DOCSLIB.ORG

ATM 10 Severe and Unusual Weather Prof

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

ATM 10 Severe and Unusual Weather Prof. Richard Grotjahn L 4 http://canvas.ucdavis.edu Lecture topics: • Heat • 3 ways to transfer heat energy • Radiative energy properties • Cloud types – Four categories of common clouds – Unusual types th References to “Ahrens” mean: ‘Meteorology Today’ by Donald Ahrens, 7 Ed. Heat – some basic concepts, part 1 • Heat is energy being transferred from one object to another • Candle illustrates 3 types heat energy transfer: • Conduction (left figure) heat flows in rod (red arrow) • Convection (middle figure) blue arrows show hot air rising • Radiation (right figure) purple arrows show light and infra red radiation (radiant energy) emitted. Figure 2.5 (Ahrens) Heat – some basic concepts part 2 • Heat felt or measured is “sensible” heat • Heat used to change the state of an object is “latent” heat. (Changes of state: gas – liquid - solid) Changes of State – water G. Moore photo Figure 2.4 (Ahrens) All 3 states of water occur in Why do the states matter? the atmosphere: Solid: ice particles, snow, hail, sleet Liquid: rain, cloud droplets Gas: water vapor Latent & Sensible Heat Heat energy changes between vapor, liquid, and solid phases. Gas has most molecular motion, liquid has less, solid (ice) has the least. Since temperature constant during a change of phase we say LATENT heat energy changes to reflect the change in molecular motion. Example: As liquid water becomes vapor (i.e. evaporation) it absorbs heat to make the liquid molecules have the more rapid motion of a gas. Figure 1.14 Heat Transfer by Convection (no cloud) Figure 2.6 (Ahrens) Convection: heat energy moving air from hotter to cooler areas. Warm air at the ground surface rises as a thermal bubble, expends energy to expand, and hence cools. Example in figure is dry convection since no cloud is formed. Advection is heat energy transport in the horizontal by winds. Heat Transfer by Convection (with cloud) G. Moore photo Figure 2.4 (Ahrens) All 3 states of water occur in Why do the states matter? Because heat is transferred when the atmosphere: Solid: ice particles, snow, hail, the state changes. Latent heat is released when water sleet Liquid: rain, cloud droplets vapor becomes billions of cloud Gas: water vapor droplets during condensation; this warms the air and encourages taller cloud growth. Heat Transfer by Radiation All objects have T>0 K & so emit radiation. Figure 2.7 (Ahrens) Sun’s radiation travels as waves of photons across space Wavelength is distance between successive crests Those photons release their energy when absorbed by the earth. Gases, aerosols, and dust For hotter objects: 1) radiation is greater absorb sun’s rays. 2) Peak wavelength is shorter (‘yellow’ for sun, infrared for Earth) Demo: Radiometer – heat transfer by radiation A radiometer works by light rays striking black and white panels. White panels reflect the light; Black ones absorb it. So, black ones heat up more than white. Tiny amount of air inside heated more near black panels. Air molecules move faster when warmer and so strike black surface harder than white surface causing pinwheel to spin. Shows: radiation energy, temperature as molecular kinetic energy. ? ? Will it turn if we blow ‘really hard’ on it? ? ? What if we use a hair drier instead of a light? Heat Transfer by Conduction Conduction: heat energy transferred from molecule to Figure 16.15 molecule. Conduction: air exchanging heat with underlying surface. Example: In Fig. 16.15 radiation cools ice. Thin layer of air (thinner than drawn) in contact with ice cap is cooled by conduction, becomes very cold. (Fig. 16.15 discussed more later) Clouds • Clouds can be mainly composed of: – liquid water droplets or – ice particles • Formed when air becomes saturated usually when air rises. (One exception to this) Wetterhorn from Uncompahgre Peak, CO © R Grotjah Liquid versus Ice Cloud You can tell by looking if a cloud is composed mainly of water droplets or ice particles Florida Everglades © R. Grotjahn Photo © R. Grotjahn Liquid water clouds look ragged or hard edged. Ice clouds look fibrous. Common Cloud Categories 10 Common Cloud Types • 10 combinations of these 5 names: • Cirrus : wispy or hair-like (often high) • Alto: middle elevation • Stratus: