Inhibitory Effect of Nelumbo Nucifera Leaf Extract on 2

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Inhibitory Effect of Nelumbo Nucifera Leaf Extract on 2 antioxidants Article Inhibitory Effect of Nelumbo nucifera Leaf Extract on 2-Acetylaminofluorene-induced Hepatocarcinogenesis Through Enhancing Antioxidative Potential and Alleviating Inflammation in Rats Mon-Yuan Yang 1, Tung-Wei Hung 2,3, Chau-Jong Wang 4,5,* and Tsui-Hwa Tseng 6,7,* 1 Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan 2 Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan 3 School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan 4 Department of Health Diet and Industry Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan 5 Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan 6 Department of Medical Applied Chemistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan 7 Department of Medical Education, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan * Correspondence: [email protected] (C.-J.W.); [email protected] (T.-H.T.); Tel.: +886-4-24730022 (ext. 11670) (C.-J.W.); +886-4-24730022 (ext. 12230) (T.-H.T.) Received: 8 July 2019; Accepted: 19 August 2019; Published: 22 August 2019 Abstract: Leaf extract of Nelumbo nucifera (NLE) has been demonstrated to possess anti-atherosclerosis, improve alcohol-induced steatohepatitis, prevent high-fat diet-induced obesity, and inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of human breast cancer cells. This study determines the chemopreventive role of NLE against 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in rats. AAF was used to induce hepatocarcinogenesis in rats through genetic and nongenetic effects. After administration for 12 weeks, NLE (0.5–2%) supplementation orally inhibited AAF (0.03%)-induced hepatic fibrosis which appears during the development of premalignant lesions in rats. After the 6-month experiment, NLE supplementation resulted in decreasing AAF-induced serum parameters of hepatic injury, including the level of triglycerides, total cholesterol, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and inflammatory mediator interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α as well as the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (γGT). NLE supplementation also reduced AAF-induced lipid peroxidation and 8-hydroxy-20-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) formation in the rat liver. Hepatic histopathological investigation revealed that NLE supplementation attenuated the AAF-induced HCC and glutathione S-transferase-Pi (GST-Pi) expression. Furthermore, NLE supplementation increased the expression of transcription factor, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its downstream targets, including catalase, glutathion peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD-1) in the rat liver. Our findings indicate that NLE supplementation inhibited AAF-induced hepatocarcinogenesis by enhancing antioxidative potential and alleviating inflammation in rats. Keywords: 2-acetylaminofluorene; antioxidant enzymes; hepatocellular carcinoma; inflammation; Nelumbo nucifera leaf extract; oxidative stress Antioxidants 2019, 8, 329; doi:10.3390/antiox8090329 www.mdpi.com/journal/antioxidants Antioxidants 2019, 8, 329 2 of 15 1. Introduction Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant tumor and has a high mortality rate worldwide. Because most HCC patients are frequently diagnosed at an advanced stage, the overall 5-year survival rate of HCC is estimated to be below 20% [1]. In addition, the recurrence rate can be as high as 50%. The development of HCC is a complex process involving the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alteration, which passes through states of initiation, promotion, and progression, with both viral and chemical carcinogens involved in the multistate process. The onset of HCC is usually late in patients with chronic liver diseases such as hepatitis B and C infections and dietary carcinogen exposure. Accordingly, hepatic fibrosis occurs when liver is repeatedly and continuously injured. Damage to hepatocytes triggers the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory mediators, which would stimulate carcinogenic process [2]. Untreated fibrosis may progress to liver cirrhosis, leading to organ failure and hepatoma [3,4]. Therefore, approaches on antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and anti-fibrosis are considered the effective strategy for lowering the morbidity and mortality of HCC. