Information Contained in a METAR Example METAR Codes
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How to Read a METAR
How to read a METAR A METAR will look something like this: PHNY 202124Z AUTO 27009KT 1 1/4SM BR BKN016 BKN038 22/21 A3018 RMK AO2 Let’s decipher what each bit of the METAR means. PHNY The first part of the METAR is the airport identifier for the facility which produced the METAR. In this case, this is Lanai Airport in Hawaii. 202124Z Next comes the time and date of issue. The first two digits correspond to the date of the month, and the last 4 digits correspond to the time of issue (in Zulu time). In the example, the METAR was issued on the 20th of the month at 21:24 Zulu time. AUTO This part indicates that the METAR was generated automatically. 27009KT Next comes the wind information. The first 3 digits represent the heading from which the wind is blowing, and the next digits indicate speed in knots. In this case, the wind is coming from a heading of 270 relative to magnetic north, and the speed is 9 knots. Some other wind-related notation you might see: • 27009G15KT – the G indicates gusting. In this case, the wind comes from 270 at 9 knots, and gusts to 15 knots. • VRB09KT – the VRB indicates the wind direction is variable; the wind speed is 9 knots. 1 1/4SM This section of the METAR indicates visibility in statute miles. In this case, visibility is 1 ¼ statute miles. Note that the range is typically limited to 10 statute miles, so a report with 10 statute mile visibility could well indicate a situation with more than 10 statute miles of visibility. -
Final Exam December 16, 2004 Name (Print, Last first): Signature: on My Honor, I Have Neither Given Nor Received Unauthorized Aid on This Examination
21111 21111 Instructor(s): Prof. Seiberling PHYSICS DEPARTMENT MET 1010 Final Exam December 16, 2004 Name (print, last ¯rst): Signature: On my honor, I have neither given nor received unauthorized aid on this examination. YOUR TEST NUMBER IS THE 5-DIGIT NUMBER AT THE TOP OF EACH PAGE. (1) Code your test number on your answer sheet (use 76{80 for the 5-digit number). Code your name on your answer sheet. DARKEN CIRCLES COMPLETELY. Code your UFID number on your answer sheet. (2) Print your name on this sheet and sign it also. (3) Do all scratch work anywhere on this exam that you like. Circle your answers on the test form. At the end of the test, this exam printout is to be turned in. No credit will be given without both answer sheet and printout with scratch work most questions demand. (4) Blacken the circle of your intended answer completely, using a #2 pencil or blue or black ink. Do not make any stray marks or some answers may be counted as incorrect. (5) The answers are rounded o®. Choose the closest to exact. There is no penalty for guessing. (6) Hand in the answer sheet separately. There are 33 multiple choice questions. Clearly circle the one best answer for each question. If more than one answer is marked, no credit will be given for that question, even if one of the marked answers is correct. Guessing an answer is better than leaving it blank. All questions are worth 3 points except 1, marked 4 points. Good Luck! 1. -
Central Region Technical Attachment 92-11 Using New Technology To
/Ou)%-c<v^A cU-i CRH SSD MAY 1992 CENTRAL REGION TECHNICAL ATTACHMENT 92-11 USING NEW TECHNOLOGY TO LOCATE AND FORECAST THE MOVEMENT OF A FRONT IN THE MESOSCALE MICHAEL K. HOLZINGER NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE FORECAST OFFICE DENVER, COLORADO 1. INTRODUCTION The National Weather Service (NWS) is testing much of the future technology in an operational environment at the Weather Service Forecast Office (WSFO) in Denver, Colorado. The Denver AWIPS Risk Reduction and Requirements Evaluation (DARRRE II) workstat ion at the WSFO gives forecasters the ability to analyze mesosc- ale features in much more detail and make local forecasts with more precision than was possible a few years ago. WSFO Denver conducted an experimental project, called the En hanced Terminal Forecast (EFT) program, between January and November, 1991 (NWS 1990; NWS 1991). In place of standard avia tion terminal forecasts, EFT forecasts were issued for the three terminals in the Denver metropolitan area. These are Stapleton International Airport (DEN), Centennial Airport (APA), and Jefferson County Airport (BJC) (Fig. 1A). Compared to conven tional terminal forecasts, the EFT had a slightly different format, slightly different amendment criteria, disallowed the use of terms "chance" and "slight chance" during the first three hours, and attempted to nail down weather changes to the nearest 15 minutes during the first three hours. Perhaps, the best opportunity to attempt forecasts to the nearest 15 minutes along the Front Range is provided by warm season wind shifts, either gust fronts or frontal. Warm season wind shifts can often be spotted on Doppler radar an hour or more before they reach DEN. -
AMOFSG/10-Sod 19/6/13