sheet-like or uniform layered. • Cumulus: puffy, heaped, vertical~horizontal • Nimbus: precipitating 4 Common Cloud Groups (10,000-60,000 ft) (surface-6,500 ft) (3-18 km) (0-2 km) (6,500-25,000 ft) (2-8 km) Ranges overlap because a given T occurs at a lower elevation in polar regions than in tropics Hence, ice can form at a lower elevation in polar regions than in tropics. Uncommon Cloud Categories Cirrus Types © R. Grotjahn Desolation Pks, CA © R. Grotjahn Altocumulus Mt. Rainer © R. Grotjahn Wairikori Beach New Zealand © R. Grotjahn Stratus Big Sur, CA © R. Grotjahn Altostratus & stratus Nimbostratus Paria Canyon © R. Grotjahn Wilson’s Prom, Australia © R. Grotjahn Mt. Cook, NZ © R. Grotjahn Stratocumulus, cumulus Photo © R. Grotjahn Cumulus congestus, cumulonimbus Note precipitation from the anvil Summary of major cloud types What’s most Altocumulus Common? Catskill Creek. T. Cole Odd clouds: Human sources U.K. © Steve F Contrail “fumulus” from a plume Odd clouds: severe weather © G. Moore Marshall CO © R. Grotjahn Severe thunderstorm Tornado • © G. Moore Mammatus Shelf cloud Roll cloud El Morado, Chilean Andes © R. Grotjahn Close up: Mammatus Clouds Photo © R. Grotjahn • Only cloud that grows by downward moving air • Down motion caused by evaporation of drops that cools the air until it reaches saturation (and also sinks) Odd clouds: made by forced-uplift Altocumulus lenticularis • Or “Wave clouds” from above From below From below Wasatch Front UT © R. Grotjahn Cap cloud pileus Gibraltor © R. Grotjahn News flash: New Cloud type! (2013) Perthshire, Scotland. Photo © Ken Prior • First new type of cloud proposed in 60+ years. • Technically, ‘asperatus’ is a ‘supplementary feature’ on an existing cloud type, like ‘undulatus’. • Name from latin (of course) ‘aspero’ to makePerthshire, Scotland. rough’ Photo © Ken Prior Odd clouds: Funny shapes • ‘cumulus humorus’ • OK, these aren’t really cloud types, but they are fun. – Bunny? – Fish? (over water!) – Valentine flowers? – how many? Odd Clouds: continued • ‘cumulus humorous’ • OK, these aren’t really cloud types, but they are fun. – My point? – Clouds soar and inspire… – I hope you enjoy them a little bit more now. Cloud Development - Cap Clouds • Often associated with Strong winds • Indicate a stable atmosphere Photo © R. Grotjahn Cap clouds & wave clouds indicate a stable atmosphere. But what does “stable atmosphere” mean? (See next lecture…) Lecture Summary: • Heat – Heat is energy being transferred from one object to another – Sensible heat is felt (seen as a temperature change) – Latent heat is what is need (absorbed or released) to have a change of state. The temperature does not change during a state change so the heating is ‘latent’. • 3 ways to transfer heat energy – conduction: transfer of molecular vibration – convection (vertical) or advection (horizontal) transport of molecules – radiation: transfer of energy by a form of light: visible light for sun; infrared (IR) for earth • Radiative energy properties – all objects with T>0o K emit radiation, amount increases rapidly as T increases – wavelength of peak in radiation decreases as T increases • Cloud basics: – Formed by saturated air – Saturation usually created by rising air. (exception: mammatus cloud) • Cloud types – 4 categories of common clouds: low, middle (alto-), high (cirr-), tall (cumul-) – altocumulus most common. – 5th category: add the prefix: ‘Nimbo’ to mean cloud is precipitating – 10 basic names: cirrus, cirrocumulus, cirrostratus, altostratus, altocumulus, stratus, stratocumulus, nimbostratus, cumulus, cumulonimbus. – Cloud appearance: ice clouds fibrous while water clouds hard-edged or ragged – Unusual types to note: altocumulus lenticularis (wave clouds), mammatus, tornado, roll cloud, shelf cloud. End of lecture 4 I hope our cloud show made you smile! Next time: stability and how a cloud forms Yes, apparently that’s the sun shining through a real cloud. © C. Murphy Demo: Boil water – in paper cup? • Pour water in paper cup • Light candle under cup. • Watch what happens… • Why didn’t it burn? • Heat conducted through paper, then water removes it by convection. (water) (cup) .
Recommended publications
  • Final Exam December 16, 2004 Name (Print, Last first): Signature: on My Honor, I Have Neither Given Nor Received Unauthorized Aid on This Examination