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn (Nelumbonaceae), commonly referred to as lotus, is a widely distributed crop in central and southern Taiwan. In Southeastern Asia, lotus seed and rhizomes are usually considered popular dietary staples, and lotus leaf is also used as a common food item in Taiwan. Additionally, all parts of N. nucifera, including the leaves, flowers, stamens, embryos, and rhizomes, have been used as medicinal herbs in Eastern Asia and exhibit pharmacological properties such as antipyretic, antidiabetic, antioxidative and antiobesity effects [5–10]. In addition, Nelumbo nucifera leaf extract (NLE) was demonstrated to have remarkable effectiveness in reducing the development of atherosclerosis [10], preventing high-fat diet-induced obesity and body fat accumulation [11], improving alcohol-induced steatohepatitis [12], and inhibiting the proliferation and metastasis of human breast cancer cells [13,14]. Moreover, our study found that NLE alleviated high-fat diet-induced hepatic injuries in hamsters [15]. Our previous study demonstrated that NLE contains phenolic compounds including phenolic acid and flavonoids [12,13]. In related studies, gallic acid induces HepG2 cell apoptosis [16] and protects against diethylnitrosamine-induced rat hepatocellular carcinoma [17]. Catechin prevents the development of hepatic neoplasma by modulating several signal transduction and metabolic pathways [18]. Rutin suppresses epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase activity [19] and inhibits N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced HCC in Wistar rats [20]. Isoquercitrin inhibits the growth of HepG2 cells and xenograft tumor growth in nude mice [21]. Miquelianin promots doxorubicin-induced apoptosis under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in HCC cells [22]. Astragalin reduces the proliferation of HCC cells and inhibits the growth of xenograft tumors in vivo [23]. These reports imply that NLE may exert antihepatoma potential. However, the protective effects of NLE on oxidative stress-triggering hepatocarcinogenesis remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of NLE on hepatocarcinogenesis by 2-acetylaminofluorene AAF, which can induce liver cancer through genotoxic and nongenotoxic process associated with promoting oxidative stress in rats [24,25]. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Chemicals and Reagents The leaves of N. nucifera Gaertn. were purchased from Paiho Farmers’ Association Organization in Tainan County, Taiwan. Formic acid (reagent grade, 96%) was purchased from Tedia (Fairfield, OH, USA). Acetonitrile and methanol (high-performance liquid chromatography-grade, Darmstadt, Germany). The liquid chromatography grade polyphenol standards including isoquercitrin, peltatoside, and miquelianin were obtained from Extrasynthese (Genay, France). AAF, bovine serum albumin, dithiothreitol, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, formaldehyde, N-(2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine-N’-ethanesulfonic acid, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and sodium phosphate were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Antibodies against catalase, glutathion peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD-1), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) were purchased Antioxidants 2019, 8, 329 3 of 15 from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA), and β-actin as internal control was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Peroxidase-conjugated antibodies against rabbit IgG or mouse IgG were purchased from Sigma. 2.2. Preparation of NLE and HPLC Analysis NLE was prepared using a method similar to that in our previous paper and analyzed using HPLC [12,13]. Briefly, dried N. nucifera leave (20 g) was resuspended in 100 mL of distilled water at 4 ◦C for 12–16 h. The supernatant was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. Finally, the concentrated solution was lyophilized as NLE. HPLC analysis were using a Waters system which consisted of a HPLC controller and pump (Waters 600), a detector (2998 PDA) and an in-line degasser AF. A systemic procedure for analyzing the polyphenols contained a Mightysil RP-18 GP 250 column (Kanto, Tokyo, Japan), mobile phase solvent A (formic acid in water, pH = 2.5), solution B (acetonitrile) and solution C (methanol). HPLC