AMOFSG/10-SoD 19/6/13 AERODROME METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATION AND FORECAST STUDY GROUP (AMOFSG) TENTH MEETING Montréal, 17 to 19 June 2013 SUMMARY OF DISCUSSIONS 1. HISTORICAL 1.1 The tenth meeting of the Aerodrome Meteorological Observation and Forecast Study Group (AMOFSG) was held at the Headquarters of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in Montréal, Canada, 17 to 19 June 2013. 1.2 The meeting was opened by Mr. Greg Brock, Chief of the Meteorology Section of the Air Navigation Bureau of ICAO, who extended a warm welcome to all the participants. Mr. Brock emphasized that this tenth meeting of the AMOFSG was likely to be the last of the group prior to the convening of an ICAO Meteorology (MET) Divisional Meeting in July 2014, to be held in part conjointly with the Fifteenth Session of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology (CAeM-XV). For this reason, Mr. Brock underlined the need for the group to work efficiently during its three days of deliberations, with a strong emphasis placed on determining whether proposals arising from each of the topics to be addressed were of sufficient maturity so as to reduce or eliminate entirely the need for significant further work and/or a meeting ahead of the MET Divisional Meeting. 1.3 The names and contact details of the participants are listed in Appendix A . Mr. Bill Maynard was elected Chairman of the meeting. The meeting was served by the Acting Secretary of the AMOFSG, Mr. Greg Brock, Chief, Meteorology Section. 1.4 The meeting considered the following agenda items: Agenda Item 1: Opening of the meeting; Agenda Item 2: Election of Chairman; Agenda Item 3: Adoption of working arrangements; Agenda Item 4: Adoption of the agenda; (41 pages) AMOFSG.10.SoD.en.docx AMOFSG/10-SoD - 2 - Agenda Item 5: Aerodrome observations; Agenda Item 6: Forecasting at the aerodrome and in the terminal area and ATIS requirements; Agenda Item 7: Deliverables; Agenda Item 8: Any other business; and Agenda Item 9: Closure of the meeting. -
Performance Evaluation of Misting Fans in Hot and Humid Climate
Building and Environment 45 (2010) 2666e2678 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Building and Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/buildenv Performance evaluation of misting fans in hot and humid climate N.H. Wong*, Adrian Z.M. Chong Department of Building, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, 117566 Republic of Singapore article info abstract Article history: Singapore experiences a hot and humid climate throughout the year. This in turn results in heavy reli- Received 3 March 2010 ance on mechanical systems especially air-conditioning to achieve thermal comfort. An alternative would Received in revised form be the use of evaporative cooling which is less energy intensive. Objective and subjective measurements 14 May 2010 were conducted at an experimental setup at the National University of Singapore (NUS) to evaluate the Accepted 27 May 2010 thermal conditions and thermal sensations brought about by misting fans. Field measurements were also conducted at food centres in Singapore to determine if they are coherent with the objective and Keywords: subjective measurements conducted. Analysis of objective and subjective data showed that the misting Misting fan fi Evaporative cooling fan was able to signi cantly reduce the dry-bulb temperature and thermal sensation votes. This is fi Singapore consistent with eld measurements taken, where regression analysis showed that with the misting fan, Hot thermal neutrality can be obtained at a higher outdoor effective temperature (ET*). However, the Humid reduction in temperature comes at the expense of higher relative humidity which results in consistently greater biological (bacterial and fungal) pollutants being enumerated from samples collected under the misting fan system. -
The Effect of Ownship Information and Nexrad Resolution on Pilot Decision Making in the Use of a Cockpit Weather Information Display
NASA/CR-2001-210845 The Effect of Ownship Information and NexRad Resolution on Pilot Decision Making in the Use of a Cockpit Weather Information Display Paul F. Novacek, Malcolm A. Burgess, Michael L. Heck, and Alan F. Stokes RTI International, Hampton, Virginia December 2001 The NASA STI Program Office ... in Profile Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated to CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. Collected the advancement of aeronautics and space science. The NASA Scientific and Technical papers from scientific and technical conferences, symposia, seminars, or other Information (STI) Program Office plays a key meetings sponsored or co sponsored by part in helping NASA maintain this important NASA. role. SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientific, The NASA STI Program Office is operated by technical, or historical information from Langley Research Center, the lead center for NASA's scientific and technical information. The NASA programs, projects, and missions, often concerned with subjects having NASA STI Program Office provides access to the substantial public interest. NASA STI Database, the largest collection of aeronautical and space science STI in the world. The Program Office is also NASA's institutional TECHNICAL TRANSLATION. English language translations of foreign scientific mechanism for disseminating the results of its and technical material pertinent to NASA's research and development activities. These mission. results are published by NASA in the NASA STI Report Series, which includes the following report types: Specialized services that complement the STI Program Office's diverse offerings include TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of creating custom thesauri, building customized completed research or a major significant databases, organizing and publishing research phase of research that present the results of results .. -