    Final Exam December 16, 2004 Name (Print, Last first): Signature: on My Honor, I Have Neither Given Nor Received Unauthorized Aid on This Examination

    21111 21111 Instructor(s): Prof. Seiberling PHYSICS DEPARTMENT MET 1010 Final Exam December 16, 2004 Name (print, last ¯rst): Signature: On my honor, I have neither given nor received unauthorized aid on this examination. YOUR TEST NUMBER IS THE 5-DIGIT NUMBER AT THE TOP OF EACH PAGE. (1) Code your test number on your answer sheet (use 76{80 for the 5-digit number). Code your name on your answer sheet. DARKEN CIRCLES COMPLETELY. Code your UFID number on your answer sheet. (2) Print your name on this sheet and sign it also. (3) Do all scratch work anywhere on this exam that you like. Circle your answers on the test form. At the end of the test, this exam printout is to be turned in. No credit will be given without both answer sheet and printout with scratch work most questions demand. (4) Blacken the circle of your intended answer completely, using a #2 pencil or blue or black ink. Do not make any stray marks or some answers may be counted as incorrect. (5) The answers are rounded o®. Choose the closest to exact. There is no penalty for guessing. (6) Hand in the answer sheet separately. There are 33 multiple choice questions. Clearly circle the one best answer for each question. If more than one answer is marked, no credit will be given for that question, even if one of the marked answers is correct. Guessing an answer is better than leaving it blank. All questions are worth 3 points except 1, marked 4 points. Good Luck! 1.
  • Soaring Weather

    Soaring Weather

    Chapter 16 SOARING WEATHER While horse racing may be the "Sport of Kings," of the craft depends on the weather and the skill soaring may be considered the "King of Sports." of the pilot. Forward thrust comes from gliding Soaring bears the relationship to flying that sailing downward relative to the air the same as thrust bears to power boating. Soaring has made notable is developed in a power-off glide by a conven­ contributions to meteorology. For example, soar­ tional aircraft. Therefore, to gain or maintain ing pilots have probed thunderstorms and moun­ altitude, the soaring pilot must rely on upward tain waves with findings that have made flying motion of the air. safer for all pilots. However, soaring is primarily To a sailplane pilot, "lift" means the rate of recreational. climb he can achieve in an up-current, while "sink" A sailplane must have auxiliary power to be­ denotes his rate of descent in a downdraft or in come airborne such as a winch, a ground tow, or neutral air. "Zero sink" means that upward cur­ a tow by a powered aircraft. Once the sailcraft is rents are just strong enough to enable him to hold airborne and the tow cable released, performance altitude but not to climb. Sailplanes are highly 171 r efficient machines; a sink rate of a mere 2 feet per second. There is no point in trying to soar until second provides an airspeed of about 40 knots, and weather conditions favor vertical speeds greater a sink rate of 6 feet per second gives an airspeed than the minimum sink rate of the aircraft.
  • Effect of Wind on Near-Shore Breaking Waves