method was flowing with gradient program: 0 min, 100% A; 5 min, 90% A, 0% B; 15 min, 85% A, 3% B; 20 min, 85% A, 5% B; 30 min, 85% A, 8% B; 50 min, 85% A, 15% B; 65 min, 75% A, 25% B; 70 min, 70% A, 30% B; 80 min, 50% A, 50% B; 85 min, 100% B; 100 min, 100% B. Flow rate was 1.0 mL/min and injection volume was 20 µL. The UV detection range was on 210–400 nm. 2.3. Animals Maintenance and Treatment Male Wistar rats, aged 4–5 weeks and weighing 140–160 g, were purchased from the National Laboratory Animal Center (Taipei, Taiwan), kept at a constant temperature between 22 and 24 ◦C with a 12 h light/12 h dark cycle. All protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Chung Shan Medical University (IACUC, CSMU, approval no. 1070). Rats were fed with Laboratory Rodent Diet 5001 (PMI Nutrition International) containing 23.0% crude protein, 4.5% crude fat, 6.0%
Recommended publications
  • SACRED SPACES and OBJECTS: the VISUAL, MATERIAL, and TANGIBLE George Pati
    SACRED SPACES AND OBJECTS: THE VISUAL, MATERIAL, AND TANGIBLE George Pati BRAUER MUSEUM OF ART | APRIL 13 — MAY 8, 2016 WE AT THE BRAUER MUSEUM are grateful for the opportunity to present this exhibition curated by George Pati, Ph.D., Surjit S. Patheja Chair in World Religions and Ethics and Valparaiso University associate professor of theology and international studies. Through this exhibition, Professor Pati shares the fruits of his research conducted during his recent sabbatical and in addition provides valuable insights into sacred objects, sites, and practices in India. Professor Pati’s photographs document specific places but also reflect a creative eye at work; as an artist, his documents are also celebrations of the particular spaces that inspire him and capture his imagination. Accompanying the images in the exhibition are beautiful textiles and objects of metalware that transform the gallery into its own sacred space, with respectful and reverent viewing becoming its own ritual that could lead to a fuller understanding of the concepts Pati brings to our attention. Professor Pati and the Brauer staff wish to thank the Surjit S. Patheja Chair in World Religions and Ethics and the Partners for the Brauer Museum of Art for support of this exhibition. In addition, we wish to thank Gretchen Buggeln and David Morgan for the insights and perspectives they provide in their responses to Pati's essay and photographs. Gregg Hertzlieb, Director/Curator Brauer Museum of Art 2 | BRAUER MUSEUM OF ART SACRED SPACES AND OBJECTS: THE VISUAL, MATERIAL, AND TANGIBLE George Pati George Pati, Ph.D., Valparaiso University Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad 6:23 Only in a man who has utmost devotion for God, and who shows the same devotion for teacher as for God, These teachings by the noble one will be illuminating.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Kingdom of Nataraja, a Guide to the Temples, Beliefs and People of Tamil Nadu
    * In the Kingdom of Nataraja, a guide to the temples, beliefs and people of Tamil Nadu The South India Saiva Siddhantha Works Publishing Society, Tinnevelly, Ltd, Madras, 1993. I.S.B.N.: 0-9661496-2-9 Copyright © 1993 Chantal Boulanger. All rights reserved. This book is in shareware. You may read it or print it for your personal use if you pay the contribution. This document may not be included in any for-profit compilation or bundled with any other for-profit package, except with prior written consent from the author, Chantal Boulanger. This document may be distributed freely on on-line services and by users groups, except where noted above, provided it is distributed unmodified. Except for what is specified above, no part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by an information storage and retrieval system - except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review to be printed in a magazine or newspaper - without permission in writing from the author. It may not be sold for profit or included with other software, products, publications, or services which are sold for profit without the permission of the author. You expressly acknowledge and agree that use of this document is at your exclusive risk. It is provided “AS IS” and without any warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. If you wish to include this book on a CD-ROM as part of a freeware/shareware collection, Web browser or book, I ask that you send me a complimentary copy of the product to my address.