Delta Pilots' Scheduling Reference Handbook
Delta Pilots’ Scheduling Reference Handbook Prepared by the Delta MEC Scheduling Committee Revision 8 | October 2020 UPDATES Updated October 2020: • New contact information for the MEC Scheduling Committee • Reorganized entire document into sequential subject matter chapters • Added Table of Contents to each chapter • Added examples of common scenarios to When Have You Been Contacted? • Clarified references to eight-hour uninterrupted sleep opportunity • Deleted references to Special Incentive Lines (SIL) • Clarified references to ACARS notification of reroutes • Added references to ARCOS • Added references to ACARS notification of FDP extension • Updated information on fatigue calls and the Fitness Review Board • Incorporated information from recent Flight Time Duty Time Updates and Scheduling Alerts • Moved iCrew User Guide from Appendix to separate file in AeroDocs Contents Introduction 1 Can They Do That to Me? 2 When Have You Been Contacted? 4 You Have to Tell Someone 7 Timeline of Scheduling Events 9 Monthly Bidding Process 11 Regular Line Adjustment Process 18 Pilot Change Schedule (PCS), Slip Requests and Pay 19 Reserve 45 Reroute and Recovery Obligations 65 Flight and Duty Time Limits and Rest Requirements 73 Fatigue and the Fitness Review Board 103 Vacation 105 Training 115 Sick Leave 118 Staffing, Vacancies, and Surpluses 124 Odds and Ends 139 Airport Longitude Table 153 Appendix I: FAR 117 & IROPS Information 160 Appendix II: FAR 117 Quick Reference Guide (QRG) 169 Appendix III: FAR Part 117 – An In-Depth Discussion 177 Introduction The Scheduling Reference Handbook has been developed by the MEC Scheduling Committee to provide the line pilot with a quick and easy reference to various scheduling, FAR, and Pilot Working Agreement (PWA) rules and processes. -
ACARS Aeronautical Radio, Inc
Introducing ACARS Aeronautical Radio, Inc. (commonly known as: "ARINC") maintains a huge VHF and HF voice network throughout the United States and overseas to provide operational radio communications for the aircraft industry. In the early eighties they developed an addressable, digital data link for commercial and business jets and their respective companies known as ACARS. ACARS stands for Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System. It was produced to reduce the flight crew's work-load by using modern computer technology to exchange many routine reports and messages. This improves the safety and efficiency of modern air travel. ACARS uses the AM mode because the same airborne VHF radio is often also used for voice communications. Burst transmissions are used with a limit of 220 ■ ACARS FREQUENCIES characters per message. Transmissions often last less than one second! MHz Function Therefore when monitoring ACARS it is important to leave your receiver's 131.550 Primary USA/Canada squelch off. To monitor ACARS transmissions you will need a VHF scanner or 130.025 Secondary USA receiver capable of tuning the VHF (AM) aircraft band 118 to 136 MHz. 129.125 Tertiary USA 131.725 Primary Europe ACARS messages are very structured. Each position in the message has a 131.450 Primary Japan specific function. The very common Q0 Link Test is shown as an example below. 131.475 Private Air Canada Address Field Message Label Downlink Block Identifier ■ ACARS DECODERS .N9009U Q01 5400UA1750 Message Sequence Number Carrier & Flight Number There are nearly one hundred "standard" ACARS message formats plus a virtually unlimited number of airline specific company formatted message types. -
Aerodrome Actual Weather – METAR Decode
Aerodrome Actual Weather – METAR decode Code element Example Decode Notes 1 Identification METAR — Meteorological Airfield Report, SPECI — selected special (not from UK civil METAR or SPECI METAR METAR aerodromes) Location indicator EGLL London Heathrow Station four-letter indicator 'ten twenty Zulu on the Date/Time 291020Z 29th' AUTO Metars will only be disseminated when an aerodrome is closed or at H24 aerodromes, A fully automated where the accredited met. observer is on duty break overnight. Users are reminded that reports AUTO report with no human of visibility, present weather and cloud from automated systems should be treated with caution intervention due to the limitations of the sensors themselves and the spatial area sampled by the sensors. 2 Wind 'three one zero Wind degrees, fifteen knots, Max only given if >= 10KT greater than the mean. VRB = variable. 00000KT = calm. 31015G27KT direction/speed max twenty seven Wind direction is given in degrees true. knots' 'varying between two Extreme direction 280V350 eight zero and three Variation given in clockwise direction, but only when mean speed is greater than 3 KT. variance five zero degrees' 3 Visibility 'three thousand two Prevailing visibility 3200 0000 = 'less than 50 metres' 9999 = 'ten kilometres or more'. No direction is required. hundred metres' Minimum visibility 'Twelve hundred The minimum visibility is also included alongside the prevailing visibility when the visibility in one (in addition to the 1200SW metres to the south- direction, which is not the prevailing visibility, is less than 1500 metres or less than 50% of the prevailing visibility west' prevailing visibility. A direction is also added as one of the eight points of the compass. -
Forecasting of Thunderstorms in the Pre-Monsoon Season at Delhi
