHILL ST Park

L W 49TH AVE T ASH ST MARGUERITE ST and motorcycles are OAK ST WAVERLEY AVE WAVERLEY AVE Park

E HUDSON ST

iv N WAVERLEY AVE W 51ST AVE V W 49TH AVE

TYNE STTYNE e AR O TISDALL ST

WILLOW ST ALBERTA ST ALBERTA

E 48TH AVE DOMAN ST BUTLER ST E 48TH AVE COLERIDGE AVE BROOKS ST not permitted to Ontario St

M COLUMBIA ST

MANITOBA ST WALES ST

BATTISON ST

D ELLIOTT ST KIRKLAND ST VIVIAN ST W 50TH AVE Langara–Langara– RALEIGH ST Remember Shared pathway: W 51ST AVE E 49TH AVE ARLINGTON ST BRUCE ST E 48TH AVE travel or stop in this W 50TH AVE 49th49th Avenue Avenue SOPHIA ST E 49TH AVE

FRASER ST

CHESTER ST W 51ST AVE Station BEATRICE ST E 49TH AVE Indicates an off-street WINDSOR ST

Langara LANARK ST ST CATHERINES ST E 50TH AVE

WEST BOULEVARD FLEMING ST W 52ND AVE PRINCE EDWARD ST

PRINCE ALBERT ST lane unless making DUMFRIES ST – Walk your bicycle on a Park COMMERCIAL ST E 50TH AVE pathwa y shared Maple W 52ND AVE E 50TH AVE W 53RD AVE Grove E 51ST AVE Gordon a right turn onto a Park sidewalk unless signs say W 53RD AVE Park E 51ST AVE E 51ST AVE by people walking W 52ND AVE Sunset E 52ND AVE CULLODEN ST

Inverness St cycling is allowed. cross street. Transit Park SHERBROOKE ST E 52ND AVE Kerr St Balaclava St W 54TH AVE E 53RD AVE E 52ND AVE and people cycling. W 54TH AVE buses may stop at W 55TH AVE Cambie E 53RD AVE Vivian Drive Park E 53RD AVE People cycling must Langara – Obey all traffic regulations and designated stops for Angus Drive W 55TH AVE E 54TH AVE E 54TH AVE Crossbike Golf Course E 54TH AVE Sparwood yield. W 57TH AVE E 55TH AVE Park speed limits. passengers. W 57TH AVE SW MARINE DRIVE E 55TH AVE (Elephants Feet): Deering W 57TH AVE E 55TH AVE Island McCleery E 56TH AVE Humm Captain Cook Park Golf Course W 58TH AVE Park Park D W 58TH AVE E 57TH AVE E 56TH Indicates crossings E Heather St Upland Drive – Yield to all pedestrians ER W 59TH AVE Cambie St

CARNARVON ST

ARBUTUS ST MACDONALD ST I LABURNUM ST Special vehicle lane: NG W 59th Ave E 58TH AVE Ross where people cycling IS W 60TH AVE W 59TH AVE BONNYVALE AVE E E 58TH crossing at intersections and Bicycle signal: L AND Park T 59 Champlain PLACE C Arbutus E 59th Ave EN TH Heights Reserved for specified ELTIC AVE E 59TH AVE INVERNESS ST C BRIGADOON AVE are permitted to ride. Park W 61ST AVE W 60TH AVE S Park zebra- marked bike path Dedicated light E Rosemont 2 W 61ST AVE R MAQU A Shannon Oak E 60TH AVE C Park INN vehicles (buses, Crossbikes may or may Winona Fraserview NEWPORT AVE W 62ND AVE Park Park Park R crossings. OAK ST Park Bobolink ROSEMONT DRIVE signals for people E OSLER ST BIRCH ST RUMBLE AVE ASH ST