    [Show full text]
  • Ficus Religiosa: a Wholesome Medicinal Tree
    Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2018; 7(4): 32-37 E-ISSN: 2278-4136 P-ISSN: 2349-8234 JPP 2018; 7(4): 32-37 Ficus religiosa: A wholesome medicinal tree Received: 21-05-2018 Accepted: 25-06-2018 Sandeep, Ashwani Kumar, Dimple, Vidisha Tomer, Yogesh Gat and Sandeep Vikas Kumar Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Abstract Phagwara, Punjab, India Medicinal plants play a vital role in improving health of people. Hundreds of medicinal plants have been used to cure various diseases since ancient times. Ficus religiosa (Peepal) has an important place among Ashwani Kumar herbal plants. Almost every part of this tree i.e. leaves, bark, seeds and fruits are used in the preparation Dept. of Food Science and of herbal medicines. Therapeutic properties of this tree in curing a wide range of diseases can be Nutrition, School of Agriculture, attributed to its richness in bioactive compounds namely flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenols Lovely Professional University, etc. Its antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, anticonvulsant, wound healing, anti-inflammatory and analgesic Phagwara, Punjab, India properties have made it a popular herbal tree and its parts are placed as important ingredient in modern pharmacological industry. The documentation of traditional and modern usage of F. religiosa under one Dimple Dept. of Food Science and heading can help researchers to design and develop new functional foods from F. religiosa. Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Keywords: Ficus religiosa, bioactive compounds, nutritional composition, medicinal properties Phagwara, Punjab, India Introduction Vidisha Tomer Genus Ficus has 750 species of woody plants, from which Ficus religiosa is one of the Dept.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Visiting a Hindu Temple: a Description of a Subjective
    Ciencia Ergo Sum ISSN: 1405-0269 [email protected] Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México México Gil-García, J. Ramón; Vasavada, Triparna S. Visiting a Hindu Temple: A Description of a Subjective Experience and Some Preliminary Interpretations Ciencia Ergo Sum, vol. 13, núm. 1, marzo-junio, 2006, pp. 81-89 Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México Toluca, México Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=10413110 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Visiting a Hindu Temple: A Description of a Subjective Experience and Some Preliminary Interpretations J. Ramón Gil-García* y Triparna S. Vasavada** Recepción: 14 de julio de 2005 Aceptación: 8 de septiembre de 2005 * Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and Policy, Visitando un Templo Hindú: una descripción de la experiencia subjetiva y algunas University at Albany, Universidad Estatal de interpretaciones preliminares Nueva York. Resumen. Académicos de diferentes disciplinas coinciden en que la cultura es un fenómeno Correo electrónico: [email protected] ** Estudiante del Doctorado en Administración complejo y su comprensión requiere de un análisis detallado. La complejidad inherente al y Políticas Públicas en el Rockefeller College of estudio de patrones culturales y otras estructuras sociales no se deriva de su rareza en la Public Affairs and Policy, University at Albany, sociedad. De hecho, están contenidas y representadas en eventos y artefactos de la vida cotidiana.
    [Show full text]
  • South-Indian Images of Gods and Goddesses
    ASIA II MB- • ! 00/ CORNELL UNIVERSITY* LIBRARY Date Due >Sf{JviVre > -&h—2 RftPP )9 -Af v^r- tjy J A j£ **'lr *7 i !! in ^_ fc-£r Pg&diJBii'* Cornell University Library NB 1001.K92 South-indian images of gods and goddesse 3 1924 022 943 447 AGENTS FOR THE SALE OF MADRAS GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS. IN INDIA. A. G. Barraud & Co. (Late A. J. Combridge & Co.)> Madras. R. Cambrav & Co., Calcutta. E. M. Gopalakrishna Kone, Pudumantapam, Madura. Higginbothams (Ltd.), Mount Road, Madras. V. Kalyanarama Iyer & Co., Esplanade, Madras. G. C. Loganatham Brothers, Madras. S. Murthv & Co., Madras. G. A. Natesan & Co., Madras. The Superintendent, Nazair Kanun Hind Press, Allahabad. P. R. Rama Iyer & Co., Madras. D. B. Taraporevala Sons & Co., Bombay. Thacker & Co. (Ltd.), Bombay. Thacker, Spink & Co., Calcutta. S. Vas & Co., Madras. S.P.C.K. Press, Madras. IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. B. H. Blackwell, 50 and 51, Broad Street, Oxford. Constable & Co., 10, Orange Street, Leicester Square, London, W.C. Deighton, Bell & Co. (Ltd.), Cambridge. \ T. Fisher Unwin (Ltd.), j, Adelphi Terrace, London, W.C. Grindlay & Co., 54, Parliament Street, London, S.W. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. (Ltd.), 68—74, iCarter Lane, London, E.C. and 25, Museum Street, London, W.C. Henry S. King & Co., 65, Cornhill, London, E.C. X P. S. King & Son, 2 and 4, Great Smith Street, Westminster, London, S.W.- Luzac & Co., 46, Great Russell Street, London, W.C. B. Quaritch, 11, Grafton Street, New Bond Street, London, W. W. Thacker & Co.^f*Cre<d Lane, London, E.O? *' Oliver and Boyd, Tweeddale Court, Edinburgh.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Information Summary Milk Mantra 9000103842
