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Morphometric Analysis of Infraorbital Foramen Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography in a Cohort of Sri Lankan Adults

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Morphometric Analysis of Infraorbital Foramen Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography in a Cohort of Sri Lankan Adults Int. J. Morphol., 39(2):489-496, 2021. Morphometric Analysis of Infraorbital Foramen Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography in a Cohort of Sri Lankan Adults Análisis Morfométrico del Foramen Infraorbitario Mediante Tomografía Computarizada de Haz Cónico en una Cohorte de Adultos de Sri Lanka I. P. Thilakumara1; P. V. K. S. Hettiarachchi2; R. M. Jayasinghe1; M. C. N. Fonseka3; R. D. Jayasinghe2 & C. D. Nanayakkara4 THILAKUMARA, I. P.; HETTIARACHCHI, P. V. K. S.; JAYASINGHE, R. M.; FONSEKA, M. C. N.; JAYASINGHE, R. D. & NANAYAKKARA, C. D. Morphometric analysis of infraorbital foramen using cone beam computed tomography in a cohort of Sri Lankan adults. Int. J. Morphol., 39(2):489-496, 2021. SUMMARY: Infraorbital foramen (IOF) located bilaterally within the maxillary bone about 1 cm inferior to the infraorbital margin is a vital landmark when delivering local anesthesia and during surgical interventions in the midface region. A total of 122 infraorbital foramina in 61 cone beam computed tomographic (CBCT) images of 32 females and 29 males in the age range of 17 to 32 were analyzed to determine the shape, direction, presence of accessory foramina, size and the precise position of IOF in relation to the inferior orbital margin (IOM), maxillary midline (MM), lateral nasal wall (LNW), alveolus (ALV) and maxillary teeth in a group of Sri Lankan people. The IOF was oval in shape (80.3 % and 88.5 % on the right and left side, respectively) in a majority of individuals. The infraorbital foramina were located at a mean distance of 5.56 ± 3.95 and 4.91 ± 2.08 mm, below the IOM on the right and left side, 27.13 ± 2.6 and 26.99 ± 2.73 on the right and left side from the mid maxillary line, 11.96 ± 3.45 mm and 12.18 ± 3.35 from the LNW on the right and left side and 29.59 ± 3.59 and 29.65 ± 3.28 above the alveolar crest on the right and left side. There were no statistically significant differences between the left and right sides or between sexes. Majority of IOF (37.5 % and 55.9 % on the right and left side, respectively) were located in the vertical plane passing though the maxillary second premolar tooth. KEY WORDS: Infraorbital foramen; Infraorbital nerve; Morphometry. INTRODUCTION The infraorbital foramen (IOF) is located bilaterally region. The infraorbital nerve block is often used to within the maxillary bone about 1 cm inferior to the accomplish regional anesthesia of the face. Nerve blocks are infraorbital margin (Standring, 2008). The infraorbital nerve useful when repair of a large area is needed in an area and vessels traverse through this foramen. It is relatively innervated by one nerve. Further, this procedure offers several larger than the supraorbital foramen and varies in form and advantages over local tissue infiltration. Blockage of a nerve position (Berge & Bergman, 2001). The infraorbital nerve, is also useful when local infiltration may not be possible, the continuation of the maxillary, the second division of the ineffective or could result in tissue damage or distortion. trigeminal nerve, is exclusively a sensory nerve. It traverses the inferior orbital fissure into the inferior orbital canal and An infraorbital nerve block is very useful for emerges on the face at the IOF. It divides into several procedures which involve the skin between the lower eyelid, branches that innervate the skin and the mucous membrane upper lip and for dental procedures on the ipsilateral of the midface, such as the lower eyelid, cheek, lateral aspect maxillary teeth (Kothari et al., 2019). The direction and of the nose, upper lip and the labial gum which are important position of IOF also determine the acupuncture point used in oral and maxillofacial surgical practice (Standring). in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (Wilkinson, 1999). Infraorbital nerve injuries might occur in the anterior and The IOF is a vital landmark when delivering local superior walls during the surgical treatment such as anesthesia in carrying out surgical interventions in the midface rhinoplasty, Caldwell-Luc surgical procedures, tumor 1 Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. 2 Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. 3 Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. 4 Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya,Sri Lanka. 