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Publications of the IAS Fellows Meteorol. Appl. 6, 29–38 (1999) Forecasting of thunderstorms in the pre-monsoon season at Delhi N Ravi1, U C Mohanty1, O P Madan1 and R K Paliwal2 1Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110 016, India 2National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting, Mausam Bhavan Complex, Lodi Road, New Delhi 110 003, India Accurate prediction of thunderstorms during the pre-monsoon season (April–June) in India is essential for human activities such as construction, aviation and agriculture. Two objective forecasting methods are developed using data from May and June for 1985–89. The developed methods are tested with independent data sets of the recent years, namely May and June for the years 1994 and 1995. The first method is based on a graphical technique. Fifteen different types of stability index are used in combinations of different pairs. It is found that Showalter index versus Totals total index and Jefferson’s modified index versus George index can cluster cases of occurrence of thunderstorms mixed with a few cases of non-occurrence along a zone. The zones are demarcated and further sub-zones are created for clarity. The probability of occurrence/non-occurrence of thunderstorms in each sub-zone is then calculated. The second approach uses a multiple regression method to predict the occurrence/non- occurrence of thunderstorms. A total of 274 potential predictors are subjected to stepwise screening and nine significant predictors are selected to formulate a multiple regression equation that gives the forecast in probabilistic terms. -
A User's Guide to Co-Ops Visibility Sensor
A USER’S GUIDE TO CO-OPS VISIBILITY SENSOR OBSERVATIONS The American Meteorological Society defines visibility as “the greatest distance in a given direction at which it is just possible to see and identify with the unaided eye (a) in the daytime, a prominent dark object against the sky at the horizon, and (b) at night, a known, preferably unfocused, moderately intense light source. A wide variety of factors contribute to changing this distance. CO-OPS deploys automated visibility sensors at locations selected in concert with supporting PORTS® partners. The sites must be both acceptable for sensor operation and useful for the user. Because fog can be patchy, it is important for users to understand how to interpret the disseminated data. The sensors used by CO-OPS optically examine a small volume of air to determine the scattering characteristics of the air parcel, the most common technique used to measure visibility. Scatter can be caused by fog, smog, dust – any particles in the air will suffice. When the scatter is small the visibility is good, while large scatter means the visibility at the location of the sensor is poor. It is important to realize that the visibility range provided by the sensor, more correctly known as Meteorological Optical Range (MOR), is a measurement made at a single point. When fog or other scattering particles are uniformly widespread it may be reasonable to presume the MOR applies over large distances, ie. a reading of 5 nautical miles means a person will see sufficiently large objects at that distance. But such a presumption may not be valid, and the sensor has no way of observing MOR except at the deployment site. -
METAR/SPECI Reporting Changes for Snow Pellets (GS) and Hail (GR)
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION N JO 7900.11 NOTICE FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION Effective Date: Air Traffic Organization Policy September 1, 2018 Cancellation Date: September 1, 2019 SUBJ: METAR/SPECI Reporting Changes for Snow Pellets (GS) and Hail (GR) 1. Purpose of this Notice. This Notice coincides with a revision to the Federal Meteorological Handbook (FMH-1) that was effective on November 30, 2017. The Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research (OFCM) approved the changes to the reporting requirements of small hail and snow pellets in weather observations (METAR/SPECI) to assist commercial operators in deicing operations. 2. Audience. This order applies to all FAA and FAA-contract weather observers, Limited Aviation Weather Reporting Stations (LAWRS) personnel, and Non-Federal Observation (NF- OBS) Program personnel. 3. Where can I Find This Notice? This order is available on the FAA Web site at http://faa.gov/air_traffic/publications and http://employees.faa.gov/tools_resources/orders_notices/. 4. Cancellation. This notice will be cancelled with the publication of the next available change to FAA Order 7900.5D. 5. Procedures/Responsibilities/Action. This Notice amends the following paragraphs and tables in FAA Order 7900.5. Table 3-2: Remarks Section of Observation Remarks Section of Observation Element Paragraph Brief Description METAR SPECI Volcanic eruptions must be reported whenever first noted. Pre-eruption activity must not be reported. (Use Volcanic Eruptions 14.20 X X PIREPs to report pre-eruption activity.) Encode volcanic eruptions as described in Chapter 14. Distribution: Electronic 1 Initiated By: AJT-2 09/01/2018 N JO 7900.11 Remarks Section of Observation Element Paragraph Brief Description METAR SPECI Whenever tornadoes, funnel clouds, or waterspouts begin, are in progress, end, or disappear from sight, the event should be described directly after the "RMK" element.