    Public Information Summary Milk Mantra Host Country India Name of Borrower Milk Mantra Dairy Private Limited (the “Borrower”) Project Description Expansion of a dairy processing company operating in East India (the “Project”). Proposed DFC Loan $10,000,000 All-Source Funding Total $19,280,000 Policy Review U.S. Economic Impact No Analysis Required. Developmental Objectives This Project is expected to have a highly developmental impact through supporting the expansion of operations and facilities of a growing milk processor in India. India is the largest milk producer and consumer in the world. The production of milk is largely undertaken by smallholder farmers many of whom are women. The Project is expected to have significant developmental impacts through its inclusive and innovative business plan, which sources milk primarily from over 60000 low- income smallholder farmers in underdeveloped rural areas of India. Major challenges affecting the smallholder-farmer milk production include low genetic potential of Indian bovines, lack of nutritious and balanced feed composition, and inadequate veterinary services. The Project aims to overcome these challenges by supporting smallholder farmers with a technical assistance facility offering field extension agents, animal husbandry trainings, and a digital financial inclusion campaign. Environment and Social ENV Assessment: Assessment SCREENING: The Project has been reviewed against DFC’s categorical prohibitions and has been determined to be categorically eligible. Loans to dairy processing
    [Show full text]
  • Calf Milk Replacer Guide
    Calf Milk Replacer Guide Developed by Milk Specialties Globals’ Calf Technical Team ©2019 Milk Specialties Global, Calf Milk Replacer Guide 1 CONTENTS Why Feed Milk Replacer i .....................................................................................................1 Chapter 1 Milk Replacer Ingredients ....................................................................................2 Protein. ...................................................................................................................2 Energy ............................................................................................................................................10 Vitamins & Minerals ..................................................................................................................12 Medications .................................................................................................................................15 Other Additives ...........................................................................................................................17 Chapter 2 Milk Replacer tags..................................................................................................................19 Chapter 3 Mixing and Feeding Milk Replacer...................................................................................... 20 Chapter 4 Formulation and Feeding Rate .............................................................................................25 Chapter 5 Cold Weather Feeding Strategies ........................................................................................26
    [Show full text]
  • Roselani Ice Cream Beverages Ourfamous Hula