    Effect of Wind on Near-Shore Breaking Waves

    EFFECT OF WIND ON NEAR-SHORE BREAKING WAVES by Faydra Schaffer A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The College of Engineering and Computer Science in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida December 2010 Copyright by Faydra Schaffer 2010 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to thank her mother and family for their love and encouragement to go to college and be able to have the opportunity to work on this project. The author is grateful to her advisor for sponsoring her work on this project and helping her to earn a master’s degree. iv ABSTRACT Author: Faydra Schaffer Title: Effect of wind on near-shore breaking waves Institution: Florida Atlantic University Thesis Advisor: Dr. Manhar Dhanak Degree: Master of Science Year: 2010 The aim of this project is to identify the effect of wind on near-shore breaking waves. A breaking wave was created using a simulated beach slope configuration. Testing was done on two different beach slope configurations. The effect of offshore winds of varying speeds was considered. Waves of various frequencies and heights were considered. A parametric study was carried out. The experiments took place in the Hydrodynamics lab at FAU Boca Raton campus. The experimental data validates the knowledge we currently know about breaking waves. Offshore winds effect is known to increase the breaking height of a plunging wave, while also decreasing the breaking water depth, causing the wave to break further inland. Offshore winds cause spilling waves to react more like plunging waves, therefore increasing the height of the spilling wave while consequently decreasing the breaking water depth.
  • NWS Unified Surface Analysis Manual

    NWS Unified Surface Analysis Manual

    Unified Surface Analysis Manual Weather Prediction Center Ocean Prediction Center National Hurricane Center Honolulu Forecast Office November 21, 2013 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Surface Analysis – Its History at the Analysis Centers…………….3 Chapter 2: Datasets available for creation of the Unified Analysis………...…..5 Chapter 3: The Unified Surface Analysis and related features.……….……….19 Chapter 4: Creation/Merging of the Unified Surface Analysis………….……..24 Chapter 5: Bibliography………………………………………………….…….30 Appendix A: Unified Graphics Legend showing Ocean Center symbols.….…33 2 Chapter 1: Surface Analysis – Its History at the Analysis Centers 1. INTRODUCTION Since 1942, surface analyses produced by several different offices within the U.S. Weather Bureau (USWB) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA’s) National Weather Service (NWS) were generally based on the Norwegian Cyclone Model (Bjerknes 1919) over land, and in recent decades, the Shapiro-Keyser Model over the mid-latitudes of the ocean. The graphic below shows a typical evolution according to both models of cyclone development. Conceptual models of cyclone evolution showing lower-tropospheric (e.g., 850-hPa) geopotential height and fronts (top), and lower-tropospheric potential temperature (bottom). (a) Norwegian cyclone model: (I) incipient frontal cyclone, (II) and (III) narrowing warm sector, (IV) occlusion; (b) Shapiro–Keyser cyclone model: (I) incipient frontal cyclone, (II) frontal fracture, (III) frontal T-bone and bent-back front, (IV) frontal T-bone and warm seclusion. Panel (b) is adapted from Shapiro and Keyser (1990) , their FIG. 10.27 ) to enhance the zonal elongation of the cyclone and fronts and to reflect the continued existence of the frontal T-bone in stage IV.
  • THE INFRARED CLOUD IMAGER by Brentha Thurairajah a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfi

    THE INFRARED CLOUD IMAGER by Brentha Thurairajah a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfi

    THERMAL INFRARED IMAGING OF THE ATMOSPHERE: THE INFRARED CLOUD IMAGER by Brentha Thurairajah A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana April 2004 © COPYRIGHT by Brentha Thurairajah 2004 All Rights Reserved ii APPROVAL of a thesis submitted by Brentha Thurairajah This thesis has been read by each member of the thesis committee and has been found to be satisfactory regarding content, English usage, format, citations, bibliographic style, and consistency, and is ready for submission to the college of graduate studies. Dr. Joseph A. Shaw, Chair of Committee Approved for the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Dr. James N. Peterson, Department Head Approved for the College of Graduate Studies Dr. Bruce R. McLeod, Graduate Dean iii STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Montana State University, I agree that the Library shall make it available to borrowers under the rules of the Library. If I have indicated my intention to copyright this thesis by including a copyright notice page, copying is allowable only for scholarly purposes, consistent with “fair use” as prescribed in the U.S Copyright Law. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this thesis in whole or in parts may be granted only by the copyright holder. Brentha Thurairajah April 2nd, 2004 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Joseph Shaw for always being there, for guiding me with patience throughout the project, for helping me with my course and research work through all these three years, and for providing helpful comments and constructive criticism that helped me complete this document.
  • QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE XT and XE Ovens

    QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE XT and XE Ovens

    QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE XT AND XE OVENS SYMBOL OVEN FUNCTION FUNCTION SELECTION SETTING BEST FOR Select on the desired Activates the upper and the temperature through the This cooking mode is suitable for any Bake either oven control knob lower heating elements or the touch control smart kind of dishes and it is great for baking botton. 100°F - 500°F and roasting. Food probe allowed. Select on the desired Reduced cooking time (up to 10%). Activates the upper and the temperature through the Ideal for multi-level baking and roasting Convection bake either oven control knob lower heating elements or the touch control smart of meat and poultry. botton. 100°F - 500°F Food probe allowed. Select on the desired Reduced cooking time (up to 10%). Activates the circular heating temperature through the Ideal for multi-level baking and roasting, Convection elements and the convection either oven control knob especially for cakes and pastry. Food fan or the touch control smart probe allowed. botton. 100°F - 500°F Activates the upper heating Select on the desired Reduced cooking time (up to 10%). temperature through the Best for multi-level baking and roasting, Turbo element, the circular heating either oven control knob element and the convection or the touch control smart especially for pizza, focaccia and fan botton. 100°F - 500°F bread. Food probe allowed. Ideal for searing and roasting small cuts of beef, pork, poultry, and for 4 power settings – LOW Broil Activates the broil element (1) to HIGH (4) grilling vegetables. Food probe allowed. Activates the broil element, Ideal for browning fish and other items 4 power settings – LOW too delicate to turn and thicker cuts of Convection broil the upper heating element (1) to HIGH (4) and the convection fan steaks.
  • Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Convective Adjustment

    Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Convective Adjustment

    jULY 1964 SYUKURO MANABE AND ROBERT F. STRICKLER 361 Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Convective Adjustment SYUKURO MANABE AND ROBERT F. STRICKLER General Circulation Research Laboratory, U.S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C. (Manuscript received 19 December 1963, in revised form 13 April 1964) ABSTRACT The states of thermal equilibrium (incorporating an adjustment of super-adiabatic stratification) as well as that of pure radiative equilibrium of the atmosphere are computed as the asymptotic steady state ap­ proached in an initial value problem. Recent measurements of absorptivities obtained for a wide range of pressure are used, and the scheme of computation is sufficiently general to include the effect of several layers of clouds. The atmosphere in thermal equilibrium has an isothermal lower stratosphere and an inversion in the upper stratosphere which are features observed in middle latitudes. The role of various gaseous absorbers (i.e., water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone), as well as the role of the clouds, is investigated by computing thermal equilibrium with and without one or two of these elements. The existence of ozone has very little effect on the equilibrium temperature of the earth's surface but a very important effect on the temperature throughout the stratosphere; the absorption of solar radiation by ozone in the upper and middle strato­ sphere, in addition to maintaining the warm temperature in that region, appears also to be necessary for the maintenance of the isothermal layer or slight inversion just above the tropopause. The thermal equilib­ rium state in the absence of solar insolation is computed by setting the temperature of the earth's surface at the observed polar value.
  • ESSENTIALS of METEOROLOGY (7Th Ed.) GLOSSARY

