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Bangor University DOCTOR of PHILOSOPHY Co Bangor University DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Co-production of knowledge with Indigenous peoples for UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Higaonon Food Ethnobotany, and a discovery of a new Begonia species in Mindanao, Philippines Buenavista, Dave Award date: 2021 Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 09. Oct. 2021 Co-production of knowledge with Indigenous peoples for UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Higaonon Food Ethnobotany, and a discovery of a new Begonia species in Mindanao, Philippines A thesis submitted to Bangor University by Dave Paladin Buenavista for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Conservation Biology College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering School of Natural Sciences Bangor University Bangor, United Kingdom – 2021 ii Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis is the results of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. All other sources are acknowledged by bibliographic references. This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree unless, as agreed by the University, for approved dual awards. Dave Paladin Buenavista 29th January 2021 Yr wyf drwy hyn yn datgan mai canlyniad fy ymchwil fy hun yw’r thesis hwn, ac eithrio lle nodir yn wahanol. Caiff ffynonellau eraill eu cydnabod gan droednodiadau yn rhoi cyfeiriadau eglur. Nid yw sylwedd y gwaith hwn wedi cael ei dderbyn o’r blaen ar gyfer unrhyw radd, ac nid yw’n cael ei gyflwyno ar yr un pryd mewn ymgeisiaeth am unrhyw radd oni bai ei fod, fel y cytunwyd gan y Brifysgol, am gymwysterau deuol cymeradwy. Dave Paladin Buenavista 29th January 2021 iii Title: Co-production of knowledge with Indigenous peoples for UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Higaonon Food Ethnobotany, and a discovery of a new Begonia species in Mindanao, Philippines Principal supervisor: Professor Morag A. McDonald Professor of Ecology and Catchment Management School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University Co-supervisor Dr. Eefke Maria Mollee Lecturer in Agroforestry & International Development School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University Dr. Sophie Wynne-Jones Lecturer in Human Geography School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University Dr. Paula Roberts Senior Lecturer in Environmental Management School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University Financed by: CHED – Newton Fund through the British Council (UK), and the Commission on Higher Education (Philippines) Assessment Committee: Professor Andrew Pullin (Chair) Professor of Evidence-based Conservation School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University Professor John Healey (Internal Examiner) Professor of Forest Sciences School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University Professor Steve Newman (External examiner) BioDiversity International/The Open University Date of registration: 1 February 2017 Date of the first submission: 29 January 2021 Date of the final submission: 27 June 2021 iv Acronyms ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations BARMM Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao BLASTn Basic Local Alignment Search Tool Nucleotide CADT Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title CALT Certificate of Ancestral Land Title CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna CFS Community Forests System EJ Environmental Justice FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation gDNA genomic deoxyribonucleic acid IKSP Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices ILK Indigenous and Local Knowledge Systems ILO International Labour Organisation IPBES Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPLCs Indigenous peoples and local communities IPRA Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act of 1997 IPR Indigenous Peoples’ Rights IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature IWGIA International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs KBA Key Biodiversity Areas LEK Local Ecological Knowledge FL Fidelity Level LGU Local Government Unit matK Maturase K MENRO Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Office MENRE Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources, and Environment MDGs Millennium Development Goals NCBI National Centre for Biotechnology Information NCIP National Commission on Indigenous Peoples NU Number of Uses PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction PIC Prior Informed Consent SDGs Sustainable Development Goals TEK Traditional Ecological Knowledge UN United Nations UNDRIP United Nations Declarations on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples UR Use-Report UV Use-Value VCF Village Community Forests WHO World Health Organisation v Table of Contents Abstract viii Acknowledgments ix Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 The Plants - Indigenous Peoples’ Connection 2 1.2 What we learnt so far from studying plants used by indigenous peoples 6 1.3 Addressing global problems and national issues through ethnobotany 9 1.4 Shortcomings of the SDGs 11 1.5 Context and Background: History and Cultural landscape 13 1.6 Research Approach 15 1.7 Aims and objectives 16 1.8 Potential Beneficiaries 17 1.9 Structure of the thesis 17 1.10 Compliance with ethical standards 18 Chapter 2. Indigenous peoples, Indigenous Knowledge Systems, and the Global 20 Sustainable Development Goals: A Review 2.1 Introduction 20 2.2 Research Approach 21 2.3 The Definition of Indigeneity in Asia 21 2.4 Indigenous peoples in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 25 2.5 The Role of Indigenous Knowledge Systems 27 2.6 Putting Indigenous Knowledge Systems into Practice 28 2.6.1 Food Security and Community Livelihood 28 2.6.2 Natural Resources Management and Conservation 30 2.7 Conclusion 33 Chapter 3 Bridging Ethnobotany and SDG 2: Is there any alternative to rice? 35 Ethnobotanical use of edible plants by the Higaonon tribe in Bukidnon, Philippines 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Materials and Methods 38 3.2.1 Study Area 38 3.2.2 Ethnobotanical Data Collection 39 3.2.3 Data Analysis 41 3.3 Results 43 3.3.1 Demography of respondents 43 3.3.2 Botanical diversity of edible plants 45 3.3.3 Quantitative ethnobotanical analysis 45 3.3.4 Plant Knowledge and Gender 53 3.4 Discussion 54 3.5 Conclusion 61 Chapter 4 Molecular identity and indigenous peoples’ utilisation of poisonous ‘Lab-o’ 63 (Wild Yam, Dioscoreaceae) 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Materials and Methods 66 4.2.1 Collection of Plant Materials 66 4.2.2 Genomic DNA extraction 67 4.2.3 PCR Amplification 68 vi 4.2.4 Visualisation 68 4.2.5 Sequencing and BLASTn Analysis 68 4.3 Results and Discussion 69 4.4 Conclusion 73 Chapter 5 Intersecting taxonomy with social justice in Begonia bangsamoro 74 (Begoniaceae, section Petermannia), a new species described from the Mindanao Island, Philippines 5.1 Introduction 74 5.1.1 Asian Begonia under threat 76 5.1.2 The Research Area and the New Begonia 76 5.2 Materials and Methods 78 5.2.1 Collection, Processing, and Taxonomic Examination of Plant Materials 78 5.3 Results 79 5.4 Discussion 84 5.5 Conclusion 91 Chapter 6 General Discussion, Conclusion, and Recommendations 92 6.1 Discussion 92 6.1.1 Background 92 6.1.2 Indigenous peoples and Sustainable Development Goals 93 6.1.3 Food and nutrition security and Food Ethnobotany 95 6.1.4 Co-production of knowledge with indigenous peoples 98 6.1.5 Bangsamoro – the name of the land, people, and identity 100 6.2 Conclusion 105 6.3 Recommendations 106 References 107 Annexes 154 Annex 1 Field data collection sheets 155 Annex 2 DNA sequence alignment of three samples of Dioscorea 157 Annex 3 Electropherogram from Dioscorea hispida Dennst. matK sequence 160 Annex 4 Holotype of Begonia bangsamoro sp. nov. deposited in the Botany and National 166 Herbarium Division of the National Museum of the Philippines, Manila vii List of Figures 1.1 Interconnectivity between the indigenous peoples and environmental and cultural 4 resources. 1.2 An overview of the Indigenous Peoples’ position in the UN 2030 Agenda 9 1.3 Map of Barangay Dumalaguing, Impasug-ong, Bukidnon, Philippines 14 1.4 Panoramic view of Barangay Dumalaguing, Impasug-ong, Bukidnon, Philippines 15 1.5 Conceptual figure of Two-Eyed Seeing. 15 3.1 Location of Dumalaguing in the central part of Mindanao island, Philippines 38 3.2 Elicitation of the plant knowledge in Barangay Dumalaguing, Bukidnon, Philippines 40 3.3 Drying of coffee beans in Dumalaguing and the delivery of products to the municipal 44 centre. 3.4 Road construction from the Municipality of Impasug-ong to the village of 44 Dumalaguing 3.5 Botanical diversity of edible plants 45 3.6 Chord diagram showing the distribution of 1, 254 use-reports (UR) for the 76 species 46 of food plants (bottom half) utilised by the Higaonon tribe as vegetables, fruits, seasonings, and beverages (use-categories in the top half). 3.7 Radial plot showing the use-value of
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