489 THILAKUMARA, I. P.; HETTIARACHCHI, P. V. K. S.; JAYASINGHE, R. M.; FONSEKA, M. C. N.; JAYASINGHE, R. D. & NANAYAKKARA, C. D. Morphometric analysis of infraorbital foramen using cone beam computed tomography in a cohort of Sri Lankan adults. Int. J. Morphol., 39(2):489-496, 2021. surgery, orbital basis reduction (blow-out), zygomatic region of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences fractures and Le Fort type-I osteotomy (Mozsary & University of Peradeniya for routine CBCT imaging. The Middleton, 1983). Therefore, knowing the exact anatomical de-identified digital imaging and communications of medi- location is important in order to guarantee safe and successful cine (DICOM) files were used for the assessment. Images delivery of regional anesthesia and to evade the risk of demonstrating a clear image of the maxilla, devoid of gross iatrogenic injuries. Multiple studies carried out using dry malocclusions, craniofacial anomalies and bony pathology skulls have demonstrated that the dimensions and relative were selected for the analysis. In addition, images belonging positions of the IOF vary between different populations and to patients less than 17 years, images with incomplete clinical sex (Apinhasmit et al., 2006; Boopathi et al., 2010; Elsheikh records, maxillofacial trauma, craniofacial anomalies such et al., 2013; Potu et al., 2019). Cone-beam computed as cleft lip and palate and those who had undergone tomography (CBCT) has also been considered in previous orthodontic correction of malocclusion were excluded. research to ascertain the same (Dagistan et al., 2017; Bahsi Ethical clearance for this study was obtained from the Ethics et al., 2019; Sokhn et al., 2019). Review Committee of the Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, prior to commencement of the Little information is available on the dimensions and study. (ERC/FDS/UOP/1/2017/06) Written informed consent relative position of the IOF in the Sri Lankan population, had been obtained from the patients to use the images for which have been based on studies carried out by using dry study purposes prior to carrying out the CBCT scans. The human skulls (Ilayperuma et al., 2010; Nanayakkara et al., study was carried out conforming the STROBE Guidelines 2016). However, to the best of our knowledge, no published and ethical standards of the 1964 Helsinki Declaration. data was retrieved regarding the dimensions of IOF using CBCT analysis in the Sri Lankan population. Hence the The methods described in our previous study present study was undertaken to ascertain the shape, (Jayasinghe et al., 2020) were adopted for CBCT image dimensions and the position of IOF in relation to clinically acquisition and interpretation. These images were relevant landmarks, the maxillary midline (MM), infraorbital retrospectively analyzed in coronal, sagittal and axial margin (IOM) lateral nasal wall (LNW), alveolus (ALV) and sections. In the coronal sections, the shape of IOF and its maxillary teeth and to determine any variation in the position direction in relation to the midline were assessed. The shape of IOF between the left and right sides and the sex in a sample of the foramen was categorized as either oval or circular in of Sri Lankan adults using CBCT imaging. outline and foramina with oval shape was sub classified as oblique, vertical, and horizontal, considering its direction in relation to midline. Maximum horizontal (medio-lateral) MATERIAL AND METHOD diameter of the IOF (Fig. 1a) and the horizontal distance between right and left IOFs were also assessed (Fig. 1b). Sagittal sections were assessed for the maximum vertical A total of 61 CBCT images of patients (32 females diameter of the IOF and the soft tissue thickness overlying and 29 males) in the age range of 17 to 32 years were selected IOF. Further, the presence and number of accessory foramina randomly from the records of patients referred to the Division were assessed in axial sections. Fig. 1. The coronal section demonstrating (a) Maximum horizontal (Medio-lateral) diameter of the IOF (b) the measurement of distance from right and left infra orbital foramen (IOF) to the mid maxillary line (MML) and the horizontal distance between the right and left infra orbital foramina. 490 THILAKUMARA, I. P.; HETTIARACHCHI, P. V. K. S.; JAYASINGHE, R. M.; FONSEKA, M. C. N.; JAYASINGHE, R. D. & NANAYAKKARA, C. D. Morphometric analysis of infraorbital foramen using cone beam computed tomography in a cohort of Sri Lankan adults. Int. J. Morphol., 39(2):489-496, 2021. The position of IOF in relation to important parameter, the relative position of IOF in relation to anatomical landmarks were evaluated as: maxillary teeth was recorded, according to the guide shown in Figure 3 (either as in line with the same verti- I. The horizontal distance between the mid maxillary line cal axis passing through the long axis of the tooth or in (MML) and the center of the IOF on each side (Fig. 1b). relation to the cusp tips). II. Horizontal distance from the lateral nasal wall (LNW) to the center of IOF bilaterally (Fig. 2a). Descriptive statistics including the means, standard III. Vertical distance from the inferior orbital margin (IOM) deviations, minimum and maximum values were computed to the mid-point of the IOF, for each variable, the differences between the left and right IV. Vertical distance to the crest of the alveolar bone (ALV) sides and males and females were analyzed using the from the mid-point of the IOF (Fig.
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