    ESSENTIALS of METEOROLOGY (7Th Ed.) GLOSSARY

    ESSENTIALS OF METEOROLOGY (7th ed.) GLOSSARY Chapter 1 Aerosols Tiny suspended solid particles (dust, smoke, etc.) or liquid droplets that enter the atmosphere from either natural or human (anthropogenic) sources, such as the burning of fossil fuels. Sulfur-containing fossil fuels, such as coal, produce sulfate aerosols. Air density The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume occupied by it. Air density is usually expressed as g/cm3 or kg/m3. Also See Density. Air pressure The pressure exerted by the mass of air above a given point, usually expressed in millibars (mb), inches of (atmospheric mercury (Hg) or in hectopascals (hPa). pressure) Atmosphere The envelope of gases that surround a planet and are held to it by the planet's gravitational attraction. The earth's atmosphere is mainly nitrogen and oxygen. Carbon dioxide (CO2) A colorless, odorless gas whose concentration is about 0.039 percent (390 ppm) in a volume of air near sea level. It is a selective absorber of infrared radiation and, consequently, it is important in the earth's atmospheric greenhouse effect. Solid CO2 is called dry ice. Climate The accumulation of daily and seasonal weather events over a long period of time. Front The transition zone between two distinct air masses. Hurricane A tropical cyclone having winds in excess of 64 knots (74 mi/hr). Ionosphere An electrified region of the upper atmosphere where fairly large concentrations of ions and free electrons exist. Lapse rate The rate at which an atmospheric variable (usually temperature) decreases with height. (See Environmental lapse rate.) Mesosphere The atmospheric layer between the stratosphere and the thermosphere.
  • A STUDY of ELEVATED CONVECTION and ITS IMPACTS on SURFACE WEATHER CONDITIONS a Dissertat

    A STUDY of ELEVATED CONVECTION and ITS IMPACTS on SURFACE WEATHER CONDITIONS a Dissertat

    A STUDY OF ELEVATED CONVECTION AND ITS IMPACTS ON SURFACE WEATHER CONDITIONS _______________________________________ A Dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri-Columbia _______________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy _____________________________________________________ by Joshua Kastman Dr. Patrick Market, Dissertation Supervisor December 2017 © copyright by Joshua S. Kastman 2017 All Rights Reserved The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled A Study of Elevated Convection and its Impacts on Surface Weather Conditions presented by Joshua Kastman, a candidate for the degree of doctor of philosophy, Soil, Environmental, and Atmospheric Sciences and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. ____________________________________________ Professor Patrick Market ____________________________________________ Associate Professor Neil Fox ____________________________________________ Professor Anthony Lupo ____________________________________________ Associate Professor Sonja Wilhelm Stannis ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to begin by thanking Dr. Patrick Market for all of his guidance and encouragement throughout my time at the University of Missouri. His advice has been invaluable during my graduate studies. His mentorship has meant so much to me and I look forward his advice and friendship in the years to come. I would also like to thank Anthony Lupo, Neil Fox and Sonja Wilhelm-Stannis for serving as committee members and for their advice and guidance. I would like to thank the National Science Foundation for funding the project. I would l also like to thank my wife Anna for her, support, patience and understanding while I pursued this degree. Her love and partnerships means everything to me.
  • Information Contained in a METAR Example METAR Codes

    Information Contained in a METAR Example METAR Codes

    METAR METAR is a format for reporting weather information. A METAR weather report is predominantly used by pilots in fulfillment of a part of a pre-flight weather briefing, and by meteorologists, who use aggregated METAR information to assist in weather forecasting. Raw METAR is the most common format in the world for the transmission of observational weather data. [citation needed] It is highly standardized through the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), which allows it to be understood throughout most of the world. Information contained in a METAR A typical METAR contains data for the temperature, dew point, wind speed and direction, precipitation, cloud cover and heights, visibility, and barometric pressure. A METAR may also contain information on precipitation amounts, lightning, and other information that would be of interest to pilots or meteorologists such as a pilot report or PIREP, colour states and runway visual range (RVR). In addition, a short period forecast called a TRED may be added at the end of the METAR covering likely changes in weather conditions in the two hours following the observation. These are in the same format as a Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF). The complement to METARs, reporting forecast weather rather than current weather, are TAFs. METARs and TAFs are used in VOLMET broadcasts. Example METAR codes International METAR codes The following is an example METAR from Burgas Airport in Burgas, Bulgaria. It was taken on 4 February 2005 at 16:00 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). METAR LBBG 041600Z 12003MPS 310V290 1400 R04/P1500 R22/P1500U +S BK022 OVC050 M04/M07 Q1020 OSIG 9949//91= • METAR indicates that the following is a standard hourly observation.
  • Oven Settings Lighting the Burners Plates Which Are Designed to Catch Drippings and All Burners Are Ignited by Electric Circulate a Smoke Flavor Back Into the Food