    “Same delicious Hula Cookies, same wonderful Roselani Ice Cream, same corner across from the Banyan Tree… only the name has changed!” (808) 661-5854 Roselani Ice Cream Beverages Made on Maui and oh-so-ono! keiki 16 oz.............................. 1.85 Order any avor below in: 21 oz.............................. 2.10 ONO CONE (cake cone).......... 3.70 5.70 2.90 Coke Diet Coke WAFFLE CONE............................ 4.50 5.95 ------ Milk Sprite CUP................................................ 3.70 5.70 2.90 Iced Tea POG SUNDAES.................................... 5.95 Root Beer Coee (hot or iced) Any avor ice cream plus any three toppings listed below. Smoothies (non-dairy) Additional topping is +.75 chocolate syrup strawberry pureé Pineapple-Passion Fruit......... 4.95 macadamia nuts whipped cream Strawberry.................................. 4.95 add a banana..................... +.50 FLOAT........................ 4.95 MILKSHAKE............ 5.95 1 scoop ice cream, 2 scoops, any avor any avor, and soda Shave Ice ICE CREAM FLAVORS Choose any 3 avors below......................................................... 3.95 BANANA Add snow cap..... +.50 Add ice cream or red bean........ + 1.50 BANANA MAC CRUNCH BLUEBERRY CHEESECAKE Banana Lemon-Lime Raspberry CAPPUCCINO CHIP Blue Vanilla Mango Root Beer CARAMEL CRÈME Cherry Maui Rainbow Strawberry CHERRY TRUFFLE Coconut Passion Fruit (reg. and sugar-free) CHOCOLATE Grape Pina Colada (sugar-free) Tiger’s Blood (Coconut & Cherry) CHOCOLATE CHIP RIPPLE Guava Pineapple Watermelon CHOCOLATE MAC COCONUT COCONUT PINEAPPPLE Hula Cookies and Other BanyanTreats COOKIES & CREAM 1 cookie................ 1.35 4 or more cookies...... 1.00 each HAUPIA (coconut pudding) 6 cookies in tin... 9.95 dozen cookies in tin...$18.95 KONA COFFEE KONA MUD PIE Cold milk (16 oz.) and 2 cookies.................................
    [Show full text]
  • Food Buying Guide for Children Nutrition Programs: Section 5
    5 Milk 5 Milk Food Buying Guide for Child Nutrition Programs 5 -1 5 Milk Fluid Milk Component for the Child Nutrition Programs Regulations for Child Nutrition Programs require that fuid milk be offered at each breakfast, lunch, or supper meal service. The fuid milk may be served as a beverage, on cereal, or both; however, in a lunch or a supper meal, the fuid milk must be served as a beverage. Program operators have the option to serve fuid milk as one of the two components of a snack served in the Summer Food Service Program (SFSP), Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP), and in the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) Afterschool Snack Service. State agencies have the discretion to set stricter requirements than the minimum nutrition standards for school meals. For additional guidance please contact your State agency. Fluid milk refers to pasteurized nonfat milk, low-fat milk (1%), reduced-fat milk (2%), whole milk, lactose-free milk, lactose-reduced milk, cultured milk, such as cultured buttermilk, cultured kefr milk, and cultured acidophilus milk, acidifed milk, such as acidifed kefr milk and acidifed acidophilus milk, and Ultra High Temperature (UHT) milk, all of which meet State and local standards for such milk. The fuid milk must also contain vitamins A and D at levels specifed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Please note that not all fuid milks on this list apply to all Child Nutrition Programs, and some of the fuid milk may be favored. Refer to the sections below for program-specifc information related to the fuid milk requirement.
    [Show full text]
  • District Statistical Hand Book Chennai District 2016-2017
    Government of Tamil Nadu Department of Economics and Statistics DISTRICT STATISTICAL HAND BOOK CHENNAI DISTRICT 2016-2017 Chennai Airport Chennai Ennoor Horbour INDEX PAGE NO “A VIEW ON ORGIN OF CHENNAI DISTRICT 1 - 31 STATISTICAL HANDBOOK IN TABULAR FORM 32- 114 STATISTICAL TABLES CONTENTS 1. AREA AND POPULATION 1.1 Area, Population, Literate, SCs and STs- Sex wise by Blocks and Municipalities 32 1.2 Population by Broad Industrial categories of Workers. 33 1.3 Population by Religion 34 1.4 Population by Age Groups 34 1.5 Population of the District-Decennial Growth 35 1.6 Salient features of 1991 Census – Block and Municipality wise. 35 2. CLIMATE AND RAINFALL 2.1 Monthly Rainfall Data . 36 2.2 Seasonwise Rainfall 37 2.3 Time Series Date of Rainfall by seasons 38 2.4 Monthly Rainfall from April 2015 to March 2016 39 3. AGRICULTURE - Not Applicable for Chennai District 3.1 Soil Classification (with illustration by map) 3.2 Land Utilisation 3.3 Area and Production of Crops 3.4 Agricultural Machinery and Implements 3.5 Number and Area of Operational Holdings 3.6 Consumption of Chemical Fertilisers and Pesticides 3.7 Regulated Markets 3.8 Crop Insurance Scheme 3.9 Sericulture i 4. IRRIGATION - Not Applicable for Chennai District 4.1 Sources of Water Supply with Command Area – Blockwise. 4.2 Actual Area Irrigated (Net and Gross) by sources. 4.3 Area Irrigated by Crops. 4.4 Details of Dams, Tanks, Wells and Borewells. 5. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY 5.1 Livestock Population 40 5.2 Veterinary Institutions and Animals treated – Blockwise.