FRASER YEW ST FRENCH ST W 62ND AVE E 61ST AVE CARTIER ST P CAMBIE ST Park

HUDSON ST

carpools, bicycles). SELKIRK ST PARK DRIVE YUKON ST S E 61ST AVE

GRANVILLE ST

HEATHER ST VIVIAN DRIVE MAIN ST

not be exclusive to RIVER W 63RD AVE MONTCALM ST COLUMBIA ST A

1 MANITOBA ST

FRASER ST J E 62ND AVE ELLIOTT ST cycling. W 63RD AVE ARGYLE ST S KNIGHT ST SCARBO E 62ND AVE People cycling may W W 63rd Ave RO AVE NANAIMO ST – Yield to a bus when it is people cycling; they are 64TH AVE ST GEORGE ST ADERA ST

W Holy VICTORIA DRIVE MUIRFIELD DRIVE Ma W 64TH AVE E 63RD AVE Q E 63RD AVE EAST BOULEVARD George Family U ride in these lanes. W 64th Ave PRINCE ALBERT ST A Fraserview

PRINCE EDWARD ST L leaving a stop. sometimes shared with r Riverview Park Hospital ICUM DRIVE Golf Course ine Park E 64TH AVE F SE MARINE DRIVE R V E W 66TH AVE ASE RI E people walking. RVIEW D V D SE MARINE DRIVE RI – Signal before turning. riv W 67TH AVE D Everett BURQUITLAMBONA DRIVECCOR D Crowley CAPTAIN'S COVE e W 68TH AVE Park Bicycle with arrow: Marine Drive E 67TH AVE HARRISON DRIVE ROAD BOUNDARY W 69TH AVE E 69TH AVE – You must use front and rear Indicates that the FREMLIN ST MarineMarine Drive Drive SE MARINE DRIVE W 70TH AVE StationStation Bus Loop E KENT AVE NORTH SOUTHSIDE DRIVE S E M Kinross lights on your bicycle after A direction of a bicycle E KENT AVE NORTH R Ravine Fraser SW MARINE DRIVE E KENT AVE SOUTH IN W 71ST AVE E Park dark. Green paint: River W 71ST AVE E KENT AVE NORTH E KENT AVE NORTHD RIVE route is changing. Turning left from protected Park E Kent Ave South E Kent Ave North Used to highlight GRANVILLE ST E KENT AVE SOUTH RIV bike lanes: To ERWAL – All bicycles must have a K A AAA routes and to People cycling can use bike Richmond VE warning bell. SHAUGHNESSY ST identify potential FRASER boxes to make two-stage left MITCHELL RIVER W KENT AVE SOUTH – Helmets are mandatory. conflicts with vehicles turns. ISLAND Marpole OAK STREET BRIDGE

such as at street and Bus Loop BRIDGE STREET KNIGHT (1) Go straight through the To driveway crossings. FRASER Richmond

Left Turn Right Turn Stop Bicycle box: intersection when the signal is RIVER CANADA LINE Watch for turning, To Indicates area where green and wait in the turn box. Richmond crossing or merging people cycling may (2) Proceed left across the To PEDESTRIAN-CYCLE BRIDGE Or motor vehicles. position themselves at a intersection when the signal YVR Airport red signal, allowing them changes. Vancouver-YVR 0km 2km 3km to turn left, right or go CITY OF ARTHUR LAING BRIDGE Information and graphics on Airport CITY OF straight in advance of protected bike lanes available RICHMOND RICHMOND 3km = 15min = 45min other vehicles. online at: vancouver.ca/cycling. SUSTAINABLE URBANISM: Vancouver Region

1996 4 GOALS

1. Protect the Green Zone

Protect the agricultural land reserve

Protect the watershed & ecosystem resources 2. Compact Metropolitan Region Growth centers Significant infill development Aached and stacked forms of housing

3. Complete communies Jobs, services, recreaon close to residences

4. Transportaon choices Expanding and improving transit Improving bicycle networks Emphasizing walkable neighborhoods METRO VANCOUVER Biodiversity planning- 2008

Goals 1. A connected, biologically diverse network of habitats 2. Healthy, resilient ecosystems and ecosystem services across the region 3. Communities actively involved in caring for and conserving biodiversity 465000 490000 515000 540000 5500000 5500000