    Oven Settings Lighting the Burners Plates Which Are Designed to Catch Drippings and All Burners Are Ignited by Electric Circulate a Smoke Flavor Back Into the Food

    Surface Operation Range Controls Oven Settings Lighting the Burners plates which are designed to catch drippings and All burners are ignited by electric circulate a smoke flavor back into the food. Beneath the Interior Oven Left Front Burner Left Oven Left Oven Griddle Self-Clean Right Oven Right Front Burner BAKE (Two- require gentle cooking such as pastries, souffles, yeast MED BROIL ignition. There are no open-flame, flavor generator plates is a two piece drip pan which Light Switch Control Knob Function Temperature Indicator Light Indicator Temperature Control Knob Element Bake) breads, quick breads and cakes. Breads, cookies, and other Inner and outer broil “standing” pilots. catches any drippings that might pass beyond the flavor Full power heat is baked goods come out evenly textured with golden crusts. elements pulse on (15,000 BTU) Selector Knob Control Knob Light Indicator Light (15,000 BTU) generator plates. This unique grilling system is designed radiated from the No special bakeware is required. Use this function for single and off to produce VariSimmer™ to provide outdoor quality grilling indoors. bake element in the rack baking, multiple rack baking, roasting, and preparation less heat for slow Simmering is a cooking technique in CLEAN OVEN GRIDDLE OVEN CLEAN bottom of the oven of complete meals. This setting is also recommended when broiling. Allow about which foods are cooked in hot liquids kept at or just Dual Fuel cavity and baking large quantities of baked goods at one time. 4 inches (10 cm) Oven Functions Convection-Self Clean barely below the boiling point of water.
  • FORECASTERS' FORUM Elevated Convection And

    FORECASTERS' FORUM Elevated Convection And

    1280 WEATHER AND FORECASTING VOLUME 23 FORECASTERS’ FORUM Elevated Convection and Castellanus: Ambiguities, Significance, and Questions STEPHEN F. CORFIDI NOAA/NWS/NCEP/Storm Prediction Center, Norman, Oklahoma SARAH J. CORFIDI NOAA/NWS/NCEP/Storm Prediction Center, and Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma DAVID M. SCHULTZ* Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies, University of Oklahoma, and NOAA/National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, Oklahoma (Manuscript received 23 January 2008, in final form 26 April 2008) ABSTRACT The term elevated convection is used to describe convection where the constituent air parcels originate from a layer above the planetary boundary layer. Because elevated convection can produce severe hail, damaging surface wind, and excessive rainfall in places well removed from strong surface-based instability, situations with elevated storms can be challenging for forecasters. Furthermore, determining the source of air parcels in a given convective cloud using a proximity sounding to ascertain whether the cloud is elevated or surface based would appear to be trivial. In practice, however, this is often not the case. Compounding the challenges in understanding elevated convection is that some meteorologists refer to a cloud formation known as castellanus synonymously as a form of elevated convection. Two different definitions of castel- lanus exist in the literature—one is morphologically based (cloud formations that develop turreted or cumuliform shapes on their upper surfaces) and the other is physically based (inferring the turrets result from the release of conditional instability). The terms elevated convection and castellanus are not synony- mous, because castellanus can arise from surface-based convection and elevated convection exists that does not feature castellanus cloud formations.