    [Show full text]
  • A Novel Agarwood Resin Inducement Method Using Mycotoxins of Selected Fungal Species
    A Novel Agarwood Resin Inducement Method Using Mycotoxins of Selected Fungal Species Upul Subasinghe ( [email protected] ) University of Sri Jayewardenepura https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4989-1428 R.A.P. Malithi Centre for Forestry and Environment, University of Sri Jayewardenepura S.W. Withanage Centre for Forestry and Environment, University of Sri Jayewardeneura T.H.P.S. Fernando Rubber Research Institute D.S. Hettiarachchi Edith Cowan University School of Science Original article Keywords: Mycotoxins, Fusarium solani, Aspergillus niger, Agarwood, Aquilaria, Aromatic oil Posted Date: April 19th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-414628/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/13 Abstract Agarwood is a dark, fragrant, valuable resinous wood produced in Aquilaria and Gyrinops tree species in the family Thymelaeaceae to protect internal tissues from microbial infections. Aspergillus niger and Fusarium solani are well known to induce agarwood resin formation. This study demonstrated for the rst time that agarwood resin formation can be induced by the mycotoxins of A. niger and F. solani. Different volumes of mycotoxins extracted from the ASP-U strain (USJCC-0059) of A. niger and the FUS-U strain (USJCC-0060) of F. solani were inoculated into A. crassna trees at 1 m intervals. The impacts of the inoculations were observed through resin content and constituent analysis at 7 months after inoculation. Resin production due to the mycotoxins of ASP-U and FUS-U was restricted to ±20 cm and ±60 cm, respectively, from the inoculation point.
    [Show full text]
  • Supporting Your Ayurvedic Lifestyle
    Supporting Your Ayurvedic Lifestyle CERTIFIED ORGANIC HERBS SUSTAINABLY SOURCED FAIRLY TRADED FREE SHIPPING PRODUCT CATALOG ON ORDERS OVER $60! We Are Passionate About Serving You Triphala Balancing Formula for Detoxification & Rejuvenation* Welcome to the Banyan Botanicals catalog. If you are reading this, you are likely seeking to support your health and well-being #1051 | 500 mg tablets | 90 per bottle | $19.99 and perhaps feel that Ayurveda and Banyan can assist you on this journey. Fantastic! You are absolutely in the right place, as our #1451 | 500 mg tablets | 180 per bottle | $29.99 mission is to do just that. Since 1996, we have been serving a growing community of people who are embracing Ayurvedic wisdom as a foundation for a healthy lifestyle. • Assists natural internal cleansing* • Gently maintains regularity* We have also built solid, trusting, long-term relationships with our herb suppliers and are committed to trading fairly with the • Nourishes and rejuvenates the tissues* farmers that are growing, caring for, and harvesting the herbs. For us, the health and well-being of the plants, the environment, and • Supports healthy digestion and absorption* the people we work with are every bit as important as our own health and the health of the people we serve. • Natural antioxidant* Triphala is recommended and used more than any other We are also proud to be a Certified B Corporation®, joining the movement of businesses working as a force for good. To learn about Ayurvedic herbal formulation. Popular for its unique ability to our recent initiatives, we invite you to visit our website and read our annual Social and Environmental Responsibility Report, which gently cleanse and detoxify the system while simultaneously takes a closer look at our commitments to our communities, our plants, and our environment.
    [Show full text]