Electoral Area A

Lions Bay

Boyer (Electoral A) 5475000 5475000

Bowen Island West Vancouver N Van Dist

Passage (Electoral A) Anmore

N Van City Belcarra Port Moody Coquitlam

Maple Ridge UEL (Electoral A) Port Coquitlam Pitt Meadows Burnaby Vancouver

New Westminster Barnston (Electoral A) 5450000 5450000

Richmond

Relative Biodiversity * Surrey

Langley City Very High Delta Langley Township

White Rock

Moderate 5425000 5425000 * The methodology to assess relative biodiversity is described in Section 3.4.5 of this report. Relative biodiversity was evalauted based on a composite of assessments of: - the comparitive biodiversity values of habitat types; and WASHINGTON - habitat reservoirs and refuges values which are based on patch sizes of contiguous habitat. This assessment of relative biodiversity is limited and does not address all factors (e.g., species 0 5 10 15 diversity, habitat complexity) and is a regional coarse-scale assessment only. Kilometres

465000 490000 515000 540000

Map prepared by: Project Partners

Figure E5 Data Sources: February 2002 Relative Biodiversity Greater Vancouver Regional District Ministry of Sustainable Resource Management Projection: Universal Transverse Mercator Zone 10 NAD83 METRO VANCOUVER Regional Parks- 2016

Vision Regional Parks protect natural areas and connect people to nature.

Goals Goal 1: Protect important natural areas to contribute to regional liveability and enhance connections.

Goal 2: Within the context of natural area protection, provide opportunities for people to connect with, enjoy, be active and learn about the environment. METRO VANCOUVER Regional Parks

Regional Parks & Greenways, Municipal and Provincial Parks & Protected Areas

Seymour Lions Bay Indian Arm Pinecone / Burke Watershed Provincial Provincial Park Park Capilano Golden Ears Watershed Provincial Park Mt. e Lynn Seymour k Coquitlam a Headwaters Provincial L Watershed tt Crippen Cypress Park Pi Provincial Lower Park Seymour Conservation West Grouse Bowen Island Mountain Reserve Thwaytes Vancouver Landing Bowen Island Apodaca Widgeon Marsh Ecological Capilano Seymour Reserve River River Greenway Pitt-Addington e North k North Marsh a L Vancouver e tt Vancouver Belcarra Anmore e u City UBC lo District Belcarra A Research Minnekhada Forest Port Moody

Burnaby Port Codd Wetland Pacific Spirit Colony Coquitlam Burnaby Blaney Electoral Farm Lake North Bog Area A Vancouver Brunette - Colony Pitt Alouette Fraser Farm Meadows Maple Ridge BCIT Greenway Iona Beach Greenway Pitt Woodlot er River Greenway ew st Fraser River N in tm Islands es W Surrey Kanaka Barnston Bend Derby Creek Island Strait of Reach Georgia Sturgeon Brae r e Tynehead Island Bank iv Richmond R Fraser River r e s ra Glen Islands F Surrey Delta Nature Valley Reserve Matsqui Burns Bog Trail Deas Island Delta South Surrey Langley City Greenway Sumas AlaksenNt'l Serpentine Mountain Wildlife Area Delta Roberts Fen WMA Abbotsford Bank Langley Township

Tsawwassen ¯ First Nation Boundary Campbell Bay Valley 0 2.5 5 10 Kilometers Boundary White Bay Rock Aldergrove METRO VANCOUVER Experience the Fraser Plan VANCOUVER’S GREENEST CITY ACTION PLAN

Vancouver 2020: A Bright Green Future AKA Greenest City action plan

Make Vancouver the greenest city in the world by 2020 VANCOUVER’S RESPONSE: GREENEST CITY

ONE TWO THREE GREEN ECONOMY & JOBS GREENER COMMUNITIES HUMAN HEALTH

World-wide mecca of green jobs Green mobility: walking, Clean water: beat WHO cycling and public transit standards and reduce Eliminate dependence on consumption fossil fuels Zero waste Clean air: beat WHO World leadership in green Easy access to nature guidelines building design & construction Achieve a one-planet eco- Local food: global leader footprint in urban food systems VANCOUVER- GREENSPACE PLANNING TODAY

URBAN FOREST BIODIVERSITY GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

PARKS & REC. PLANNING http://vancouver.ca/parks- recreation-culture/vanplay- parks-and-recreation- strategy.aspx THIS CLASS QUESTIONS? COMMENTS?